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Introduction Preventing enamel demineralization (white spot lesions or WSLs) around the brackets during and after orthodontic therapy has been a challenging problem. Zinc oxide (ZnO) nanoparticles (NPs) show antibacterial effects against cariogenic bacteria Streptococcus (S.) mutans. Materials and methods In this study, researchers modified Transbond XT adhesive (Sigma Aldrich, St. Louis, Missouri, USA) by adding different concentrations of ZnO nanoparticles, i.e., 0.1% and 0.5wt%, in two experimental groups and a control group. We performed Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and scanning electron microscopy for physio-structural characterization and investigated antibacterial ability by disc diffusion and colony-forming tests. We conducted shear bond strength and adhesive remnant index to determine the mechanical characteristics. Results The development and size of the inhibition zone were greatly dependent on the concentration of ZnO nanoparticles in the disc agar diffusion test. All ZnO NP-based experimental adhesives reduced the colony numbers for S. mutans. For S. mutans, the composite comprising 0.5wt% ZnO nanoparticles significantly reduced colony counts. The control group exhibited the maximum mean shear bond strength, whereas 0.5wt% nanoparticles composite had the lowest number. Conclusion Adding ZnO as nanofillers imparts antibacterial properties to the orthodontic adhesives. An increase in the concentration of ZnO nanoparticles in orthodontic adhesive increases its antibacterial properties. We found the shear bond strength of the novel composite with up to 0.5wt% ZnO nanoparticles to be in a clinically acceptable range.
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Purpose: This study investigated the influence of nanohydroxyapatite-containing (nanoHAP) lozenge on plaque pH following sucrose intake. Patients and Methods: Sixteen adult subjects were enrolled in this double-blind crossover study composed of four interventions: (1) 10% w/v sucrose solution, (2) 10% w/v sorbitol solution, (3) nanoHAP lozenge, and (4) 10% w/v sucrose solution challenge followed by nanoHAP lozenge. Following the determination of each subject's resting plaque pH, the pH was measured at different time intervals from 3 to 30 minutes from the start of intervention, with 7 days interval between the applications of different interventions. The data were analyzed using the analysis of variance and Tukey's test (α < 0.05). Results: While sorbitol produces no change in plaque pH, nanoHAP-lozenge increased the plaque pH from a baseline of 7.0 ± 0.3 (mean ± sd) to 7.8 ± 0.2 (mean ± sd) within 30 minutes. Sucrose lowered the plaque pH from a baseline of 7.0 ± 0.4 (mean ± sd) to the lowest minimum of 5.1 ± 0.1 (mean ± sd) at the 7th minute, rising above the critical pH of enamel dissolution (5.5) at 12th minute and the baseline pH in more than 30 minutes. With lozenge intervention following sucrose challenge, plaque pH rose to 5.5 in 8 min, and to the baseline pH in 24 min. The cH area (Hydrogen ion concentration area) produced by sucrose (1.82 sq. units) was significantly (p < 0.05) greater than that produced when sucrose was challenged with lozenge (0.48 sq. units). Conclusion: Nanohydroxyapatite-containing lozenge increased plaque pH, reduced plaque pH drop in the presence of sucrose, and facilitated the rapid recovery of plaque pH after sucrose intake.
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BACKGROUND: White spot lesions are a widespread undesirable effect, especially prevalent during fixed orthodontic treatments. The study compared the in vitro enamel remineralization potential of undemineralized dentin matrix (UDD) versus chicken eggshell powder (CESP) for artificially induced enamel lesions. METHODS: 100 caries-free and sound maxillary premolars were randomly divided into four groups each contain 25 teeth: Group I (Baseline): No treatment was done to the enamel surface. Group II (Negative control ): The enamel surface of the teeth underwent demineralization using demineralizing solution to create artificial carious lesions then kept in artificial saliva. Group III (CESP treated): After demineralizing the tooth surface, the teeth have been suspended in the CESP remineralizing solution. Group IV (UDD treated): After enamel demineralization, the teeth were suspended in UDD remineralizing solution. The remineralization potential was assessed by Vickers microhardness testing, scanning electron microscopic examination (SEM), and energy dispersive X-ray (EDX). RESULTS: The current study demonstrated an increase in the mean microhardness of CESP and UDD-treated groups; however, It was nearer to the baseline level in the UDD group. SEM imaging revealed greater enamel remineralization in the UDD group compared to the remaining groups. The UDD group disclosed complete coverage for the prismatic enamel compared to the CESP group, which revealed a partially remineralized enamel surface. Interestingly, the Ca/P ratio increased significantly in the CESP group compared to the negative control group. In contrast, a higher significant increase in the mean Ca/P ratios was recorded in the UDD group compared to the test groups. CONCLUSION: biomimetic UDD and CESP powder should be utilized to treat enamel early carious lesions. However, UDD demonstrated the most significant remineralization potential.
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Pollos , Caries Dental , Esmalte Dental , Dentina , Cáscara de Huevo , Dureza , Microscopía Electrónica de Rastreo , Remineralización Dental , Animales , Remineralización Dental/métodos , Caries Dental/terapia , Humanos , Esmalte Dental/efectos de los fármacos , Dentina/efectos de los fármacos , Polvos , Técnicas In Vitro , Desmineralización Dental , Espectrometría por Rayos X , Diente Premolar , Saliva Artificial , Calcio/análisis , Calcio/uso terapéuticoRESUMEN
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: The aim of this study was to evaluate the physico-mechanical, anti-bacterial, and anti-demineralization properties of orthodontic resin composite containing photoactivated zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnONPs) on Streptococcus mutans biofilm around ceramic and metal brackets. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Following the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) determination for ZnONPs, shear bond strength (SBS) was tested for composites containing different concentrations of ZnONPs. The chosen concentration was used to evaluate the microleakage, anti-bacterial, and anti-demineralization properties. RESULTS: Adding 50µg/mL of ZnONPs to the orthodontic composite did not negatively affect its physico-mechanical properties. ZnONPs (50µg/mL)-mediated aPDT and 0.2% chlorhexidine significantly (P=0.000) reduced S. mutans biofilms compared to the phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) groups (metal/PBS=7.47±0.7×106, and ceramic/PBS=7.47±0.7×106), with the lowest colony count observed in these groups (metal/chlorhexidine=1.06±0.4×105, ceramic/chlorhexidine=1±0.2×105, metal/ZnONPs-mediated aPDT=1.33±0.3×105, and ceramic/ZnONPs-mediated aPDT=1.2±0.3×105). Sodium fluoride varnish and ZnONPs-mediated aPDT showed the highest efficacy in anti-demineralization and significantly improving the enamel surface microhardness compared to the artificial saliva, especially in ceramic bracket groups (524.17±42.78N and 441.00±29.48N, 394.17±46.83N, P=0.000, and P=0.003, respectively). CONCLUSION: ZnONPs (50µg/mL)-mediated aPDT effectively inhibited S. mutans biofilm and promoted anti-demineralization without adverse effects on the physico-mechanical properties of the composite resin. These results suggest the potential of this method in preventing white spot lesions during orthodontic treatment.
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BACKGROUND: Protein-derived peptide fractions can play a key role in the physiological and metabolic regulation and modulation of the body, which suggests that they could be used as functional ingredients to improve health and to reduce the risk of disease. This work aimed to evaluate the in vitro antithrombotic and anticariogenic bioactivity of hydrolysates and protein fractions obtained from cowpea (Vigna unguiculata) by biocatalysis. RESULTS: Cowpea protein concentrate was hydrolyzed by sequential action with two enzyme systems, Pepsin-Pancreatin or Alcalase-Flavourzyme. There was extensive enzymatic hydrolysis, with degrees of hydrolysis of 34.94% and 81.43% for Pepsin-Pancreatin and Alcalase-Flavourzyme, respectively. The degree of hydrolysis for the control treatments, without the addition of the enzymes Pepsin-Pancreatin and Alcalase-Flavourzyme was 1.1% and 1.2%, respectively. The hydrolysates were subjected to fractionation by ultrafiltration, with five cut-off points according to molecular weight (<1, 1-3, 3-5, 5-10 and >10 kDa). The Alcalase-Flavourzyme hydrolysate led to 100% inhibition of platelet aggregation, while the Pepsin-Pancreatin hydrolysate showed 77.41% inhibition, but this was approximately 100% in the ultrafiltered fractions. The highest anticariogenic activity was obtained with the Pepsin-Pancreatin system, with 61.55% and 56.07% for calcium and phosphorus demineralization, respectively. CONCLUSION: Hydrolysates and their peptide fractions from Vigna unguiculata exhibited inhibition of platelet aggregation and protection of tooth enamel and have the potential for use in the development of functional products with beneficial health effects. © 2024 Society of Chemical Industry.
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BACKGROUND: The local pH change mediated by the pathogenic bacterial species Streptococcus mutans plays a significant role in the corrosion of hydroxyapatite (HA) present in the tooth in the dynamic oral cavity. The acid produced by the bacteria decreases the local pH and releases Ca2+ ions from the HA. We studied the bacteria-mediated demineralization of HA by scanning electrochemical microscopy (SECM) after growing S. mutans biofilm on HA for 7 days. RESULTS: We notably developed a triple-function SECM-compatible tip that could be positioned above the biofilm. It can also measure the pH and [Ca2+] change simultaneously above the biofilm-HA substrate. The triple-function SECM tip is a combination of a potentiometric pH sensor deposited with iridium oxide and a dual-function carbon-based Ca2+ ion-selective membrane electrode with a slope of 67 mV/pH and 34.3 mV/log [Ca2+], respectively. The distance-controlled triple-function SECM tip monitored real-time pH and [Ca2+] changes 30 µm above the S. mutans biofilm. The high temporal resolution pH data demonstrated that after approximately 20 min of sucrose addition, S. mutans started to produce acid to titrate the solution buffer, causing a pH change from 7.2 to 6.5 for HA and from 7.2 to 5 for the glass substrate. We observed that, after 30 min of acid production, â¼300 µM of Ca2+ ions were increased at pH 6.5 above the biofilm surface as a result of the pH change in the local microenvironment. After the release of Ca2+ from HA, the pH environment again shifted toward the neutral side, from 6.5 to 7.2. Therefore, precipitation of Ca2+ happens at the top of the biofilm, thus corroding the HA from underneath. For a glass substrate, in contrast, no Ca2+ ions were released, and the pH did not change back to 7.2. We were able to observe the dynamics of the HA demineralization-remineralization process simultaneously with our newly developed triple-function SECM tip or microprobe. SIGNIFICANCE: This technique could notably advance the study of similar complex processes, such as bacteria-mediated corrosion in biomedical and environmental contexts.
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Biopelículas , Calcio , Carbono , Durapatita , Microelectrodos , Streptococcus mutans , Streptococcus mutans/metabolismo , Concentración de Iones de Hidrógeno , Durapatita/química , Calcio/química , Calcio/metabolismo , Carbono/química , Corrosión , Electrodos de Iones SelectosRESUMEN
This study aimed to synthesize a novel elastomeric ligature with dimethylaminohexadecyl methacrylate (DMAHDM) grafted, providing a new strategy for improving the issue of enamel demineralization during fixed orthodontics. DMAHDM was incorporated into elastomeric ligatures at different mass fractions using ultraviolet photochemical grafting. The antibacterial properties were evaluated and the optimal DMAHDM amount was determined based on cytotoxicity assays. Moreover, tests were conducted to evaluate the in vivo changes in the mechanical properties of the elastomeric ligatures. To assess the actual in vivo effectiveness in preventing enamel demineralization, a rat demineralization model was established, with analyses focusing on changes in surface microstructure, elemental composition, and nanomechanical properties. Elastomeric ligatures with 2% DMAHDM showed excellent biocompatibility and the best antibacterial properties, reducing lactic acid production by 65.3% and biofilm bacteria by 50.0% within 24 h, without significant mechanical property differences from the control group (p > 0.05). Most importantly, they effectively prevented enamel demineralization in vivo, enhancing elastic modulus by 73.2% and hardness by 204.8%. Elastomeric ligatures incorporating DMAHDM have shown great potential for application in preventing enamel demineralization, providing a new strategy to solve this issue during fixed orthodontics.
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Esmalte Dental , Elastómeros , Desmineralización Dental , Desmineralización Dental/prevención & control , Animales , Elastómeros/química , Ratas , Esmalte Dental/efectos de los fármacos , Antibacterianos/farmacología , Antibacterianos/química , Metacrilatos/química , Metacrilatos/farmacología , Aparatos Ortodóncicos , Biopelículas/efectos de los fármacos , MasculinoRESUMEN
Background: The acidic component of liquid medicinal syrups used by pediatric patients may cause erosion and partial demineralization. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of cheese and casein phosphopeptide-amorphous calcium phosphate (CPP-ACP) on erosive lesions of primary teeth enamel following exposure to amoxicillin and ibuprofen syrups. Materials and Methods: In this in vitro study, 60 noncarious deciduous molars were used. After measuring the surface microhardness of the samples, they were randomly separated into two groups and immersed in either amoxicillin or ibuprofen for 1 min three times per day. CPP-ACP, cheese, and artificial saliva were then applied to each of the three subgroups (n = 10). After each immersion time, 10 min of therapy was given. Between treatment intervals, the samples were kept in artificial saliva. The microhardness was remeasured after 1 week. Data were analyzed using SPSS software through repeated-measures ANOVA (α = 0.05). Results: All samples' microhardness reduced considerably after immersion in liquid pharmaceuticals (amoxicillin [84.9 kgf/mm2] and ibuprofen [75.1 kgf/mm2]), but increased significantly following exposure to therapeutic solutions. There was no difference between the amoxicillin-cheese and amoxicillin-CPP-ACP subgroups (P = 0.975). A statistically insignificant difference was found between the ibuprofen group and the ibuprofen-CPP-ACP subgroup (P = 0.499). Conclusion: As a result, cheese and CPP-ACP can be utilized to remineralize erosive lesions caused by amoxicillin or ibuprofen exposure.
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Streptococcus mutans (S. mutans) antisense vicK RNA (ASvicK) is a non-coding RNA that regulates cariogenic virulence and metabolic activity. Dimethylaminohexadecyl methacrylate (DMAHDM), a quaternary ammonium methacrylate used in dental materials, has strong antibacterial activity. This study examined the effects of S. mutans ASvicK on DMAHDM susceptibility and their combined impact on inhibiting S. mutans biofilm formation and protecting enamel hardness. The parent S. mutans UA159 and ASvicK overexpressing S. mutans (ASvicK) were tested. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentrations for planktonic bacteria (MBC-P) and biofilms (MBC-B) were measured. As the ASvicK MBC-B was 175 µg/mL, live/dead staining, metabolic activity (MTT), colony-forming units (CFUs), biofilm biomass, polysaccharide, and lactic acid production were investigated at 175 µg/mL and 87.5 µg/mL. The MIC, MBC-P, and MBC-B values for DMAHDM for the ASvicK strain were half those of the UA159 strain. In addition, combining S. mutans ASvicK with DMAHDM resulted in a significant 4-log CFU reduction (p < 0.05), with notable decreases in polysaccharide levels and lactic acid production. In the in vitro cariogenic model, the combination achieved the highest enamel hardness at 67.1% of sound enamel, while UA159 without DMAHDM had the lowest at 16.4% (p < 0.05). Thus, S. mutans ASvicK enhanced DMAHDM susceptibility, and their combination effectively inhibited biofilm formation and minimized enamel demineralization. The S. mutans ASvicK + DMAHDM combination shows great potential for anti-caries dental applications.
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White spot lesions (WSLs) are a common complication after treatment using fixed orthodontic appliances. Decalcification of enamel surrounding fixed orthodontic appliances, known as WSLs, poses a significant aesthetic difficulty during and after treatment, as the purpose of fixed orthodontic therapy is to improve facial and dental appearance. Modern dentistry utilizes remineralization therapies to non-invasively treat WSLs to prevent the progression of disease and enhance the strength, appearance, and functionality of the affected tooth. This review aims to identify and assess the etiology, formation, and risk factors, as well as current treatment approaches used in achieving WSLs remineralization, induced by fixed orthodontic appliances. An electronic search on the PubMed and ScienceDirect databases was performed using a selected keyword. A total of 172 studies (from 2013 to 2023) were retrieved. Their references were also checked to find other relevant studies. Duplicate copies were excluded. After the abstract and full-text screening, only 39 studies were included. Even though numerous studies address the different treatment modalities for managing post-orthodontic WSLs, such as antiseptics; fluorides such as dentifrices, mouthwash, and varnish, and remineralizing agents such as casein phosphopeptides amorphous calcium phosphate, biomimetic self-assembling peptides, lasers, bleaching, microabrasion, and resin infiltration. There is a lack of evidence-based studies that examine the long-term effects of WSL treatment. Further well-performed controlled clinical trials with long-term follow-up are needed to establish best clinical practice.
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OBJECTIVES: To synthesize a novel antibacterial orthodontic elastomeric ligature incorporating dimethylaminohexadecyl methacrylate (DMAHDM) for the first time to prevent enamel demineralization during orthodontic therapy. METHODS: Various mass fractions of DMAHDM (ranging from 0 % to 20 %) were grafted onto commercial elastomeric ligatures using an ultraviolet photochemical grafting method and were characterized. The optimal DMAHDM concentration was determined based on biocompatibility and mechanical properties, and the antibacterial efficacy was evaluated in a whole-plaque biofilm model. TaqMan real-time polymerase chain reaction and fluorescence in situ hybridization were used to assess the microbial regulatory ability of the multispecies biofilms. Furthermore, an in vitro tooth demineralization model was established to explore its preventive effects on enamel demineralization. Statistical analysis involved a one-way analysis of variance and LSD post hoc tests at a significance level of 0.05. RESULTS: The elastomeric ligature containing 2 % mass fraction of DMAHDM exhibited excellent mechanical properties, favorable biocompatibility, and the most effective antibacterial ability against microorganisms, which decreased by almost two logarithms (P < 0.05). It significantly reduced the proportion of Streptococcus mutans in the multispecies plaque biofilm by 25 % at 72 h, leading to an enhanced biofilm microenvironment. Moreover, the novel elastomeric ligature demonstrated an obvious preventive effect on enamel demineralization, with an elastic modulus 30 % higher and hardness 62 % higher than those of the control group within 3 months (P < 0.05). SIGNIFICANCE: The integration of DMAHDM with an elastomeric ligature holds significant promise for regulating biofilms and preventing enamel demineralization in orthodontic applications.
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Antibacterianos , Biopelículas , Elastómeros , Metacrilatos , Desmineralización Dental , Biopelículas/efectos de los fármacos , Antibacterianos/farmacología , Desmineralización Dental/prevención & control , Metacrilatos/farmacología , Ensayo de Materiales , Aparatos Ortodóncicos/microbiología , Técnicas In Vitro , Streptococcus mutans/efectos de los fármacos , Reacción en Cadena en Tiempo Real de la Polimerasa , Placa Dental/microbiología , Placa Dental/prevención & control , Esmalte Dental/efectos de los fármacosRESUMEN
Introduction: One of the clinical problems following orthodontic treatment is white spot lesions around orthodontic brackets due to enamel demineralization. Confronting enamel demineralization during fixed treatments has long been a challenge for orthodontists. The aim of this in vitro study was to evaluate the effect of CO2 laser and Titanium Tetra-fluoride (TiF4) application on the prevention of enamel demineralization around orthodontic brackets. Methods: Eighty permanent premolars were selected and bonded with brackets. They were randomly divided into four groups (n=20): topical titanium tetra-fluoride gel 4% (TiF4), CO2 laser (10.6 µm wavelength for 10 seconds, peak power=291 W), fluoride+laser (F+L) and control (C). All specimens were demineralized for 10 days in a 0.2 M acetate buffer solution. The mean lesion depths were determined by using polarized light microscopy. Results: The mean depth of lesion was the highest in the C group and then decreased in the TiF4, CO2 laser, and F+L groups, respectively. The difference between all groups was significant (P<0.05), except for the CO2 laser and F+L groups. Conclusion: The lowest amount of demineralization around the orthodontic brackets was observed in the L+F group, followed by the CO2 laser, TiF4, and control groups, respectively.
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OBJECTIVES: The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of acidic beverages on the surface topography and elemental composition of human teeth. METHODS: A total of five highly acidic beverages (Red Bull, Pepsi, Apple Cidra, Tang Mosambi, and Tang Orange) were investigated. The tooth specimens of experimental groups were submerged in each beverage and incubated at 37 °C for 7 days, whereas, the tooth specimens of control groups were placed in distilled water. Afterwards, tooth specimens were analyzed using scanning electron microscopic (SEM), stereomicroscopic, and energy dispersive x-ray (EDX) techniques. RESULTS: All experimental groups revealed a decline in the tooth elements compared to controls, however, such decline was not statistically significant. Nevertheless, comparing the experimental groups, the Red Bull beverage caused a marked reduction in the percentage of both calcium and phosphorus elements compared to the Pepsi, Apple Cidra, Tang Mosambi, and Tang Orange beverages but it was insignificant as well in contrast to its control counterpart. All five acidic beverages demonstrated erosive potential under SEM analysis; however, each group of specimens showed a diverse amount of demineralization. In addition, all experimental groups exhibited significant discoloration of tooth specimens compared to their respective control counterparts. CONCLUSIONS: Within the limitations of study, all five acidic beverages demonstrated erosive potential in the simulated in vitro conditions under SEM analysis; however, each group of specimens exhibited a different extent of demineralization. In addition, the overall effect of all beverages was insignificant under EDX analysis as no substantial difference was revealed between the elemental composition of experimental and control group specimens.
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Bebidas , Microscopía Electrónica de Rastreo , Espectrometría por Rayos X , Propiedades de Superficie , Humanos , Bebidas/análisis , Ácidos/análisis , Erosión de los Dientes , Diente/ultraestructura , Diente/química , Concentración de Iones de Hidrógeno , Calcio/análisis , Desmineralización Dental , Fósforo/análisisRESUMEN
Promising results were recently reported for hierarchical ion-exchange membranes, fabricated by the UV crosslinking of a thin functional coating on a porous substrate, on model NaCl solution demineralization by electrodialysis (ED). Hierarchical anion-exchange membranes (hAEMs) have never been tested with complex solutions to demonstrate their potential use in the biofood industry. The impact of three different crosslinking densities of the ion-exchange coating (EbN-1, EbN-2 and EbN-3) on the performances of whey demineralization by ED was investigated and compared with commercial AMX. The results showed that by increasing the coating crosslinking density, the membrane conductivity decreased, leading to an increase in the global system resistance during whey demineralization (from +28% to +64%). However, 18% sweet whey solutions were successfully treated until 70% demineralization for all membranes. The energy consumption (averaged EbN value of 14.8 vs. 15.1 Wh for AMX) and current efficiency (26.0 vs. 27.4%) were similar to the control. Potential fouling by non-protein nitrogen was detected by ATR-FTIR for hAEMs impacting some membranes properties and ED performances. Overall, EbN-1 obtained results were comparable with the benchmark and can be considered as an alternative membrane for whey demineralization by ED and other applications in the demineralization of complex products from the food industry.
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OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the in-vitro efficacy of inhibiting enamel demineralization using arginine in combination with fluoride-containing bioactive glass (FBG). METHODS: In this study, the healthy enamel blocks were first demineralized in acetic acid for 24 h, then soaked in anti-demineralization treatment solutions containing either arginine or FBG or both for 96 h.The specimens treated in acetic acid were applied as the control group. The pH, calcium and phosphorus ion concentrations of the solutions were measured before and after treatment. Changes in enamel mineral weight, microhardness, and composition were also analyzed. RESULTS: The present of arginine facilitated fluorine release from treatment solutions with the presence of FBG. Both arginine and FBG significantly increased the pH of treatment solutions and prevented the further mineral weight loss compared to the control group. All anti-demineralization treatment groups showed significant increases in microhardness, but there was no statistical difference among the treatment groups. The SEM analysis showed enamel restoration in the arginine and FBG groups upon treatment, while the combined groups showing a superior anti-demineralization efficacy. 19F NMR showed the formation of fluorapatite in samples treated with solutions containing FBG. CONCLUSIONS: Both arginine and FBG could inhibit enamel demineralization to some extent, and their combination demonstrated an enhanced anti-demineralization efficacy. The low-concentration combination group exhibited anti-demineralization effects comparable to those of high-concentration ones. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE: This study introduces a new approach for caries prevention by combining the application of arginine and FBG. The release of fluorine promoted by the presented arginine along with calcium and phosphorus ions from FBG facilitated FAP formation. Additionally, the increment of pH resulting from arginine and FBG degradation further prevents enamel demineralization.
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Apatitas , Arginina , Calcio , Cariostáticos , Esmalte Dental , Fluoruros , Vidrio , Dureza , Fósforo , Desmineralización Dental , Arginina/uso terapéutico , Arginina/farmacología , Desmineralización Dental/prevención & control , Esmalte Dental/efectos de los fármacos , Concentración de Iones de Hidrógeno , Fluoruros/uso terapéutico , Vidrio/química , Calcio/análisis , Cariostáticos/farmacología , Cariostáticos/uso terapéutico , Fósforo/análisis , Humanos , Ensayo de Materiales , Flúor , Ácido Acético , Microscopía Electrónica de Rastreo , Cerámica , AnimalesRESUMEN
The enamel surface may undergo demineralization due to exposure to acidic substances and the remineralization of the etched enamel is crucial to regain or maintain integrity. This study aimed to investigate the erosive effect of 10 acidic solutions on tooth enamel and the remineralization capacity of milk and artificial saliva by measuring surface roughness (Ra), enamel depth, and microhardness. A total of 80 bovine incisor enamel specimens were immersed in 10 different acidic solutions, including four different acidic drinks, three different citric acid solutions, and three different citric acid buffer solutions, for 1 h. After demineralization, the specimens were immersed in milk and artificial saliva for 3 h. Surface roughness, enamel abraded depth, and microhardness were measured before demineralization, in-between time intervals and after remineralization. Data were analyzed using Friedman and Kruskal-Wallis tests (p < 0.05). The results indicate a significant difference in surface roughness between the measurements taken at different time intervals, particularly between the baseline and after 1 h demineralization. Also, the specimens immersed in CAB1 exhibited greatest increase in Ra among other acidic solutions (Δ: 0.18 ± 0.07). Moreover, only the microhardness increased after remineralization (p < 0.05). Enamel demineralization using various acidic solutions revealed increased Ra and enamel abraded depth, and decreased microhardness. The use of remineralization agents, milk and artificial saliva, demonstrated an increase in microhardness. This study provides insights into the effects of different acidic solutions and potential remineralization agents on tooth enamel.
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Aim: To evaluate the remineralization potential of varying concentrations of two plant-based extracts of Cocos nucifera on white spot lesions using SEM and EDAX in vitro testing methods. Materials and Methods: The pulp was freshly obtained from coconut and divided into two. Then, coconut milk was obtained by blending, while the next portion was freeze-dried and lyophilized. Third molar teeth were processed into tooth slabs (N = 40) and split equally into five groups by block randomization. After demineralization, one tooth slab was taken from each, and SEM analysis was done. Remineralization was then performed among the various groups that included Group 1, which acted as a control and consisted of the remineralization solution. Groups 2 and 3 comprised 1:1 and 2:1 concentrations of the coconut milk, whereas Groups 4 and 5 consisted of 1:1 and 2:1 concentrations of the lyophilized extract. SEM and EDAX testing were done post-remineralization. Ca and phosphate values were tabulated, and statistical significance was determined for the obtained values using ANOVA. Results: Among the control and treatment groups, surface remineralization was better observed in 1:1 coconut milk and 2:1 coconut milk than in the 2:1 lyophilized coconut, control, and 1:1 lyophilized coconut. Between the control and treatment groups, Ca and phosphate percentages (P < 0.001) showed statistical differences. The lowest value of 2.3% was noted in the 2:1 lyophilized coconut group. Conclusion: Coconut extracts exhibit remineralization potential on the artificial carious lesion. Coconut milk exhibited significant improvement in the surface properties than lyophilized coconut.
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INTRODUCTION AND AIMS: The gaps at the margins of restorative composite resin can increase as the carious process occurs underneath the materials, causing further demineralization along the tooth cavity wall. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of restorative resin composite containing hydrated calcium silicate (hCS) filler on enamel protection against demineralization by simulating microleakage between the test material and teeth in a cariogenic environment. METHODS: The experimental resin composites were composed of 70 wt.% filler, which was mixed with a glass filler and hCS in a weight ratio of 70.0% glass (hCS 0), 17.5% hCS + 52.5% glass (hCS 17.5), 35.0% hCS + 35.0% glass (hCS 35.0), and 52.5% hCS + 17.5% glass (hCS 52.5). A light-cured experimental resin composite disk was positioned over a polished bovine enamel disk, separated by a 30-µm gap, and immersed in artificial saliva with pH 4.0 for 15, 30, and 60 days. After the immersion period, the enamel disk was separated from the resin composite disk and evaluated using a microhardness tester, atomic force microscopy, and polarized light microscopy. The opposing sides of the enamel and resin composite disks were observed using scanning electron microscopy/energy dispersive X-ray spectrometry. RESULTS: The enamel surface showed a significant increase in microhardness, decreased roughness, and remineralization layer as the proportion of hCS increased (P < .05). In the scanning electron microscopy image, the enamel surface with hCS 35.0 and 52.5 after all experimental immersion periods, showed a pattern similar to that of a sound tooth. CONCLUSIONS: The results demonstrated that increasing the hCS filler level of restorative resin composites significantly decreased enamel demineralization. CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Hydrated calcium silicate laced restorative resin composites may be a promising dental biomaterial for protecting teeth against demineralization and preventing secondary caries around restorations.
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Aim The aim of the study was to compare the effectiveness of chitosan nanoparticle pretreatment with four different remineralizing agents in artificial white spot lesions. Methods A total of 100 human maxillary first premolars were selected and divided into five groups of 20 samples in each group. Artificial white spot lesions were created by immersing the samples in the demineralizing solution for 96 hours. Chitosan pretreatment was done for all samples followed by subjecting Group I samples to artificial saliva (control), Group II samples to 3M Clinpro, Group III samples to GC Tooth Mousse, Group IV samples to SHY-NM, and Group V samples with Aclaim using a cotton applicator tip. Each group was divided into two subgroups of 10 samples, which were subjected to hardness testing and mineral content analysis. Surface microhardness and the calcium phosphorous ratio were recorded using a Vickers microhardness tester and energy-dispersive X-ray (EDAX) analysis at three levels i.e., baseline, after demineralization, and after remineralization and tabulated. Statistical analysis was conducted by analyzing data using ANOVA and post hoc followed by Dunnett's t-test using IBM SPSS Statistics for Windows, Version 16 (Released 2007; IBM Corp., Armonk, New York, United States). Results Vickers surface hardness testing and EDAX analysis showed statistically significant values for all the groups. Among them, maximum remineralization potential was seen in samples treated with Chitosan and 3M Clinpro combination, and minimum remineralization potential was seen in Chitosan and artificial saliva combination. Conclusion The addition of chitosan nanoparticles with various remineralizing agents showed a significant synergistic effect on remineralization activity. Also, chitosan and Clinpro combination showed the maximum surface hardness and EDAX analysis values when compared to other groups.
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OBJECTIVE: In this in vivo proof-of-concept study, acquired pellicle engineering was implemented to promote alterations in the protein composition of the acquired enamel pellicle (AEP) and the bacterial composition of the dental biofilm after treatment with Sugarcane cystatin (CaneCPI-5). DESIGN: After prophylaxis, 10 volunteers rinsed (10 mL, 1 min) with the following solutions: 1) deionized water (H2O- negative control or 2) 0.1 mg/mL CaneCPI-5. The AEP and biofilm were formed along 2 or 3 h, respectively. The AEP was collected with electrode filter papers soaked in 3 % citric acid. After protein extraction, samples were analyzed by quantitative shotgun label-free proteomics. The biofilm microbiome was collected with a dental curette. The DNA was extracted, amplified, and analyzed by 16S-rRNA Next Generation Sequencing (NGS). RESULTS: Treatment with CaneCPI-5 increased several proteins with antimicrobial, acid-resistance, affinity for hydroxyapatite, structural and calcium binding properties, such as Cysteine-rich-3 (6-fold-p = 0.03), Cystatin-B (5.5-fold-p < 0.01), Neutrophil-defensin 1 (4.7-fold-p < 0.01), Mucin (3.9-fold-p < 0.01), Immunoglobulin-heavy-constant (3.8-fold-p < 0.01) and Lactotransferrin (2.8-fold-p < 0.01). Microbiome revealed that several commensal bacteria had their abundance increased after rinsing with CaneCPI-5, such as Corynebacterium and Neisseria, while Streptococcus and Prevotella nigrescens were decreased. The results indicate the efficiency of CaneCPI-5 in promoting beneficial changes in the AEP and biofilm, making this phytocystatin a potential target for incorporation into dental products. CONCLUSION: Cane demonstrated the capability to alter the protein composition of the acquired enamel pellicle (AEP) and the initial colonizers of the biofilm, enhancing the presence of proteins and bacteria crucial for dental protection.