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Abstract Dialysis has been widely used in the treatment of patients with chronic kidney diseases and is considered a global public health issue. This treatment, which has changed the prognosis and quality of life in patients with chronic renal failure, can lead to complications that are often fatal. For this reason, there is a need for validation of alternative tests that favor the monitoring of treated water for dialysis in real-time to promote and prevent injuries to patients submitted to this procedure.

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The honey from Tiúba bees (Melipona fasciculata) is commercially important in the Brazilian state of Maranhão. However, the absence of any specific legislation for this kind of honey is an obstacle to its increased production and commercialization. Determining the microbiological and physical-chemical characteristics of different Tiúba honey can inform the elaboration of specific legislation. Thus, honey samples from two Water Catchment Areas in Maranhão (Munim and Pericumã, sample size 20 for each) were collected and submitted for microbiological analysis (total coliforms, thermotolerant coliforms, molds and yeasts, Clostridium sulfite reducers and Salmonella sp.) and physical-chemical analysis (moisture content, reducing and non-reducing sugars, insoluble and soluble solids, ash content, acidity and pH). Most of honeys sampled were suitable for human consumption, except for one sample from Pericumã. Honeys from the two water catchment areas presented differences in some physicochemical characteristics, which can be attributed to the botanic, soil and climatic diversity of the two areas. Still, these Tiúba honey samples did not fall within the Brazilian legislation for Apis mellifera honey for some of the physical-chemical characteristics, and so is not properly regulated, thus reinforcing the need for specific legislation for this type of honey.(AU)

O mel de Tiúba (Melipona fasciculata) tem importância comercial na região do estado do Maranhão, no entanto a ausência de uma legislação específica para este mel entrava a ampliação de sua produção e comercialização. Dessa forma, faz-se necessário determinar as características microbiológicas e físico-químicas de méis de Tiúba, com o objetivo de fornecer subsídios para a elaboração de uma legislação específica. Assim, amostras de méis provenientes de duas bacias hidrográficas do Maranhão (Munim n = 20, e Pericumã n = 20) foram coletadas e submetidas às análises microbiológicas (coliformes totais, coliformes termotolerantes, bolores e leveduras, Clostridium sulfito redutores e Salmonella sp.) e físico-químicas (umidade, açúcares redutores e não redutores, sólidos insolúveis e solúveis, cinzas, acidez e pH). A maioria dos méis apresentou-se adequado microbiologicamente ao consumo humano, exceto uma amostra de mel proveniente de Pericumã. Os méis provenientes das duas bacias hidrográficas apresentaram diferenças em algumas características físico-químicas, o que pode ser atribuído à diversidade botânica, edáfica (solo) e climática das duas bacias. Ainda, os méis de Tiúba não se adequaram à legislação brasileira de Apis mellifera para algumas características físico-químicas, o que não permite sua regulamentação e, assim, reforça a necessidade de legislação específica para este tipo de mel.(AU)

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The honey from Tiúba bees (Melipona fasciculata) is commercially important in the Brazilian state of Maranhão. However, the absence of any specific legislation for this kind of honey is an obstacle to its increased production and commercialization. Determining the microbiological and physical-chemical characteristics of different Tiúba honey can inform the elaboration of specific legislation. Thus, honey samples from two Water Catchment Areas in Maranhão (Munim and Pericumã, sample size 20 for each) were collected and submitted for microbiological analysis (total coliforms, thermotolerant coliforms, molds and yeasts, Clostridium sulfite reducers and Salmonella sp.) and physical-chemical analysis (moisture content, reducing and non-reducing sugars, insoluble and soluble solids, ash content, acidity and pH). Most of honeys sampled were suitable for human consumption, except for one sample from Pericumã. Honeys from the two water catchment areas presented differences in some physicochemical characteristics, which can be attributed to the botanic, soil and climatic diversity of the two areas. Still, these Tiúba honey samples did not fall within the Brazilian legislation for Apis mellifera honey for some of the physical-chemical characteristics, and so is not properly regulated, thus reinforcing the need for specific legislation for this type of honey.

O mel de Tiúba (Melipona fasciculata) tem importância comercial na região do estado do Maranhão, no entanto a ausência de uma legislação específica para este mel entrava a ampliação de sua produção e comercialização. Dessa forma, faz-se necessário determinar as características microbiológicas e físico-químicas de méis de Tiúba, com o objetivo de fornecer subsídios para a elaboração de uma legislação específica. Assim, amostras de méis provenientes de duas bacias hidrográficas do Maranhão (Munim n = 20, e Pericumã n = 20) foram coletadas e submetidas às análises microbiológicas (coliformes totais, coliformes termotolerantes, bolores e leveduras, Clostridium sulfito redutores e Salmonella sp.) e físico-químicas (umidade, açúcares redutores e não redutores, sólidos insolúveis e solúveis, cinzas, acidez e pH). A maioria dos méis apresentou-se adequado microbiologicamente ao consumo humano, exceto uma amostra de mel proveniente de Pericumã. Os méis provenientes das duas bacias hidrográficas apresentaram diferenças em algumas características físico-químicas, o que pode ser atribuído à diversidade botânica, edáfica (solo) e climática das duas bacias. Ainda, os méis de Tiúba não se adequaram à legislação brasileira de Apis mellifera para algumas características físico-químicas, o que não permite sua regulamentação e, assim, reforça a necessidade de legislação específica para este tipo de mel.

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ABSTRACT: The honey from Tiúba bees (Melipona fasciculata) is commercially important in the Brazilian state of Maranhão. However, the absence of any specific legislation for this kind of honey is an obstacle to its increased production and commercialization. Determining the microbiological and physical-chemical characteristics of different Tiúba honey can inform the elaboration of specific legislation. Thus, honey samples from two Water Catchment Areas in Maranhão (Munim and Pericumã, sample size 20 for each) were collected and submitted for microbiological analysis (total coliforms, thermotolerant coliforms, molds and yeasts, Clostridium sulfite reducers and Salmonella sp.) and physical-chemical analysis (moisture content, reducing and non-reducing sugars, insoluble and soluble solids, ash content, acidity and pH). Most of honeys sampled were suitable for human consumption, except for one sample from Pericumã. Honeys from the two water catchment areas presented differences in some physicochemical characteristics, which can be attributed to the botanic, soil and climatic diversity of the two areas. Still, these Tiúba honey samples did not fall within the Brazilian legislation for Apis mellifera honey for some of the physical-chemical characteristics, and so is not properly regulated, thus reinforcing the need for specific legislation for this type of honey.

RESUMO: O mel de Tiúba (Melipona fasciculata) tem importância comercial na região do estado do Maranhão, no entanto a ausência de uma legislação específica para este mel entrava a ampliação de sua produção e comercialização. Dessa forma, faz-se necessário determinar as características microbiológicas e físico-químicas de méis de Tiúba, com o objetivo de fornecer subsídios para a elaboração de uma legislação específica. Assim, amostras de méis provenientes de duas bacias hidrográficas do Maranhão (Munim n = 20, e Pericumã n = 20) foram coletadas e submetidas às análises microbiológicas (coliformes totais, coliformes termotolerantes, bolores e leveduras, Clostridium sulfito redutores e Salmonella sp.) e físico-químicas (umidade, açúcares redutores e não redutores, sólidos insolúveis e solúveis, cinzas, acidez e pH). A maioria dos méis apresentou-se adequado microbiologicamente ao consumo humano, exceto uma amostra de mel proveniente de Pericumã. Os méis provenientes das duas bacias hidrográficas apresentaram diferenças em algumas características físico-químicas, o que pode ser atribuído à diversidade botânica, edáfica (solo) e climática das duas bacias. Ainda, os méis de Tiúba não se adequaram à legislação brasileira de Apis mellifera para algumas características físico-químicas, o que não permite sua regulamentação e, assim, reforça a necessidade de legislação específica para este tipo de mel.

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Introduction: The cross infection control in dental office has received great attention from professionals and one of the critical points is the bacteriological control of water used in dental unit. Objective: To perform a microbiological evaluation of the water used in dental units, the identification of Gram-negative non-fermentative rods (GNNR) and their ability to adhere to polystyrene, and the antimicrobial activity of disinfectants on the identified strains. Material and methods: The heterotrophic bacteria count and GNNR identification were performed on water samples collected from 25 dental units (air/water syringe and reservoir). The GNNR were assessed on their capability to adhere to polystyrene and on their antimicrobial activity to the following disinfectants: sodium hypochlorite (0.06%, 0.12%, 0.25%, and0.5%) and chlorhexidine (0.03%, 0.06%, and 0.12%). Results: 88% of the air/water syringe collected samples and 68% of the reservoir collected samples were out of the potability standards. The quantity of isolated bacteria from the reservoir was lower than from the air/water syringe in 88% of the dental units. Methylobacterium spp. was found in highest percentage (19.7%) during GNNR genus isolation. There was a weak adherence to polystyrene in 85.04% of the samples. Sodium hypochlorite at 0.25%, inactivated 100% of the GNNRs in 10 minutes, while the highest tested concentration of chlorhexidine (0.12%), inactivated 98.5% of the GNNRs. Conclusion: These results provide information on the contamination problem of dental unit waterlines (DUWL) and indicate a need for treatment of the water used in dental units. The disinfection of DUWL can be performed with sodium hypochlorite at 0.25% (half the concentration recommended in the literature). However, further studies are necessary regarding DUWL frequency disinfection.

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Background: Milk is a complete food and an important source of essential nutrients. However, it can contain hazards which pose risks to the public health and their prevention depends on the adoption of good agricultural practices. Milk quality is associated with its normal physical-chemical and microbiological parameters. It depends on the nutrition, welfare and health of animals, as well as on the hygiene of the milking process, milk storage temperature, hygiene and temperature of the milk during transportation, product frauds, among other factors. This study aimed at assessing the quality of raw grade B milk produced in the town of Teutônia, RS, Brazil.Materials, Methods & Results: The infrastructure and milk quality of four farms were analyzed between January and April 2009, considering their proximity to the milk cooperative. Infrastructure data was obtained through questionnaires. Two milk samples were collected from expansion tanks and forwarded to milk laboratories in order to undergo antibiotic analysis, TRAM, determination of the freezing point, alcohol-alizarin test, determination of titratable acidity, density and fat contents. Additionally, an analysis of fraudulent substances in milk and the Whiteside test were performed in order to identify mastitis. Milk samples were forwarded once a month, during 4 months, to the Milk Cattle Analyses Service [Serviço de Anál

Background: Milk is a complete food and an important source of essential nutrients. However, it can contain hazards which pose risks to the public health and their prevention depends on the adoption of good agricultural practices. Milk quality is associated with its normal physical-chemical and microbiological parameters. It depends on the nutrition, welfare and health of animals, as well as on the hygiene of the milking process, milk storage temperature, hygiene and temperature of the milk during transportation, product frauds, among other factors. This study aimed at assessing the quality of raw grade B milk produced in the town of Teutônia, RS, Brazil.Materials, Methods & Results: The infrastructure and milk quality of four farms were analyzed between January and April 2009, considering their proximity to the milk cooperative. Infrastructure data was obtained through questionnaires. Two milk samples were collected from expansion tanks and forwarded to milk laboratories in order to undergo antibiotic analysis, TRAM, determination of the freezing point, alcohol-alizarin test, determination of titratable acidity, density and fat contents. Additionally, an analysis of fraudulent substances in milk and the Whiteside test were performed in order to identify mastitis. Milk samples were forwarded once a month, during 4 months, to the Milk Cattle Analyses Service [Serviço de Anál

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Background: Milk is a complete food and an important source of essential nutrients. However, it can contain hazards which pose risks to the public health and their prevention depends on the adoption of good agricultural practices. Milk quality is associated with its normal physical-chemical and microbiological parameters. It depends on the nutrition, welfare and health of animals, as well as on the hygiene of the milking process, milk storage temperature, hygiene and temperature of the milk during transportation, product frauds, among other factors. This study aimed at assessing the quality of raw grade B milk produced in the town of Teutônia, RS, Brazil.Materials, Methods & Results: The infrastructure and milk quality of four farms were analyzed between January and April 2009, considering their proximity to the milk cooperative. Infrastructure data was obtained through questionnaires. Two milk samples were collected from expansion tanks and forwarded to milk laboratories in order to undergo antibiotic analysis, TRAM, determination of the freezing point, alcohol-alizarin test, determination of titratable acidity, density and fat contents. Additionally, an analysis of fraudulent substances in milk and the Whiteside test were performed in order to identify mastitis. Milk samples were forwarded once a month, during 4 months, to the Milk Cattle Analyses Service [Serviço de Anál

Background: Milk is a complete food and an important source of essential nutrients. However, it can contain hazards which pose risks to the public health and their prevention depends on the adoption of good agricultural practices. Milk quality is associated with its normal physical-chemical and microbiological parameters. It depends on the nutrition, welfare and health of animals, as well as on the hygiene of the milking process, milk storage temperature, hygiene and temperature of the milk during transportation, product frauds, among other factors. This study aimed at assessing the quality of raw grade B milk produced in the town of Teutônia, RS, Brazil.Materials, Methods & Results: The infrastructure and milk quality of four farms were analyzed between January and April 2009, considering their proximity to the milk cooperative. Infrastructure data was obtained through questionnaires. Two milk samples were collected from expansion tanks and forwarded to milk laboratories in order to undergo antibiotic analysis, TRAM, determination of the freezing point, alcohol-alizarin test, determination of titratable acidity, density and fat contents. Additionally, an analysis of fraudulent substances in milk and the Whiteside test were performed in order to identify mastitis. Milk samples were forwarded once a month, during 4 months, to the Milk Cattle Analyses Service [Serviço de Anál

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Background: Milk is a complete food and an important source of essential nutrients. However, it can contain hazards which pose risks to the public health and their prevention depends on the adoption of good agricultural practices. Milk quality is associated with its normal physical-chemical and microbiological parameters. It depends on the nutrition, welfare and health of animals, as well as on the hygiene of the milking process, milk storage temperature, hygiene and temperature of the milk during transportation, product frauds, among other factors. This study aimed at assessing the quality of raw grade B milk produced in the town of Teutônia, RS, Brazil. Materials, Methods & Results: The infrastructure and milk quality of four farms were analyzed between January and April 2009, considering their proximity to the milk cooperative. Infrastructure data was obtained through questionnaires. Two milk samples were collected from expansion tanks and forwarded to milk laboratories in order to undergo antibiotic analysis, TRAM, determination of the freezing point, alcohol-alizarin test, determination of titratable acidity, density and fat contents. Additionally, an analysis of fraudulent substances in milk and the Whiteside test were performed in order to identify mastitis. Milk samples were forwarded once a month, during 4 months, to the Milk Cattle Analyses Service [Serviço de Análises de Rebanhos Leiteiros (SARLE), Universidade Federal de Passo Fundo (UPF), RS] in order to determine the somatic cell count (CCS) and total bacterial count (CBT). All milk samples had a good physical-chemical quality. The CCS and CBT were above the legal parameters in some samples and this fact was crucial to adapt the producers to the legislation in force. The farm showing the best results in the analyses was that with the best hygienic conditions, both in the facilities and in the milking process, evidencing that good management practices lead to better milk quality. Discussion: The farms showed unwanted CCS and CBT values in certain months because they did not adopt milking lines, an important management practice in mastitis prevention. Other factor that contributed to an increase in these counts was the teat washing practice, since water can be an important source of contamination if not treated properly. The pre-dipping practice is also a valuable mastitis prevention tool; however, farms 1 and 2 did not adopt this procedure or its execution was incorrect, which may have contributed to the high somatic cell count observed in all months of the study. Acid milk is a major problem encountered by dairy factories and it is important to perform acidity and alcohol-alizarin tests to detect errors in the preservation of milk. However, the farms in question showed satisfactory values for these analyses, since their milk was correctly preserved in direct expansion coolers. The density values indicate adequate quantities of fat and non fat milk solids for the producers studied, since they were in accordance with the legislation in force. In the Whiteside test, only farm 1 showed unsatisfactory results associated with a high CCS; however, the result of the remaining farms does not exclude the possibility of subclinical mastitis. All milk samples from farm 4 presented satisfactory CBT values, which is the consequence of an adequate hygienic management, a fact evidenced by the mastitis control procedures in use in the farm. The results varied in the remaining farms, indicating animal management irregularities.

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O leite integral e a bebida láctea UAT são submetidos ao mesmo tratamento térmico, mas são produtos diferentes, já que na bebida láctea é permitida a adição de até 50% de soro lácteo. Neste estudo, objetivou-se avaliar as características microbiológicas destes produtos com relação à legislação vigente do Ministério da Agricultura, Pecuária e Abastecimento (MAPA) e, ainda, da população psicrotrófica, ao longo do período de validade. Foram analisadas 150 amostras, 75 de cada produto, a partir de cinco diferentes marcas comerciais nacionais. As 15 amostras de cada marca foram subdivididas em três lotes: início, meio e final do período de validade, cada qual com cinco amostras do mesmo lote. Verificou-se para o leite que todas as amostras de leite UAT estavam de acordo com a legislação vigente. A população de psicrotróficos aumentou em 26,6% das amostras depois que foram abertas e mantidas sob refrigeração por 48 horas. Os resultados para a bebida láctea evidenciaram que 12% das amostras estavam em desacordo com o estabelecido pela legislação vigente. A população de psicrotróficos aumentou em 36% das amostras depois que foram abertas e mantidas sob refrigeração por 48 horas. Tais resultados devem servir de alerta para a necessidade de fiscalização mais rigorosa da bebida láctea UAT, pois parte das amostras não atenderam aos padrões microbiológicos estabelecidos pela legislação.

UHT milk and dairy drinks are submitted to the same heat treatment, but they are different products, since the addition of up to 50% of whey is allowed in dairy drinks. The aim of this study was to evaluate the microbiological characteristics of these products in relation to current legislation, during the course of their shelf life. In the present study, 150 samples, 75 of each type of product, from 5 different national brands were analyzed. The 15 samples of each brand were separated into 3 lots containing 5 samples each, analyzed at the beginning, middle and end of the validity period. Upon microbiological analysis all UHT milk samples were in conformance with current legislation. After the samples were opened and chilled for 48 hours, 26.6% of them presented an increased psychrotrophic population. The dairy drink results showed that 12% of the samples were out of conformance with the current legislation. After the samples were opened and chilled for 48 hours, 36% of them presented an increased psychrotrophic population. These results should be considered as an alert in regard to the need for rigorous inspection of UHT milk and dairy drink products.

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ABSTRACT UHT milk and dairy drinks are submitted to the same heat treatment, but they are different products, since the addition of up to 50% of whey is allowed in dairy drinks. The aim of this study was to evaluate the microbiological characteristics of these products in relation to current legislation, during the course of their shelf life. In the present study, 150 samples, 75 of each type of product, from 5 different national brands were analyzed. The 15 samples of each brand were separated into 3 lots containing 5 samples each, analyzed at the beginning, middle and end of the validity period. Upon microbiological analysis all UHT milk samples were in conformance with current legislation. After the samples were opened and chilled for 48 hours, 26.6% of them presented an increased psychrotrophic population. The dairy drink results showed that 12% of the samples were out of conformance with the current legislation. After the samples were opened and chilled for 48 hours, 36% of them presented an increased psychrotrophic population. These results should be considered as an alert in regard to the need for rigorous inspection of UHT milk and dairy drink products.

RESUMO O leite integral e a bebida láctea UAT são submetidos ao mesmo tratamento térmico, mas são produtos diferentes, já que na bebida láctea é permitida a adição de até 50% de soro lácteo. Neste estudo, objetivou-se avaliar as características microbiológicas destes produtos com relação à legislação vigente do Ministério da Agricultura, Pecuária e Abastecimento (MAPA) e, ainda, da população psicrotrófica, ao longo do período de validade. Foram analisadas 150 amostras, 75 de cada produto, a partir de cinco diferentes marcas comerciais nacionais. As 15 amostras de cada marca foram subdivididas em três lotes: início, meio e final do período de validade, cada qual com cinco amostras do mesmo lote. Verificou-se para o leite que todas as amostras de leite UAT estavam de acordo com a legislação vigente. A população de psicrotróficos aumentou em 26,6% das amostras depois que foram abertas e mantidas sob refrigeração por 48 horas. Os resultados para a bebida láctea evidenciaram que 12% das amostras estavam em desacordo com o estabelecido pela legislação vigente. A população de psicrotróficos aumentou em 36% das amostras depois que foram abertas e mantidas sob refrigeração por 48 horas. Tais resultados devem servir de alerta para a necessidade de fiscalização mais rigorosa da bebida láctea UAT, pois parte das amostras não atenderam aos padrões microbiológicos estabelecidos pela legislação.

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ABSTRACT In order to evaluate the microbiological characteristics of the lacteal secretion in the involution of the mammary gland of Holstein cows, examination was made of 44 udders at last milking before the dry period, during the dry period (1, 3, 5, 7, 10, 15, 30 and 45 days of the dry period), as well as the return to lactation. After discarding the first jets of the lacteal secretion, the samples for the microbiological analysis were aseptically collected. The percentage of bacteria isolated from the udders was lower on the return to lactation (46.15%) than during the involution of the mammary gland. There was no statistical difference between the frequency of bacteria isolated from the last milking and from the 45th day of the dry period isolations that oscillated between 72.73% and 84.09%. The rate of cure of the infections in the dry period was 40.63%, while the rate of new infections and reinfection were, respectively, 66.67% and 61.54%.

RESUMO Com o objetivo de avaliar as características microbiológicas da secreção láctea durante o processo de secagem da glândula mamária de vacas da raça Holandesa, foram colhidas amostras de 44 mamas na última ordenha antes do início do processo de secagem, durante a evolução do processo de secagem (1º, 3º, 5º, 7º, 10º, 15º, 30º e 45º dia do período seco) e no retorno à lactação. Após os primeiros jatos de secreção láctea terem sido desprezados, procedeu-se a sua colheita asséptica, para ser utilizada no exame microbiológico. No retorno da lactação observou-se que a frequência de isolamento bacteriano (46,15%) foi significantemente menor do que o encontrado durante o período seco. Entre a última ordenha antes do início do processo de secagem e o 45ºdia do período seco não houve diferenças estatísticas entre as frequências de isolamentos bacterianos que oscilaram entre 72,73 % e 84,09 %. Os principais gêneros bacterianos isolados foram Staphylococcus spp., Corynebacterium spp. e Streptococcus spp. A análise da dinâmica da população bacteriana durante o período seco permitiu afirmar que a taxa de cura das infecções existentes foi igual a 40,63 %, enquanto as taxa de novas infecções e re-infecções durante o período seco foram, respectivamente, iguais a 66,67% e 61,54%.