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Spikelet number and grain number per spike are two crucial and correlated traits for grain yield in wheat. Photoperiod-1 (Ppd-1) is a key regulator of inflorescence architecture and spikelet formation in wheat. In this study, near-isogenic lines derived from the cross of a synthetic hexaploid wheat and commercial cultivars generated by double top-cross and two-phase selection were evaluated for the number of days to heading and other agronomic traits. The results showed that heading time segregation was conferred by a single incomplete dominant gene PPD-D1, and the 2 kb insertion in the promoter region was responsible for the delay in heading. Meanwhile, slightly delayed heading plants and later heading plants obviously have advantages in grain number and spikelet number of the main spike compared with early heading plants. Utilization of PPD-D1 photoperiod sensitivity phenotype as a potential means to increase wheat yield potential.

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Recent decades have witnessed an increasing academic interest in mobile-assisted vocabulary learning. To explore the possible influencing factors on learning outcomes, this study aimed at examining the effects of self-regulation and peer scaffolding on mobile-assisted vocabulary learning among undergraduate students using Shanbay App beyond the classroom. To this end, altogether 71 intermediate-level English learners aged 17-19 years were chosen as participants, with 37 in the experimental group (with peer scaffolding) and 34 in the control group (without peer scaffolding). Data were collected through the Shanbay App regarding participants' vocabulary learning performance, a self-regulation questionnaire and semi-structured interviews. The results of factorial ANOVA revealed that peer scaffolding significantly affected mobile vocabulary learning in terms of the days spent in vocabulary learning and the sum of words participants have learned; a main effect of self-regulation and an interaction effect of self-regulation and peer scaffolding were also observed on the sum of learned words. The research is innovative in providing a motivational peer scaffolding framework in mobile vocabulary learning settings, and may provide pedagogical implications for vocabulary teaching in EFL context in higher education.

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Studies suggest that intensive oral health promotion programs in the workplace reduce dental and medical care expenditures. The purpose of this longitudinal study was to evaluate the short version of an oral health promotion program in the workplace from the viewpoint of dental and medical care expenditures. Data for annual expenditures and number of days of dental, periodontal, and medical treatment in fiscal year 2018 and participation in the short version of a workplace oral health promotion program of 2545 workers (20-68 years old) in a company in fiscal year 2017 and prior were obtained. Zero-inflated negative binomial regression models or negative binomial regression models were used to evaluate the association between participation in the program and expenditures or number of days of treatment after adjusting for sex and age. Program participants were more likely than non-participants to visit dentists for dental and periodontal treatment. Those who participated twice or more spent less on dental, periodontal, and medical treatment and had fewer visits to dentists than non-participants. These results suggest that the short version of an oral health promotion program in the workplace decreases expenditures for dental, periodontal, and medical treatment.

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In this study, we examined factors that affected milk production by cows raised in a temperate climate area. We conducted this study on a large dairy farm containing approximately 2000 Holstein cows, located in a temperate climate area. We collected 7803 calving records for 4069 cows from 2012 to 2016. We then assessed the effect of hot weather on milk yield by examining three climate factors: season, maximum temperature (MAX), and the temperature and humidity index (THI). We found that increases in heat stress caused linear decreases in milk yield (P < 0.05). Additionally, the effects of the three climate factors on milk yield varied depending on cow parity and days open (P < 0.05). Thus, management procedures should consider cow parity and lactating stage to minimize the negative effects of heat stress on milk production. We also found that the lowest Akaike information criterion value was obtained in our model when using THI for 305-day milk yield. This suggests that THI is a more accurate variable for evaluating heat stress than MAX or season.

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Introduction: The gold standard to estimate individual usual intake Is the mean of multiple day's intake. This estimation procedure is based on Beaton's model, who consider independence and two sources of variation: between and within subjects. There are evidences and physiological arguments against validity of Beaton's hypothesis, this fact could have relevant effects in dietetic assessment. Subjects and Methods: A food consumption of 43 middle class university women was recorded during 28 days. They were trained in order to assure quality records. Results: Low values in energy intake were reported, and no differences between energy intake during weekend and weekdays was observed. Considering reported intakes for each person as a time series, no autocorrelations was observed considering lags within I to 7 days. Differences in within subjects variances was observed. Conclusion: Deficiencies in subject's energy intake corresponds to disorders in university students' nutrition, such deficiencies could be the explanation of the observed independence in daily energy intake despite evidences of the existence of correlations reported in different papers. The hypothesis of variance homogeneity was not true, so it was not correct to talk about a "within variance", instead a population's probability distributions for variances was considered, as a consequence Beaton's model must be modified. A probability distribution to characterize the number of days needed to estimate energy intake for subjects in population was considered.

Introducción: El estándar de oro para la estimación de la ingesta habitual de las personas es el promedio del consumo de múltiples días. Esta estimación descansa en el modelo de Beaton, que considera independencia y dos fuentes de variación: entre y dentro de los individuos. Existen evidencias y argumentos fisiológicos de que esto no necesariamente se cumple siempre, lo cual tendría efectos muy relevantes sobre los procedimientos de evaluación dietética. Sujetos y Métodos: Durante 28 días se registró el consumo diario de alimentos a 43 mujeres, universitarias de clase media; capacitadas y supervisadas para recoger la información. Resultados: Se registraron bajos niveles de ingesta calórica total, sin diferencias al comparar días entre semana y fines semana. Considerando los valores de ingesta de cada persona como una serie cronológica, no se encontraron autocorrelaciones considerando retardos entre 1 y 7 días. Se presentaron diferencias entre las varianzas de las ingestas de las participantes. Conclusión: Las ingestas insuficientes coincidieron con los problemas de alimentación reportadas en este grupo poblacional; los que también pudieran explicar la independencia entre días pues se esperaba algún tipo de autocorrelación según los reportes en la literatura. La hipótesis de homogeneidad de las varianzas de los individuos no se cumplió, por lo que no fue correcto hablar de una varianza "dentro" sino de una distribución poblacional de las varianzas. El modelo de Beaton debió ser modificado y considerar una distribución de probabilidad para la caracterización del número de días en que deberían evaluarse las ingestas.

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A major challenge in nutritional studies focusing on children is estimating "true" intake because the type and amount of foods eaten change throughout growth and development, thereby affecting the variability of intake. The present study investigated the hypothesis that age and body weight status affect the ratio of the within- and between-subject variation of intakes (VR) as well as the number of days of dietary assessment (D) of energy and nutrients. A total of 2,981 Brazilian preschoolers aged 1-6 years were evaluated in a cross-sectional study. Weighed food records and estimated food records were used to assess dietary intake inside and outside of school. Within- and between-subject variations of intakes were estimated by multilevel regression models. VR and D were calculated according to age group and body weight status. VR ranged from 1.17 (calcium) to 8.70 (fat) in the 1- to 2-year-old group, and from 1.47 (calcium) to 8.95 (fat) in the 3- to 6-year-old group. Fat, fiber, riboflavin, folate, calcium, phosphorus, and iron exhibited greater VR and D in the 3- to 6-year-old group. For energy, carbohydrates, and protein, both within- and between-subject variation increased with increasing age. In both body weight groups, calcium showed the lowest VR. Fat showed the highest VR in nonoverweight/obese children (9.47), and fiber showed the highest VR in overweight/obese children (8.74). For most nutrients, D = 7 was sufficient to correctly rank preschoolers into tertiles of intake. In conclusion, age and body weight status affected the within- and between-subject variation and the VR of energy and nutrient intakes among Brazilian preschool children.

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We investigated the effect of full-thickness incisional wounding on expression of genes related to the immune system in larvae and juveniles of common carp (Cyprinus carpio). The wounds were inflicted by needle puncture immediately below the anterior part of the dorsal fin on days 7, 14, 28 and 49 after fertilization. We followed the local gene expression 1, 3 and 7 days after wounding by removing head and viscera before extracting RNA from the remaining part of the fish, including the wound area. In addition, we visually followed wound healing. Overall the wounds had regenerated to a point where they were microscopically indistinguishable from normal tissue by day 3 post-wounding in all but the juvenile carp wounded on day 49 post-fertilization. In these juveniles the wounded area was still visible even 7 days post-wounding. On the transcriptional level a very limited response was observed in the investigated genes as a result of the wounding. HSP70 was downregulated 1 and 3 days post-wounding in the smallest larvae. However, HSP70 was differentially expressed at different time-points in a similar manner in wounded and mock-wounded groups, thus suggesting a stress effect of the handling, which may have overshadowed some transcriptional effects of the wounding. MMP-9, TGF-ß1 and IgZ1 were slightly but significantly upregulated at few time-points, while no effect of wounding was detected on the expression of IgM, C3, IL-1ß and IL-6 family member M17.

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In alcohol studies, drinking outcomes such as number of days of any alcohol drinking (DAD) over a period of time do not precisely capture the differences among subjects in a study population of interest. For example, the value of 0 on DAD could mean that the subject was continually abstinent from drinking such as lifetime abstainers or the subject was alcoholic, but happened not to use any alcohol during the period of interest. In statistics, zeros of the first kind are called structural zeros, to distinguish them from the sampling zeros of the second type. As the example indicates, the structural and sampling zeros represent two groups of subjects with quite different psychosocial outcomes. In the literature on alcohol use, although many recent studies have begun to explicitly account for the differences between the two types of zeros in modeling drinking variables as a response, none has acknowledged the implications of the different types of zeros when such modeling drinking variables are used as a predictor. This paper serves as the first attempt to tackle the latter issue and illustrate the importance of disentangling the structural and sampling zeros by using simulated as well as real study data.