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Environmental contamination from petroleum refinery operations has increased due to the rapid population growth and modernization of society, necessitating urgent repair. Microbial remediation of petroleum wastewater by prominent bacterial cultures holds promise in circumventing the issue of petroleum-related pollution. Herein, the bacterial culture was isolated from petroleum-contaminated sludge samples for the valorization of polyaromatic hydrocarbons and biodegradation of petroleum wastewater samples. The bacterial strain was screened and identified as Bacillus subtilis IH-1. After six days of incubation, the bacteria had degraded 25.9% of phenanthrene and 20.3% of naphthalene. The treatment of wastewater samples was assessed using physico-chemical and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy analysis, which revealed that the level of pollutants was elevated and above the allowed limits. Following bacterial degradation, the reduction in pollution parameters viz. EC (82.7%), BOD (87.0%), COD (80.0%), total phenols (96.3%), oil and grease (79.7%), TKN (68.8%), TOC (96.3%) and TPH (52.4%) were observed. The reduction in pH and heavy metals were also observed after bacterial treatment. V. mungo was used in the phytotoxicity test, which revealed at 50% wastewater concentration the reduction in biomass (30.3%), root length (87.7%), shoot length (93.9%), and seed germination (30.0%) was observed in comparison to control. When A. cepa root tips immersed in varying concentrations of wastewater samples, the mitotic index significantly decreased, suggesting the induction of cytotoxicity. However, following the bacterial treatment, there was a noticeable decrease in phytotoxicity and cytotoxicity. The bacterial culture produces lignin peroxidase enzyme and has the potential to degrade the toxic pollutants of petroleum wastewater. Therefore the bacterium may be immobilised or directly used at reactor scale or pilot scale study to benefit the industry and environmental safety.

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The experiments reported in this research paper aimed to evaluate the physico-chemical and sensory characteristics, microbial quality and antioxidant potential of goat's milk paneer during storage (0-12 d, 4 ± 1°C). The juices from five different citrus fruits were used as coagulant (treatments) to make goat's milk paneer. The pH of all paneer samples decreased during storage whereas titratable acidity increased. Ash (%) fat (%) and protein (%) of paneer increased slightly during storage, whereas sensory perception decreased. The juices from all the citrus fruit varieties showed high contents of total phenolics and total flavonoids which ultimately influenced ferric reducing antioxidant power, total antioxidant capacity and radical scavenging activities. As the contents of different juices were also retained in the paneer matrix, so paneer coagulated with citrus juices also showed encouraging results in terms of total phenolic and flavonoid contents, ferric reducing antioxidant power and radical scavenging activities. Amongst all the paneers, the most promising was that coagulated by kinnow juice. In addition, the whey obtained from paneer coagulated by citrus juices also showed appreciable quantities of total phenolic and flavonoid contents, thereby beneficially influencing ferric reducing antioxidant power andradical scavenging activities. It is concluded that citrus juices improve the sensorial quality and antioxidant potential of goat's milk paneer and its whey.

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The beneficial health effects of prebiotics have been demonstrated in numerous research papers. However, their incorporation into daily food remains unfamiliar to consumers. This work evaluates the effects of the addition of resistant maltodextrin (RMD) on the sensory attributes of pasteurised orange juice, together with the physico-chemical properties and the aromatic profile. RMD addition increased the sweetness and decreased the acidity and bitterness, resulting in a higher overall panellists' rating of orange juice. It also proportionally increased °Brix together with density and decreased acidity. Colour changes were registered with higher RMD concentrations. Orange pulp presence affected the volume particle size distribution analysis, while RMD addition did not have any effect. The aroma volatile compounds were also analysed. Pulp-added samples showed a higher quantity of alcohol and aldehydes, whereas pulp-free samples registered higher terpene and terpenoid values. Ketones and acids were also quantified. RMD had a moderate impact on volatile compound quantifications, with the orange pulp presence playing a much more decisive role. A correspondence analysis was also performed to relate instrumental and sensory determinations for all samples. This work proves that the addition of RMD to orange juice is technologically feasible while also achieving a good response at the sensory level.

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The aim of this study was to investigate the microbial and physico-chemical characteristics of cold smoked sea bass (CSSB), a novel italian fish product. The microbiological analyses showed the presence of bacterial contamination from the raw material, the environment, and the production process. The microbial spoilage population was dominated by lactic acid bacteria (LAB) associated with Gram-negative fermenting bacteria, including Photobacterium phosphoreum and psychrotrophic Enterobacteriaceae. Brochotrix thermospacta and Aeromonas spp. were also present; in contrast, mould and yeast were not detected (<2 CFU/g). High levels (6-7 log CFU/g) of LAB and total bacteria count (TBC) were observed from day 45 of storage; however, their presence does not seem to have influenced the total volatile basic nitrogen (TVB-N), which always remained below 35 mg N/100 g. Consequently, the product is acceptable until day 60 of storage, considering that the malonaldehyde index (TBARS) was lower than 6.5 nmol/g. Pathogenic bacteria such as Salmonella spp. and Listeria monocytogenes were not detected. Currently, there is a growing demand for seafood due to its high quality and nutritional value. Cold smoked sea bass offers a source of macro- and micronutrients essential for the proper functioning of the human body. It is also rich in protein and omega-3 fatty acids. The WHO and FAO evaluated the benefits and risks and concluded that there is convincing evidence of health benefits from fish consumption, such as a reduction in the risk of heart failure and improved neurodevelopment in infants and young children when fish is consumed by the mother before and during pregnancy. The CSSB analysed in this study demonstrated to have health benefits due to long-chain omega-3 PUFAs and other nutrients, such as proteins, minerals, and vitamin D, which are sometimes difficult to obtain from other sources. The results show that CSSB has a high nutritional value and excellent microbial quality.

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The objective of the present study was to investigate the effect of ripening and preservation containers on the physico-chemical, microbiological, and textural characteristics, and volatile profile of white cheese. White cheeses were manufactured on an industrial scale using large-capacity stainless steel tanks (SST) of 500 kg, and the respective control samples in tin containers (TC) of 17 kg. No significant differences (p > 0.05) in fat in dry matter and total protein content were observed at 60 days of ripening between the TC and SST cheeses. After 60 days, of ripening, the moisture of the cheeses in SST and TC did not show significant statistical differences (p > 0.05). No significant differences (p > 0.05) were observed between the TC and SST cheeses in the mineral concentration (Ca, Mg, K, and Na) and textural characteristics. Similar results of pH and bacterial counts, as well as absence of yeasts and molds, were observed during ripening and preservation time in both groups of cheeses. Furthermore, proteolysis was not affected statistically significantly (p > 0.05). A moderately increased rate of ripening for the cheeses in TC was observed up to 90 days but, at 180 days, proteolysis was similar in both groups of cheeses. Regarding the SFA, MUFA, and PUFA content, no significant differences (p > 0.05) were observed between the TC and SST cheeses. A total of 94 volatile compounds were identified in the volatile fraction of both the SST and TC cheeses. Organic acids and alcohols were the most abundant classes of volatile compounds that were identified. The flavor and texture scores in the TC and SST cheeses were similar (p > 0.05). Overall, the TC and SST cheeses did not show any significant statistical difference in any of the analyzed parameters.

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The 'Signuredda' bean is a local genotype of pulse with particular technological characteristics, cultivated in Sicily, Italy. This paper presents the results of a study to evaluate the effects of partial substitutions of durum wheat semolina with 5%, 7.5%, and 10% of bean flour to prepare durum wheat functional breads. The physico-chemical properties and the technological quality of flours, doughs, and breads were investigated, as well as their storage process up to six days after baking. With the addition of bean flour, the proteins increased, as did the brown index, while the yellow index decreased. The water absorption and dough stability according to the farinograph increased from 1.45 in FBS 7.5%, to 1.65 in FBS 10%, for both 2020 and 2021, and from 5% to 10% supplementation for water absorption. Dough stability increased from 4.30 in FBS 5%-2021 to 4.75 in FBS 10%-2021. According to the mixograph, the mixing time also increased. The absorption of water and oil, as well as the leavening capacity, were also examined, and results highlighted an increase in the amount of water absorbed and a greater fermentation capacity. The greatest oil uptake was shown with bean flour at 10% supplementation (3.40%), while all bean flour mixes showed a water absorption of approximately 1.70%. The fermentation test showed the addition of 10% bean flour significantly increased the fermentative capacity of the dough. The color of the crumb was darker, while the crust became lighter. During the staling process, compared with the control sample, loaves with greater moisture and volume, and better internal porosity were obtained. Moreover, the loaves were extremely soft at T0 (8.0 versus 12.0 N of the control). In conclusion, the results showed an interesting potential of 'Signuredda' bean flour as a bread-making ingredient to obtain softer breads, which are better able to resist becoming stale.

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While algal blooms occur frequently in lakes and reservoirs worldwide, the effects of dissolved organic matter (DOM) from lakeside and riparian zones on bloom formation are not well understood. In this study, we characterized the molecular composition of DOM from Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers. (CD-DOM) and Xanthium sibiricum Patrin ex Widder (XS-DOM) and assessed their effects on the growth, physiology, volatile organic compounds (VOCs), and stable carbon isotope in four bloom-forming algae species (Microcystis aeruginosa, Anabaena sp., Chlamydomonas sp., and Peridiniopsis sp.). Stable carbon isotope analysis showed that the four species were affected by DOM. Both DOM types increased the cell biomass, polysaccharide and protein contents, chlorophyll fluorescence parameter values, and VOCs release of Anabaena sp., Chlamydomonas sp. and Microcystis aeruginosa, suggesting that DOM stimulated algal growth by increasing nutrient sources, photosynthetic efficiency, and stress tolerance. And in general, these three strains exhibited better growth at higher DOM concentrations. However, DOM treatment inhibited the growth of Peridiniopsis sp., as indicated by the increases in reactive oxygen species, damage in photosystem II reaction centers, and blockage in electron transport. Fluorescence analysis showed that tryptophan-like compounds were the main DOM components that affected algal growth. Molecular-level analysis suggested that unsaturated aliphatic compounds may be the most important DOM components. The findings indicate that CD-DOM and XS-DOM promote the blue-green algal blooms formation and thus should be considered in the management of natural water quality.

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BACKGROUND: Despite their high potential, Tunisian virgin olive oils (VOOs) are mainly exported in bulk or blended with VOOs of other origin, hindering their international market placement. To face this situation, their valorization is needed by highlighting their unique features and by developing tools to guarantee their geographical authenticity. Compositional features of Chemlali VOOs produced in three Tunisian regions were assessed to identify suitable authenticity markers. RESULTS: Quality indices ensured the quality of the VOOs studied. Volatile compounds, total phenols, fatty acid (FA) and chlorophylls are significantly influenced by the region of origin, which was justified by the differences found in soil and climatic conditions of the three geographical regions. To explore the capabilities of these markers for the geographical authentication of Tunisian Chemlali VOOs, classification models based on partial least squares-discriminant analysis (PLS-DA) were developed by grouping the minimum number of variables allowing the highest discrimination power, minimizing in this way the analytical procedure. The PLS-DA authentication model based on combining volatile compounds with FA or with total phenols achieved a correct classification of 95.7% of the VOOs according to their origin, as assessed by 10%-out cross-validation. Sidi Bouzid Chemlali VOOs achieved 100% of correct classification, while the misclassification between Sfax and Enfidha ones did not exceed 10%. CONCLUSIONS: These results allowed to establish the most promising and affordable combination of markers for the geographical authentication of Tunisian Chemlali VOOs from distinct production regions and provide the basis to further develop authentication models based on wider datasets. © 2023 Society of Chemical Industry.

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Surveying, mapping, and characterizing soil properties are the critical steps in designating soil quality. Continuous use of inorganic fertilizers, pesticides, wastewater discharge, and leachates cause soil degradation and contamination of potable water and food ultimately leading to soil pollution and ill effects on human health. This study was undertaken to monitor the soil quality of agricultural soil samples collected from ten different agricultural fields in Ludhiana, Punjab (India), near Buddha Nullah, a Sutlej River tributary. Physico-chemical characteristics and heavy metal contents of soil samples were estimated during the study. The obtained results showed that all the agricultural soil samples were slightly alkaline in nature. Soil nutrients such as nitrates, phosphates, and potassium ranged from 0.06 to 0.11 mg/g, 0.03 to 0.08 mg/g, and 0.04 to 0.15 mg/g respectively. The contents (mg/kg) of heavy metals such as cadmium, chromium, cobalt, copper, and lead were observed to be above the permissible limits in most of the soil samples. Allium cepa root chromosomal aberration assay was used for genotoxicity studies which has shown that Hambran (HBN), a site approx. 12.9 km of the Buddha Nullah, induced maximum genotoxic effects, i.e., 46.7% aberrant cells in root tip cells of Allium cepa. The statistical analysis revealed the positive correlation of heavy metals like Cr, Cu, and Ni (at p ≤ 0.05 and p ≤ 0.01) with the total chromosomal aberrations induced in Allium cepa.

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The organic fraction of municipal solid waste (OFMSW) is a complex material with different ingredients characterized by varying properties depending on parameters such as season or geographical region of origin. Consequently, studies on OFMSW are hard to compare due to the changing characteristics of the samples. Therefore, this article presents data on the physico-chemical composition of standardized, recipe-based OFMSW components divided into the categories "Paper", "Green waste" and "Food waste", and further subcategories. Data presented in this article include (1) dry matter, (2) organic dry matter, (3) C, H and N concentrations, (4) gross calorific values, (5) ash melting behavior, (6) specific biogas yield and (7) methane concentration. An application example of an experiment requiring the same starting material properties is represented by storage experiments, as performed within the original scientific article [1]. Thus, this Data in Brief article also provides additional data on recipe-based storage experiments complementing the original article. The datasets cannot only be used to estimate biowaste potentials but they can also be used for the design and execution of experiments that require standardized OFMSW samples.

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Despite having high-rate methanogenic performance, up-flow anaerobic sludge blanket reactor still has challenges regarding long-start up period (3-8 months) for granulation. In this study, "electrical voltage (EV, 0.3 V) application" was attempted for facilitating granulation in the continuous operation with increased organic loading rates (0.5-11.0 kg COD/m3/d). Up to 11.0 kg COD/m3/d, EV-reactor exhibited the stable performance, while the control failed. After 49 days of operation (at 7 kg COD/m3/d), the granules collected from EV-reactor had larger diameter (2.3 vs 1.6 mm), higher settling velocity (2.6 vs 1.9 cm/s), and higher hydrophobicity (52.1 % vs 34.5 %), compared to the control. EV application also increased the specific methanogenic activity for propionate and hydrogen almost by two times. The relative abundance of Pseudomonas sp. (quorum sensing (QS)-related microbe) in EV-reactor was 17 % higher than that in the control. In addition, EV application increased the expression of QS genes significantly by 27 times.

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Food waste (FW) from households represents a major fraction of municipal waste and it is often collected in separate biowaste bins. Until waste collection is carried out, storage conditions in the biowaste bin influence FW properties. To draw conclusions for an optimized waste utilization in anaerobic digestion (AD), the aim of this study was to evaluate the impact of storage duration (20 to 40 days) and temperature (5 °C and 20 °C) on inherent energy potentials of household FW during aerobic and anaerobic storage. Therefore, physico-chemical parameters of recipe-based FW samples with reproducible initial compositions were monitored. After 20 days of aerobic storage, water contents (WC) were reduced from 61.9% to 39.5% (20 °C) and from 63.9% to 50.3% (5 °C) while organic dry matter (oDM) concentrations were lowered by 4.3% (20 °C) and 1.1% (5 °C). Increased pH-values of 6.6 (initially 5.5) were only measured for FW stored aerobically at 20 °C. In total, the energy potential was decreased by 31% (20 °C) and by 16% (5 °C). Thus, storage temperature and duration are crucial parameters for optimized aerobic FW storage leading to higher energy yields in AD. Instead, anaerobic storage of FW decreased pH-values to <5 while increasing WC in all samples (up to 67% at 20 °C). As oDM concentrations were preserved almost completely, the energy potential losses were only marginal proving that energy contents of FW could be preserved at household level. Consequently, energy yields in AD of FW could be increased through anaerobic storage conditions.

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Grape pomace is one of the most abundant by-products generated from the wine industry. This by-product is a complex substrate consisted of polysaccharides, proanthocyanidins, acid pectic substances, structural proteins, lignin, and polyphenols. In an effort to valorize this material, the present study focused on the influence of extraction conditions on the yield and physico-chemical parameters of pectin. The following conditions, such as grape pomace variety (Feteasca Neagra and Rara Neagra), acid type (citric, sulfuric, and nitric), particle size intervals (<125 µm, ≥125−<200 µm and ≥200−<300 µm), temperature (70, 80 and 90 °C), pH (1, 2 and 3), and extraction time (1, 2, and 3 h) were established in order to optimize the extraction of pectin. The results showed that acid type, particle size intervals, temperature, time, and pH had a significant influence on the yield and physico-chemical parameters of pectin extracted from grape pomace. According to the obtained results, the highest yield, galacturonic acid content, degree of esterification, methoxyl content, molecular, and equivalent weight of pectin were acquired for the extraction with citric acid at pH 2, particle size interval of ≥125−<200 µm, and temperature of 90 °C for 3 h. FT-IR analysis confirmed the presence of functional groups in the fingerprint region of identification for polysaccharide in the extracted pectin.

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The biomasses like post-harvest agricultural residues are usually disposed of as landfills and used as cattle fodder and manure. Large quantities of such wastes are often set to open firing. The open firing of such waste biomasses leads to particulate matter emission and air pollution. Kerala, the second-largest producer of coffee in India, produces around 65,925 metric tonnes of coffee. Almost 30-50% of waste is produced during coffee processing, out of which coffee husk has a significant contribution. The thermochemical process like gasification helps in bio-energy extraction and proper disposal of coffee husk. In the present study, the physico-chemical characteristics of coffee husk are studied in detail to investigate its feasibility as a biomass feedstock for thermochemical applications. The thermal degradation of coffee husk at higher temperatures (up to 1000 °C) is investigated using thermogravimetric (TG) analysis. The higher heating value is determined using a bomb calorimeter and is found to be 19.67 MJ/kg. The selected sample has a volatile matter content of 66.85% and fixed carbon content of 14%. The elemental composition is also determined to identify the presence of inorganic elements in the sample. The presence of inorganic elements like potassium and sodium in the feedstock often leads to defluidization when used in fluidized bed gasifiers. The physical and chemical properties analysed would enable in apt handling and treating coffee husk prior to thermochemical processing.

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This study aimed to investigate the characteristics, moisture contents, chemical fingerprints changes and aflatoxins accumulation of Atractylodis rhizoma during storage, further to determine the optimum temperature and relative humidity conditions. Based on the suitable temperature (20-40 °C) and relative humidity (80-95%), 13 different temperature and humidity conditions were set up by the central composite design-response surface methodology (CCD-RSM) for Aspergillus flavus. After inoculation with Aspergillus flavus by artificial infection, A. rhizoma samples were stored under normal conditions and 13 different temperature and relative humidity levels. By taking the changes of characteristics, the contents of moisture, chemical fingerprints and aflatoxins as the evaluation indexes for A. rhizoma with or without Aspergillus flavus fungi to optimize the optimal storage conditions. After storage for 10 days, the color of A. rhizoma was deepened, the water content and chemical composition increased, and some unknown components were detected. The susceptible condition for aflatoxins production in A. rhizoma was identified at temperature 22-37 °C and relative humidity over 87.5%. Thus, the suitable storage conditions for A. rhizoma should be controlled at temperature below 20 °C and relative humidity less than 85%. This paper screened out the optimum temperature and humidity for the storage of A. rhizoma. Then, the storage specification for A. rhizoma was proposed, lying technical and data support for the scientific preservation of other food or herbs.

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BACKGROUND: The present study evaluated the compost quality from municipal solid waste (MSW) and organic additives of coffee by-products and leaf of Millettia ferruginea. Compost sample (n = 30) was taken from fresh compost materials and MSW and different organic additive treatments (T1, T2, T3, T4, and T5). Compost treatments phytotoxicity test was conducted using lettuce seed (Lactuca Sativa L. var. crispa). Analysis of variance (ANOVA) was performed using SPSS (version 22) on major compost quality characteristics. RESULTS: The compost Physico-chemical characteristics like temperature (26.4 °C), moisture content (45.5%), electrical conductivity (4.6 mS/cm), pH (7.9), total nitrogen (1.2%) and phosphorous content (2918 ppm) in T4 and T5 were analogous but both are significantly different from T3, T2 and T1 compost treatments. Phytotoxicity test using 100% compost treatment media showed that T4 (101%) and T5 (102%) are phytonutrient for lettuce plant. While, T3 and T2; and T1 compost treatments are non-phytotoxic and moderately phytotoxic respectively to lettuce plant. CONCLUSION: Therefore, compost from MSW + M. ferruginea (T4) and MSW + coffee pulp + M. ferruginea (T5) are important for improving the physico-chemical characteristics of compost and are phytonutrient for lettuce plant. Thus, for effectively management of the 75% of organic fraction of waste generated from households in the study area, recycling methods like composting with organic additives must be used at large.

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The occurrence of pharmaceutical residues in the aquatic ecosystem is an emerging concern of environmentalists. This study primarily investigated the seasonal variation of high-priority pharmaceutical residues in the Yamuna River, accompanied by 22 drains discharge from different parts of Delhi. Five sampling sites were selected for analyzing high-priority pharmaceuticals along with physico-chemical and biological parameters for 3 season's viz. pre-monsoon (PrM), monsoon (DuM), and post-monsoon (PoM), respectively. The maximum occurrences were detected during the PoM, compared to the PrM and DuM seasons. The maximum concentration of BOD, COD, and Phosphate was detected at the last sampling station (SP-5). Similarly, all targeted pharmaceuticals concentration were maximum at the last sampling point i.e. Okhla barrage (SP-5, max: DIC = 556.1 ng/l, IBU = 223.4 ng/l, CAR = 183.1 ng/l, DIA = 457.8 ng/l, OFL = 1726.5 ng/l, FRU = 312.2 ng/l and SIM = 414.9 ng/l) except at Barapulla downstream (SP-4, max: ERY = 178.1 ng/l). The mean concentrations of Fecal coliform (FC) ranged from 1700 to 6500 CFU/100 ml. The maximum colonies were detected in PrM season (6500 CFU/100 ml) followed by PoM (5800 CFU/100 ml) and least in DuM (1700 CFU/100 ml). Risk quotient (RQ) analysis of high-priority pharmaceuticals indicated high ecotoxicological risks exposure (>1) from DIC, DIA, OFL, and SIM in all seasons at all the sampling sites. However, lower risk was predicted for IBU, CAR, ERY, and FRU, respectively. This risk assessment indicated an aquatic ecosystem potentially exposed to high risks from these pharmaceutical residues. Moreover, seasonal agricultural application, rainfall, and temperature could influence the levels and compositions of pharmaceutical residue in the aquatic ecosystem. Hence, attention is required particularly to this stream since it is only a local lifeline source for urban consumers for domestic water supply and farmers for cultivation.

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As a part of the monitoring process of the main polluting tributary of Loktak, the paper analyzed the water characteristics of the main polluted stretch of Nambul river i.e. Imphal Urban region. The results showed low pH (6.23 ± 0.32), high electrical conductivity (1373 ± 50.33 µSm-1), high turbidity (25.40 ± 0.90 NTU), poor dissolved oxygen content (0.53 ± 0.24 mgL-1), high nitrate, and phosphate concentrations (9.27 ± 0.40 and 2.05 ± 0.10 mgL-1, respectively). The Water Quality Index values indicate that Nambul river is unfit for drinking. Moreover, the Sodium Percentage, Sodium Adsorption Ratio, and Kelly's Ratio revealed the unsuitable nature of the river for irrigation. Therefore, in order to clean the river water, lab scale microcosm experimentation was carried out to highlight the potential of the dominant macrophytes viz. Eichhornia crassipes (Mart) Solms and Pistia stratiotes (L.) as phytofilters. The results showed increased pH (7.6 ± 0.11 and 7.5 ± 0.1), higher dissolved oxygen content (5.87 ± 0.30 and 3.28 ± 0.30 mgL-1), less turbidity (0.60 ± 0.25 and 0.40 ± 0.15 NTU) and reduced nitrate and phosphate concentrations (0.37 ± 0.03 and 0.52 ± 0.01 mgL-1, and 0.534 ± 0.025 and 0.346 ± 0.01 mgL-1, respectively).Novelty statementThe present study showed the deteriorating water quality of Nambul river, the main polluting source of Loktak - a Ramsar site in the Montreux records.Water Quality Index calculated was above the unsuitable level for drinking at all the sampling locations in the Imphal Urban region.Sodium percentage, sodium adsorption ratio and Kelly's ratio were above the desired limit, making the river water unfit for irrigation.Further, the microcosm experimentation showed that the dominant macrophytes viz. Eichhornia crassipes (Mart) Solms and Pistia stratiotes (L.) can control the pollution level of Nambul.

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This research project aimed to investigate the physico-chemical, sensory, hygienic and safety characteristics of raw goat milk, whey, brine and traditional goat cheese during the ripening period of 28 days. Physico-chemical parameters included the determination of dry matter, fat, ash, protein, pH, water activity and NaCl content. The presence of Enterobacteriaceae and fungi was estimated on milk and cheese samples, and a sensory panel evaluated the products' features and acceptability during ripening. The results show that the cheese under study belongs to the acid full-fat cheese group. A consumer panel attributed high scores to the goat cheese, until the 21st day of ripening. After this period, the overall features altered significantly, including augmented bitterness, odor intensification and the development of molds on the surface. The presence of fungi, associated with Enterobacteriaceae, suggests that the hygiene of the production processes needs to be improved. Regarding microbial safety, the detection of putative pathogens and antibiotic resistances recommend an active surveillance of traditional foods to avoid foodborne infections and/or the dissemination of resistant microorganisms along the food chain.

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This article presents a review of anaerobic treatment technologies to treat slaughterhouse wastewater including its advantages and disadvantages. Physico-chemical characteristics and biochemical methane potential (BMP) of slaughterhouse wastewater are addressed. Various anaerobic treatment technologies are presented with the related operating parameters, viz., hydraulic retention time (HRT), organic loading rate (OLR), upflow velocity (Vup), and biogas yield vis-a-vis treatment efficiency in terms of chemical oxygen demand (COD). In addition, various factors that affect the anaerobic treatment of slaughterhouse wastewater such as high oil & grease (O & G) concentration in influent, inhibitors, volatile fatty acids (VFAs), and the loading rate are also addressed. The literature review indicated that the slaughterhouse wastewater can be treated effectively by employing any anaerobic treatment technologies at OLRs up to 5 kg COD/m3.d with more than 80% COD removal efficiency without experiencing operational problems. Anaerobic hybrid reactors (AHRs) were found the most effective among various reviewed technologies because of their ability to operate at higher OLRs (8 to 20 kg COD/m3.d) and lower HRTs (8 to 12 hrs).

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