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It is urgent to develop efficient recycling methods for spent LiFePO4 cathodes to cope with the upcoming peak of power battery retirement. Compared with the traditional metallurgical recovery methods that lack satisfactory economic and environmental benefits, the direct regeneration seems to be a promising option at present. However, a simple direct lithium replenishment cannot effectively repair and regenerate the cathodes due to the serious structural damage of the spent LiFePO4. Herein, the spent LiFePO4 cathodes are directly regenerated by a thiourea-assisted solid-phase sintering process. The density functional theory calculation indicates that thiourea has a targeted repair effect on the antisite defects and inactive FePO4 phase in the spent cathode due to the associative priority of amino group (─NH2) in thiourea with Fe ions: Fe3+─N > Fe2+─N. Meanwhile, the pyrolysis products of thiourea can also create an optimal reducing atmosphere and inhibit the agglomeration of particles in the high temperature restoration process. The regenerated LiFePO4 exhibits an excellent electrochemical performance, which is comparable to that of commercial LiFePO4. This targeted restoration has improved the efficiency of direct regeneration, which is expected to achieve large-scale recycling of spent LiFePO4.

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Y chromosome short tandem repeats (Y-STRs) typing is a useful tool in scenarios such as mass graves analysis or disaster victim identification and has become a routine analysis in many laboratories. Not many comparisons have been performed with the currently available commercial kits, much less with degraded skeletal remains. This research aims to evaluate the performance of three commercial Y-STR kits: Yfiler™ Plus, PowerPlex® Y23, and Investigator® Argus Y-28 in 63 degraded skeletal remains from mass graves. PowerPlex® Y23 yields more reportable markers and twice the RFU on average, while Yfiler™ Plus and Investigator® Argus Y-28 exhibited a similar behaviour. Additionally, Argus Y-28, which has not been tested with this kind of samples in literature before, showed a good performance. Finally, a predictive model was attempted to be developed from quantification and autosomal STR data. However, no acceptable model could be obtained. Nevertheless, good Y-STR typing results may be expected if at least 50 pg DNA input is used or 13 autosomal markers were previously obtained.

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In this study, two degraded polysaccharides from Gleditsia sinensis seed were obtained under ultrasonic power treatments of 300 and 450 W. The physicochemical properties, structural characteristics, and antioxidant activities of the degraded and undegraded polysaccharides were studied and compared. Ion exchange chromatography and methylation analysis showed that the polysaccharides had similar basic structural features and were composed of the same monosaccharide units before and after degradation, but the ultrasonic treatment increased the total monosaccharide content and changed the Mannose/Galactose value. Furthermore, with the increase in the ultrasonic power, the molecular weight and intrinsic viscosity of polysaccharides decreased, and the micromorphology became looser. The scavenging capacities for 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl and hydroxyl free radicals and the reducing ability were significantly increased by the ultrasonic treatment. In conclusion, ultrasonic treatment may be an effective way to improve the antioxidant activities of polysaccharides from G. sinensis seed, and further studies on its antioxidant mechanism are still needed.

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Vegetation restoration of degraded land affects litter quality by changing the composition of tree species, providing direct effects on regulating the dynamic of soil organic C (SOC) through the priming effect (PE). However, it is unclear how the combined effects caused by vegetation restoration and input of different quality litters on PE-related C loss and gain. Here, we collected soils from an unrestored site and a site restored for 20 years, adding 13C-labeled low-quality (with high C/nitrogen [N] and lignin/N) and high-quality (with low C/N and lignin/N) litters to the soil, respectively. Our results revealed that adding high- and low-quality litter in two sites produced positive PEs after 150-day laboratory-based incubation. The PE induced by high-quality litter was lower than that of low-quality in two sites, which can be interpreted as low-quality litter has higher C/N that aggravates the nutrient imbalance of microorganisms and enhances their demand for N, prompting microorganisms to accelerate the mineralization of SOC through the "N mining". High-quality litter inputs can boost microbial C use efficiency and alleviate soil C loss due to PE in unrestored and restored pine forests. Moreover, high-quality litter input has a greater positive effect on SOC gain in unrestored lands than in restored lands, suggesting that litter with higher nutrient availability or fertilization is especially needed for the restoration of degraded soil fertility and C formation. Taken together, this study highlights the importance of tree species producing high-quality litter in mediating SOC decomposition and formation during degraded lands restoration, which is beneficial for the restoration of degraded lands and the enhancement of soil C sequestration.

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DNA mixture analysis poses a significant challenge in forensic genetics, particularly when dealing with degraded and trace amount DNA samples. Multi-SNPs (MNPs) are genetic markers similar to microhaplotypes but with smaller molecular sizes (< 75 bp), making them theoretically more suitable for analyzing degraded and trace amount samples. In this case report, we investigated a cold case involving a campstool stored for over a decade, aiming to detect and locate the suspect's DNA. We employed both conventional capillary electrophoresis-based short tandem repeat (CE-STR) analysis and next-generation sequencing-based multi-SNP (NGS-MNP) analysis. The typing results and deconvolution of the mixed CE-STR profiles were inconclusive regarding the presence of the suspect's DNA in the mixed samples. However, through NGS-MNP analysis and presence probability calculations, we determined that the suspect's DNA was present in the samples from Sect. 4-1 with a probability of 1-8.41 × 10- 6 (99.999159%). This evidence contradicted the suspect's statement and aided in resolving the case. Our findings demonstrate the significant potential of MNP analysis for examining degraded and trace amount DNA mixtures in forensic investigations.

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DNA degradation has been a thorny problem in forensic science. Shortening the amplicon length of the genetic markers improves the analysis of degraded DNA effectively. Microhaplotype (MH) has been proposed as a potential genetic marker that can be used for degraded DNA analysis. In the present study, a 146-plex MH-next-generation sequencing (NGS) system with an average Ae of 6.876 was constructed. Unlike other MH studies, a single-primer extension (SPE)-based NGS library preparation method was used to improve the detection of MH markers for degraded DNA. SPE employs a locus-specific and universal primer to amplify target fragments, reducing the necessity for complete fragment sequences. SPE might effectively mitigate the impact of degradation on amplification. However, SPE produces amplicons of varying lengths, posing challenges in allele calling for SPE-NGS data. To address this issue, this study proposed a flexible allele-calling strategy to improve amplicon detection. In addition, this study evaluated the forensic efficacy of the system using 12 low-template samples (from 1 ng to 7.8 pg), 10 mock-degraded DNA with various degrees of degradation, and 8 forensic casework samples. When the template is as low as 7.8 pg, our system can accurately detect at least 37 loci and achieves a random match probability (RMP) of 10-30 using the complete allele-calling strategy. Eighty-two loci can be detected, and RMP can reach 10-54 using a flexible allele-calling strategy. After 150 min of 98°C treatment, 36 loci can still be detected, and an RMP of 10-5 can be obtained using the flexible allele-calling strategy. Furthermore, the number of single nucleotide polymorphism detected at different DNA amounts and degradation levels suggests that the SPE method combined with a flexible allele-calling strategy is effective.

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This study focuses on the development of adsorptive materials to retain degraded 5w40 motor oil. The materials were prepared using xanthan (XG) and XG esterified with acrylic acid (XGAC) as the polymeric matrix. LignoBoost lignin (LB), LB esterified with oleic (LBOL), stearic acid (LBST) and montmorillonite (CL) were added into XG and XGAC matrices to obtain the adsorbents. Adsorption experiments revealed that XG/CL/LBOL had the highest adsorption capacity at 46.80 g/g, followed by XGAC/CL at 45.73 g/g, and XG/CL at 37.58 g/g. The kinetic studies, employing the pseudo-second-order (PSO) model, indicated rapid sorption rates with a good correlation to experimental data. FTIR spectra analysis have evidenced the physical nature of adsorption process, involving interactions such as hydrogen bonding, van der Waals forces, and π-π interactions. Equilibrium data fitting to the Henry, Freundlich, and Temkin isotherm models showed that the adsorption occurs within materials diverse pore structures, enhancing oil retention. Structural parameters like density, porosity, and surface area were pivotal, with XG/CL/LBOL showing the most favorable properties for high oil adsorption. Additionally, it was found that the adsorption efficiency was influenced by the material's morphology and the presence of chemical modifications. This comprehensive evaluation highlights the potential of these novel adsorptive materials for environmental remediation applications, offering an efficient and sustainable approach to reducing degraded motor oil pollution.

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We tested whether one of the consequences predicted for alien plant invasion by the mutualism disruption hypothesis was true in the case of the ash-leaved maple Acer negundo L. The study aimed to determine whether the occurrences of mycorrhizal and nonmycorrhizal herbs varied similarly or differently in communities with varying degrees of A. negundo dominance. The analysis included the results of 78 vegetation descriptions carried out in Belarusian Polesia, the Middle Volga region, and the Middle Urals. Communities with or without A. negundo dominance were described in each region. The mycorrhizal status of plant species was determined using the FungalRoot Database. Species that are more likely to form arbuscular mycorrhiza were found to occur less frequently in A. negundo thickets. On the contrary, a higher probability of the nonmycorrhizal status was associated with a lower frequency of detection in A. negundo thickets. Therefore, the occurrence of arbuscular mycorrhizal herbs was found to selectively decrease in communities dominated by A. negundo.

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Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) are obligate symbionts that engage in crucial interactions with plants, playing a vital role in grassland ecology. Our study focuses on the pioneer plant Agropyron cristatum, and we collected soil samples from four degraded grasslands in Yudaokou to investigate the response of community composition to the succession of degraded grasslands. We measured the vegetation status, soil physical and chemical properties, AMF colonization, and spore density in different degraded grasslands. High-throughput sequencing was employed to analyze AMF in soil samples. Correlations among community composition, soil characteristics, and plant factors were studied using principal component and regression analyses. The distribution of AMF in grasslands exhibited variation with different degrees of degradation, with Glomus, Scutellospora, and Diversispora being the dominant genera. The abundance of dominant genera in AMF also varied, showing a gradual increase in the relative abundance of the genus Diversispora with higher degradation levels. AMF diversity decreased from 27.7% to 12.4% throughout the degradation process. Among 180 samples of Agropyron cristatum plants, AMF hyphae and vesicles displayed the highest infection status in non-degraded grasslands and the lowest in severely degraded ones. Peak AMF spore production occurred in August, with maximum values in the 0-10-cm soil layer, and the highest spore densities were found in lightly degraded grasslands. Apart from pH, soil factors exhibited a positive correlation with AMF infection during grassland degradation. Furthermore, changes in AMF community composition were jointly driven by vegetation and soil characteristics, with vegetation coverage and soil organic carbon significantly impacting AMF distribution. Significant differences in AMF variables (spore number and diversity index) were also observed at different soil depths. Grassland successional degradation significantly influences AMF community structure and composition. Our future focus will be on understanding response mechanisms and implementing improvement methods for AMF during grassland degradation and subsequent restoration efforts.

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The disposal of degraded batteries will be a severe challenge with the expanding market demand for lithium iron phosphate (LiFePO4 or LFP) batteries. However, due to a lack of economic and technical viability, conventional metal extraction and material regeneration are hindered from practical application. Herein, we propose a nondisassembly repair strategy for degraded cells through a lithium restoration method based on deep discharge, which can elevate the anodic potential to result in the selective oxidative decomposition and thinning of the solid electrolyte interphase (SEI) on the graphite anode. The decomposed SEI acts as a lithium source to compensate for the Li loss and eliminate Li-Fe antisite defects for degraded LFP. Through this design, the repaired pouch cells show improved kinetic characteristics, significant capacity restoration, and an extended lifespan. This proposed repair scheme relying on SEI rejuvenation is of great significance for extending the service life and promoting the secondary use of degraded cells.

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LiMn2O4 spinel is emerging as a promising cathode material for lithium-ion batteries, largely due to its open framework that facilitates Li+ diffusion and excellent rate performance. However, the charge-discharge cycling of the LiMn2O4 cathode leads to severe structural degradation and rapid capacity decay. Here, an electrochemical activation strategy is introduced, employing a facile galvano-potentiostatic charging operation, to restore the lost capacity of LiMn2O4 cathode without damaging the battery configuration. With an electrochemical activation strategy, the cycle life of the LiMn2O4 cathode is extended from an initial 1500 to an impressive 14 000 cycles at a 5C rate with Li metal as the anode, while increasing the total discharge energy by ten times. Remarkably, the electrochemical activation enhances the diffusion kinetics of Li+, with the diffusion coefficient experiencing a 37.2% increase. Further investigation reveals that this improvement in capacity and diffusion kinetics results from a transformation of the redox-inert LiMnO2 rocksalt layer on the surface of degraded cathodes back into active spinel. This transformation is confirmed through electron microscopy and corroborated by density functional theory simulations. Moreover, the viability of this electrochemical activation strategy has been demonstrated in pouch cell configurations with Li metal as the anode, underscoring its potential for broader application.

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Stem respiration constitutes a substantial proportion of autotrophic respiration in forested ecosystems, but its drivers across different spatial scales and land-use gradients remain poorly understood. This study quantifies and examines the impact of logging disturbance on stem CO2 efflux (EA) in Malaysian Borneo. EA was quantified at tree- and stand-level in nine 1-ha plots over a logging gradient from heavily logged to old-growth using the static chamber method. Tree-level results showed higher EA per unit stem area in logged vs old-growth plots (37.0 ± 1.1 vs 26.92 ± 1.14 g C m-2 month-1). However, at stand-level, there was no difference in EA between logged and old-growth plots (6.7 ± 1.1 vs 6.0 ± 0.7 Mg C ha-1 yr-1) due to greater stem surface area in old-growth plots. Allocation to growth respiration and carbon use efficiency was significantly higher in logged plots. Variation in EA at both tree- and stand-level was driven by tree size, growth and differences in investment strategies between the forest types. These results reflect different resource allocation strategies and priorities, with a priority for growth in response to increased light availability in logged plots, while old-growth plots prioritise maintenance and cell structure.

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Different vegetation restoration methods have improved soil quality to varying degrees. This study, focused on the forest-grassland-desert transition zone in the Hebei-Inner Mongolia border region, and employed a systematic grid sampling method to establish fixed monitoring plots in the Saihanba Mechanized Forest Farm and the Ulan Buh Grassland. The differences in soil quality evolution across various vegetation restoration methods under the same climatic and soil historical conditions were analyzed, elucidating the roles of these vegetation restoration methods in degraded forest ecosystems, with the aim of providing a reference for ecological restoration under similar land conditions. This study used a grid method to establish sample points in the forest-grassland-desert transitional zone and assessed five methods of vegetation restoration sites: artificial forest composed of native species of Larix principis-rupprechtii (FL), artificial forest composed of exotic Pinus sylvestris var. mongolica (FP), natural secondary broad-leaved forest (FN), open grassland (GO), and enclosed grassland (GC). The differences in soil organic carbon (SOC), total nitrogen (TN), total phosphorus (TP), total potassium (TK), alkaline hydrolysis nitrogen (AN), rapidly available phosphorus (AP) and rapidly available potassium (AK) among the different vegetation restoration sites were compared via variance analysis, and the soil quality index (SQI) was calculated to assess the soil quality at the sample points. The SOC, TN, and AN contents of forest soil were significantly greater than those of grassland, and the TN, TP, AN, AK, and SOC contents of FL, FN, and GC were significantly greater than those of FP and GO. Among them, the TN, TP, and SOC contents were the highest in the FL, reaching 2.74, 0.39, and 47.27 g kg-1, respectively. In terms of ecological stoichiometric characteristics, the average N:P ratio in the study area was 6.68, indicating a serious lack of N in the study area. Among the different types of restoration sites, the effect was stronger in the FP than in the FL, and the TN and AN contents were only 1.48 g kg-1 and 116.69 mg kg-1, respectively. The SQI in the FL was not significantly different from that in the FN or GC, but it was significantly greater than that in the FP and GO. These findings indicate that native tree species restoration in degraded forest ecosystems significantly improved soil quality, while the introduction of exotic tree species for afforestation had a minimal effect on improving soil quality.

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To clarify the regulating effect of vegetation and soil factors on microbial communities in the alpine steppe under degradation on the Qinghai-Xizang Plateau, the alpine steppe in the Sanjiangyuan area of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau was chosen. We analyzed the differences in vegetation and soil factors in different stages of degradation （non-degradation, moderate degradation, and severe degradation） and detected the variations in microbial community characteristics in the alpine steppe under different degradation stages using high-throughput sequencing technology. Eventually, redundancy analysis （RDA） and multiple regression matrixes （MRM） based on the similarity or dissimilarity matrix were used to identify key environmental factors regulating microbial （bacterial and fungal） community changes under degradation. The results showed that the degradation of the alpine steppe significantly changed the community coverage, height, biomass, and important value of graminae； significantly reduced the contents of soil organic matter, total nitrogen, total phosphorus, and silt； and increased the soil bulk density and sand content. Degradation did not change the composition of bacteria and fungi, but their composition proportions changed and also resulted in the loss of microbial richness （Chao1 index and Richness index） but did not significantly change the microbial diversity （Shannon index）. With the occurrence of degradation, the vegetation characteristics, soil physicochemical properties, and microbial diversity showed a consistent change trend. Combined with the characteristics of the network topology changes （the number of nodes and clustering coefficient significantly decreased）, it was found that degradation of the alpine steppe led to the decline of interspecies interactions, decentralization of network, and homogenization of microorganisms, but the cooperation relations among the species were maintained （positive correlation connections accounted for more than 90% in all degradation stages）. Under the alpine steppe degradation, the vegetation-soil interaction had the greatest effect on soil bacterial community, whereas soil physicochemical properties had the greatest influence on soil fungal community. Specifically, vegetation community height, biomass, and soil bulk density were the mutual factors regulating soil microorganisms, whereas the vegetation Simpson index, important value of graminae, soil total phosphorus, total potassium, and silt content were the unique factors affecting the soil bacterial community, and soil pH and total nitrogen content were the particular factors affecting the soil fungal community.

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Recognizing acoustically degraded speech relies on predictive processing whereby incomplete auditory cues are mapped to stored linguistic representations via pattern recognition processes. While listeners vary in their ability to recognize degraded speech, performance improves when a written transcription is presented, allowing completion of the partial sensory pattern to preexisting representations. Building on work characterizing predictive processing as pattern completion, we examined the relationship between domain-general pattern recognition and individual variation in degraded speech learning. Participants completed a visual pattern recognition task to measure individual-level tendency towards pattern completion. Participants were also trained to recognize noise-vocoded speech with written transcriptions and tested on speech recognition pre- and post-training using a retrieval-based transcription task. Listeners significantly improved in recognizing speech after training, and pattern completion on the visual task predicted improvement for novel items. The results implicate pattern completion as a domain-general learning mechanism that can facilitate speech adaptation in challenging contexts.

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The combination of multi-omic techniques, such as genomics, transcriptomics, proteomics, metabolomics and epigenomics, has revolutionised studies in medical research. These techniques are employed to support biomarker discovery, better understand molecular pathways and identify novel drug targets. Despite concerted efforts in integrating omic datasets, there is an absence of protocols that integrate all four biomolecules in a single extraction process. Here, we demonstrate for the first time a minimally destructive integrated protocol for the simultaneous extraction of artificially degraded DNA, proteins, lipids and metabolites from pig brain samples. We used an MTBE-based approach to separate lipids and metabolites, followed by subsequent isolation of DNA and proteins. We have validated this protocol against standalone extraction protocols and show comparable or higher yields of all four biomolecules. This integrated protocol is key to facilitating the preservation of irreplaceable samples while promoting downstream analyses and successful data integration by removing bias from univariate dataset noise and varied distribution characteristics.

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Whole transcriptome analysis (WTA) using RNA extracted from Formalin Fixed Paraffin Embedded (FFPE) tissue is an invaluable tool to understand the molecular pathology of disease. RNA extracted from FFPE tissue is either degraded and/or in very low quantities hampering gene expression analysis. Earlier studies described protocols applied for cellular RNA using poly-A primer-based linear amplification. The current study describes a method, LINCATRA (LINear amplifiCAtion of RNA for whole TRAnscriptome analysis). It employs random nonamer primer based method which can amplify short, fragmented RNA with high fidelity from as low as 5 ng to obtain enough material for WTA. The two-cycle method significantly amplified RNA at ∼1000 folds (p < 0.0001) improving the mean read lengths (p < 0.05) in WTA. Overall, increased mean read length positively correlated with on-target reads (Pearson's r = 0.71, p < 0.0001) in both amplified and unamplified RNA-seq analysis. Gene expression analysis compared between unamplified and amplified group displayed substantial overlap of the differentially expressed genes (DEGs) (log2 fold change cut-off < -2 and >2, p < 0.05) identified between lung cancer and asthma cohorts validating the method developed. This method is applicable in clinical molecular pathology field for both diagnostics and elucidation of disease mechanisms.

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PURPOSE: This study aimed to investigate the association between weight-adjusted waist index (WWI) and trabecular bone score (TBS) and to assess the ability of WWI to identify individuals with degraded bone microarchitecture (DBMA). METHODS: This cross-sectional study included participants aged 20 and older from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. Furthermore, WWI was calculated by waist circumference and body weight. In addition, linear regression models were employed to investigate the association between WWI and TBS, while logistic regression models were employed to determine the association between WWI and the risk of DBMA. Finally, the performance of WWI in identifying individuals with DBMA was using the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves with area under the ROC curve. RESULTS: A total of 4,179 participants with a mean age of 49.90 years were included in the final analysis. WWI was negatively associated with TBS and positively associated with an increased risk of DBMA. Furthermore, the associations between WWI and TBS, as well as DBMA risk, were stable regardless of stratification by age, sex, race, or body mass index (BMI). Moreover, WWI achieved good performances in identifying individuals with DBMA or low TBS. In addition, the combination of WWI and BMI showed better performances in identifying individuals with DBMA or low TBS than WWI or BMI alone. CONCLUSION: WWI established a negative association with TBS and a positive association with the risk of DBMA. Clinicians should be alert to the potential risk of DBMA among individuals with high WWI. Moreover, WWI, alone or in combination with BMI, has the potential to serve as an early screening strategy in identifying individuals with DBMA.

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To date, degraded mangrove ecosystem restoration accomplished worldwide primarily aligns towards rehabilitation with monotypic plantations, while ecological restoration principles are rarely followed in these interventions. However, researchers admit that most of these initiatives' success rate is not appreciable often. An integrative framework of ecological restoration for degraded mangroves where site-specific observations could be scientifically rationalized, with co-located reference pristine mangroves as the target ecosystem to achieve is currently distinctively lacking. Through this experimental scale study, we studied the suitability of site-specific strategies to ecologically restore degraded mangrove patches vis-à-vis the conventional mono-species plantations in a highly vulnerable mangrove ecosystem in Indian Sundarbans. This comprehensive restoration framework was trialed in small discrete degraded mangrove patches spanning ~ 65 ha. Site-specific key restoration components applied are statistically validated through RDA analyses and Bayesian t-tests. 25 quantifiable metrics evaluate the restoration success of a ~ 3 ha degraded mangrove patch with Ridgeline distribution, Kolmogorov-Smirnov (K-S) tests, and Mahalanobis Distance (D2) measure to prove the site's near-equivalence to pristine reference in multiple ecosystem attributes. This restoration intervention irrevocably establishes the greater potential of this framework in the recovery of ecosystem functions and self-sustenance compared to that of predominant monoculture practices for vulnerable mangroves.

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The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of amino resin-treated soybean meal (SBM) on ruminal fermentation, nutrient digestion, and N partitioning. Treatments were: (1) untreated solvent-extracted SBM, (2) amino resin-treated SBM (AR-SBM), and (3) heat-treated SBM (HT-SBM). The experimental design was arranged as a replicated 3 × 3 Latin square with 6 fermenters in a dual-flow continuous culture system. Treatments were randomly assigned to fermenters within a Latin square for each period. Each fermenter was fed 106 g/d of diet DM equally distributed in 2 feeding times daily at 0800 and 1800. Diets were formulated to contain 16% CP, 30% NDF, and 30% starch across treatments. The experiment consisted of 3 experimental periods, each lasting for 10 d. The first 7 d of each period were considered adaptation, and the last 3 d were used for sampling and data collection. On d 8 and 9, samples were collected for analysis of diurnal variation in concentrations of NH3-N, pH, and VFA during the first 8 h after feeding. On d 8, 9, and 10, samples were collected from the liquid and solid effluents accumulated over 24 h for analysis of daily averages of NH3-N and VFA pools, and true ruminal digestibility estimates. Data were analyzed using the MIXED procedure of SAS and significance was declared when P ≤ 0.05. The model included the fixed effect of treatment and random effects of square, period, and fermenter within square, while time and interaction treatment × time were included for analyses of diurnal variation, with time as repeated measures. Compared with SBM, the cultured ruminal contents of AR-SBM and HT-SBM had lower NH3-N concentrations, indicating lower microbial fermentation of protein. Molar proportions of isovalerate and isobutyrate were greater in SBM than AR-SBM and HT-SBM, with greater molar proportion of isobutyrate for SBM particularly during the first 2 h after feeding. Flow of NH3-N was greater for SBM compared with AR-SBM and HT-SBM, whereas NAN flow, bacterial N flow, and N efficiency were greater for AR-SBM and HT-SBM compared with SBM. Our results indicate that both the amino resin and heat treatments of SBM allow for similar decrease in microbial degradation of CP without limiting microbial protein synthesis in diets with 16% CP. Amino resin treatment may be effective in reducing microbial fermentation of protein in the rumen without adverse effects on digestibility or fermentation parameters as compared with SBM.