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The research aimed to evaluate the association between heart-type fatty acid binding protein (H-FABP) and cardiovascular events. We systematically reviewed research that has been conducted to assess this relationship, aiming to determine how useful H-FABP could be as a biomarker for cardiovascular diseases, especially in the initial phases of acute myocardial infarction (AMI) and acute coronary syndrome (ACS). Our goal was to validate its diagnostic accuracy and clinical relevance. We systematically searched through PubMed, Web of Science, and Google Scholar databases to find pertinent publications related to cardiovascular diseases and H-FABP, using various permutations, abbreviations, and language variations of MeSH keywords. The final analysis included 12 studies in total. The final study comprised twelve studies, and it was concluded that H-FABP demonstrated high sensitivity (64.3-91.5) and specificity (73-100) for diagnosing Acute Myocardial Infarction (AMI) and Acute Coronary Syndrome (ACS), especially within the first hours of symptom onset. H-FABP demonstrates potential in enhancing the overall diagnostic accuracy during the initial hours following the manifestation of symptoms. However, the existing data do not provide sufficient evidence to recommend the regular utilization of H-FABP as a preliminary risk assessment approach in individuals who present with suspected cardiac events. Additional investigations, with well-defined prospective cohorts, are needed to validate the results observed.

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BACKGROUND: With the development of percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI), the number of interventional procedures without implantation, such as bioresorbable stents (BRS) and drug-coated balloons, has increased annually. Metal drug-eluting stent unloading is one of the most common clinical complications. Comparatively, BRS detachment is more concealed and harmful, but has yet to be reported in clinical research. In this study, we report a case of BRS unloading and successful rescue. CASE SUMMARY: This is a case of a 59-year-old male with the following medical history: "Type 2 diabetes mellitus" for 2 years, maintained with metformin extended-release tablets, 1 g PO BID; "hypertension" for 20 years, with long-term use of metoprolol sustained-release tablets, 47.5 mg PO QD; "hyperlipidemia" for 20 years, without regular medication. He was admitted to the emergency department of our hospital due to intermittent chest pain lasting 18 hours, on February 20, 2022 at 15: 35. Electrocardiogram results showed sinus rhythm, ST-segment elevation in leads I and avL, and poor R-wave progression in leads V1-3. High-sensitivity troponin I level was 4.59 ng/mL, indicating an acute high lateral wall myocardial infarction. The patient's family requested treatment with BRS, without implantation. During PCI, the BRS became unloaded but was successfully rescued. The patient was followed up for 2 years; he had no episodes of angina pectoris and was in generally good condition. CONCLUSION: We describe a case of a 59-year-old male experienced BRS unloading and successful rescue. By analyzing images, the causes of BRS unloading and the treatment plan are discussed to provide insights for BRS release operations. We discuss preventive measures for BRS unloading.

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BACKGROUND: In the literature, obesity has been correlated with coronary artery diseases (CADs) and high health costs. This study aimed to investigate the relationships between obesity parameters and the health costs among patients with CADs undergoing cardiac catheterization. METHOD: A secondary data analysis was done for an original study. The original study was conducted among 220 hospitalized patients undergoing cardiac catheterization from two main hospitals located in the Middle and Northern regions of Jordan. Bivariate Pearson's correlation and forward linear regression analysis were calculated in this study. RESULTS: The average health cost for the participants was 1,344 JOD (1,895.63 USD). A significant positive moderate correlation (r = 0.4) was found between hip circumference (HC) and health cost. There were significant positive weak correlations between low-density lipoprotein (LDL), triglycerides, high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (HS-CRP), hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c), and depression, and the health cost (correlation coefficient 0.17, 0.3, 0.29, 0.22 and 0.17, respectively. HC, waist circumference (WC), waist-height ratio (WHtR), waist-hip ratio (WHR), and body adiposity index (BAI) were significantly associated with health costs among male participants. In contrast, among females, none of the obesity parameters was significantly associated with health costs. The forward regression analysis illustrated that an increase of HC by 3.9 cm (ß (0.292) * SD (13.4)) will increase the health cost by 1 JOD (0.71 USD). The same analysis revealed that HS-CRP increased by 0.4 mg/dl (ß (0.258)*SD (1.43)), or triglycerides increased by 8.3 mg/dl (ß (0.241)* SD (34.3)), or depression score increased by 0.32 score (ß (0.137)* SD (2.3)), or total cholesterol increased by 4 mg/dl (ß (0.163)* SD (24.7)), the health cost will increase by one JOD (0.71 USD). CONCLUSION: Healthcare providers, including nurses, should significantly consider these factors to reduce the health costs for those at-risk patients by providing the appropriate healthcare on time.

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Clinical annotations for the actionable pharmacogenetic variants affecting the efficacy of cardiovascular drugs have been collected, yet their impacts on elderly patients with coronary artery disease (CAD) undergoing polypharmacy remain uncertain. We consecutively enrolled 892 elderly patients (mean age 80.7 ± 5.2) with CAD and polypharmacy. All the included patients underwent genotyping for 13 variants in 10 pharmacogenes (CYP2C19, CYP2C9, CYP4F2, CYP2D6, VKORC1, SLCO1B1, APOE, ACE, ADRB1, and MTHFR), which have the clinical annotations for 12 drugs that are commonly prescribed for patients with CAD. We found that 80.3% of the elderly CAD patients had at least one drug-gene pair associated with a therapeutical drug change. After adjusting for covariates, the number of drug-gene pairs was independently associated with a decreased risk of both major cardiovascular events (MACEs) (adjusted hazard ratio [HR]: 0.803, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.683-0.945, p = 0.008) and all-cause mortality (adjusted HR: 0.848, 95% CI: 0.722-0.996, p = 0.045), but also with an increased risk of adverse drug reactions (ADRs) (adjusted HR: 1.170, 95% CI: 1.030-1.329, p = 0.016). The Kaplan-Meier survival curves showed that compared to patients without a drug-gene pair, a significantly lower risk of MACEs could be observed in patients with a drug-gene pair during a 4-year follow-up (HR: 0.556, 95% CI: 0.325-0.951, p = 0.013). In conclusion, the carrier status of the actionable drug-gene pair is predictive for the clinical outcomes in elderly patients with CAD and polypharmacy. Implementing early or preemptive pharmacogenetic panel-guided polypharmacy holds the potential to enhance clinical outcomes for these patients.

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PURPOSE OF THE REVIEW: Macrophage accumulation and activation function as hallmarks of atherosclerosis and have complex and intricate dynamics throughout all components and stages of atherosclerotic plaques. In this review, we focus on the regulatory roles and underlying mechanisms of macrophage phenotypes and metabolism in atherosclerosis. We highlight the diverse range of macrophage phenotypes present in atherosclerosis and their potential roles in progression and regression of atherosclerotic plaque. Furthermore, we discuss the challenges and opportunities in developing therapeutic strategies for preventing and treating atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease. RECENT FINDINGS: Dysregulation of macrophage polarization between the proinflammatory M1 and anti-inflammatory M2 phenotypealters the immuno-inflammatory response during atherosclerosis progression, leading to plaque initiation, growth, and ultimately rupture. Altered metabolism of macrophage is a key feature for their function and the subsequent progression of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease. The immunometabolism of macrophage has been implicated to macrophage activation and metabolic rewiring of macrophages within atherosclerotic lesions, thereby shifting altered macrophage immune-effector and tissue-reparative function. Targeting macrophage phenotypes and metabolism are potential therapeutic strategies in the prevention and treatment of atherosclerosis and atherosclerotic cardiovascular diseases. Understanding the precise function and metabolism of specific macrophage subsets and their contributions to the composition and growth of atherosclerotic plaques could reveal novel strategies to delay or halt development of atherosclerotic cardiovascular diseases and their associated pathophysiological consequences. Identifying biological stimuli capable of modulating macrophage phenotypes and metabolism may lead to the development of innovative therapeutic approaches for treating patients with atherosclerosis and coronary artery diseases.

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BACKGROUND: Many studies have focused on the significance of lipid regulatory genes in the pathophysiology of Coronary artery disease (CAD). ApoB XbaI (rs693) and EcoRI (rs1042031) single nucleoid polymorphisms (SNPs) were investigated to detect whether they are risk factors for CAD. Till now, this association remains uncertain. SMARCA4 (rs1122608) SNP has directly related to dyslipidemia. Loss of function mutations (LOF) in PCSK9 result in a reduction in LDL cholesterol and are associated with protection from the development of CAD. METHODS: This study was conducted on 54 CAD patients who were admitted at Internal Medicine Specialized Hospital (Cardiology Department) and 47 healthy controls. Peripheral blood samples were taken from both groups. DNA was extracted from EDTA-blood samples, then PCR- RFLP for ApoB XbaI (rs693) and EcoRI (rs1042031), SMARCA4 (rs1122608) and PCSK9 (rs505151) SNPs was done. RESULTS: No statistically significant difference was found between patients and controls as regard EcoRI SNP. XbaI (rs693) X + X + genotype was significantly higher in control group (P = 0.0355). SMARCA4 (TT, GT + TT) genotypes, and T allele (P < 0.001); PCSK9 AG genotype and G allele (P = 0.027 and 0.032 respectively) were more frequent in CAD patients than controls. CONCLUSION: SMARCA4 (rs1122608) and PCSK9 (rs505151) SNPs are significantly accompanying with the risk of CAD development in the Egyptian population. X + X + genotype appeared to have a protective effect against CAD. However, no observed association between EcoRI (rs1042031) and the risk of CAD development was found.

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Background: Asthma and cardio-cerebrovascular diseases (CVDs) share a common etiology of chronic systemic inflammation. Our manuscript was to investigate the association between childhood asthma and CVDs in middle-aged and elderly. Methods: A total of 12,070 US middle-aged and elder were enrolled in the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. Childhood asthma was defined as a previous diagnosis of asthma at <18 years of age. Associations between childhood asthma and overall and cause-specific CVDs were evaluated using multivariable logistic regression models and subgroup analyses, including coronary artery disease (CAD), angina, and stroke. Results: The prevalence of CVDs, including CAD (p = 0.031) and angina (p < 0.001), was significantly higher in patients with asthma (p = 0.008). Asthma was independently associated with a higher risk of CVDs (odds ratio [OR]:1.50, 95 % confidence interval [CI]: 1.22-1.84, p < 0.001), CAD (OR: 1.55, 95 %CI: 1.17-2.02, p = 0.002), and angina (OR: 1.93, 95 %CI: 1.42-2.58, p < 0.001) while not related to stroke (p = 0.233). Subgroup analysis suggested that the association was consistent across sex, race, and the presence of obesity, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, and diabetes. Conclusions: Childhood asthma was significantly associated with the presence of cardiocerebrovascular diseases, including CAD and angina in middle-aged and elderly. These findings underscore the importance of addressing childhood asthma as a potential risk factor for cardiovascular morbidity in middle-aged and elderly populations.

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Cardiovascular diseases (CVD) and vitamin D deficiency are becoming highly prevalent among general populations. Despite plausible biological mechanisms for the role of vitamin D in cardio-protection, a cause-and-effect relationship has not yet been established. The interest in vitamin D as a potential therapeutic target to attenuate cardiovascular risk has been raised. The question about the benefit of vitamin D supplementation for cardiovascular outcomes cannot be answered certainly for the moment. The association between hypovitaminosis D and CVD has been proven by some studies while other studies deny any such link. The present narrative review gives a comprehensive overview of studies on the potential impact of hypovitaminosis D on CVD. The potential role of vitamin D supplementation in the management of CVD is also evaluated. Particular emphasis is paid to those studies that achieve a high level of scientific evidence.

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BACKGROUND: Coronary artery disease (CAD) is known as the leading cause of disability and death globally. Anxiety disorders are also recognized as common types of mental disorders that substantially impact global health. Iran ranks among the countries with a high incidence of CAD and anxiety disorders. Therefore, the present study aims to determine the potential association and epidemiological aspects of anxiety and CAD within the population of Mashhad, the second most popoulos city in Iran. METHODS: The present study is based on extracted data from the Mashhad stroke and heart atherosclerotic disorder (MASHAD) study which is a 10-year prospective cohort study intended to assess the effects of various CAD risk factors among Mashhad city residents. Anxiety scores were assessed at the baseline using Beck Anxiety Inventory and individuals were classified based on the BAI 4-factor structure model which included autonomic, cognitive, panic, and neuromotor components. Accordingly, the association between baseline anxiety scores and the BAI four-factor model with the risk of CAD events was analyzed using SPSS software version 21. RESULTS: Based on the results, 60.4% of the sample were female, and 5.6% were classified as having severe forms of anxiety. Moreover, severe anxiety was more prevalent in females. Results showed a 1.7% risk of CAD (p-value < 0.001) over 10 years with one unit increase in anxiety score. Based on the 4-factor model structure, we found that only panic disorder could significantly increase the risk of CAD by 1.1% over the 10-year follow-up (p-value < 0.001). CONCLUSION: Anxiety symptoms, particularly panic disorder, are independently and significantly associated with an increased overall risk of developing CAD over a 10-year period. Therefore, further studies are warranted to investigate the mechanisms through which anxiety may cause CAD, as well as possible interventions to mitigate these processes.

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The arterial circulatory system diseases are common in clinical practice, and their treatment options have been of great interest due to their high morbidity and mortality. Drug-eluting balloons, as a new type of endovascular interventional treatment option, can avoid the long-term implantation of metal stents and is a new type of angioplasty without stents, so drug-eluting balloons have better therapeutic effects in some arterial circulatory diseases and have been initially used in clinical practice. In this review, we first describe the development, process, and mechanism of drug-eluting balloons. Then we summarize the current studies on the application of drug-eluting balloons in coronary artery lesions, in-stent restenosis, and peripheral vascular disease. As well as the technical difficulties and complications in the application of drug-eluting balloons and possible management options, in order to provide ideas and help for future in-depth studies and provide new strategies for the treatment of more arterial system diseases.

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BACKGROUND AND AIMS: Previous studies reported that sleeping disorders were associated with presence and severity of coronary artery disease (CAD). We aimed to evaluate the relationship between the angiographic progression of CAD with sleep quality. METHODS: We enrolled 690 patients who had angiography history with diagnosis of chronic CAD, requiring new angiography according to clinical, and laboratory evaluation among 1654 patients with complaint of stable angina. Previous and new coronary angiography images of patients were compared to evaluate the presence of angiographic progression using quantitative coronary analysis measurement. A 1:2 propensity score matching was performed. Thus, the patient population was divided into two groups including non-progressors group (n = 156) and progressors group (n = 78). Groups were compared in terms of sleep quality and disorder using Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) and STOP-Bang questionnaire. RESULTS: Progressors had shorter sleep duration, higher PSQI score indicating poorer sleep quality and higher STOP BANG score indicating increased sleep apnea risk than non-progressors (p < 0.05). The multivariate logistic regression analysis determined that night shift work (OR: 1.38, p = 0.04), sleep duration difference (OR: 1.25, p = 0.03), poorer sleep quality (OR: 2.08, p = 0.01), high STOP BANG score (OR: 1.86, p = 0.004), and high risk of sleep apnea (OR: 3.84, p = 0.008) were independently associated with significant risk of angiographic CAD progression. CONCLUSION: Our findings suggested that angiographically proven chronic CAD progression was associated with poor sleep quality including high apnea risk. Selected patients should be subjected to an advanced evaluation including sleep study to diagnose sleep disorders such as sleep apnea. Treatment of sleep disorders can support existing medical and/or invasive treatments in chronic CAD and improve outcomes.

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While gut-to-systemic translocation of pyrogenic endotoxin due to a leaky gut elicits systemic inflammation, at the intestine, the endocannabinoid system (eCB) also plays a major role in modulating the impact of gut dysbiosis on the host system. Therefore, we hypothesized that coadministration of prebiotic inulin with probiotics would improve the eCB system, gut microbial composition, and inflammatory parameters associated with coronary artery diseases (CAD). We designed a randomized, double-blind trial with 92 CAD patients. Patients were randomly allocated to receive inulin (15 mg/day), LGG capsules 1.9 × 109 colony-forming unit (CFU) or inulin plus probiotic (synbiotics) supplements, for a duration of 60 days. We assessed gut microbiota composition, expression of cannabinoid receptors (i.e., CB1 and CB2), serum levels of interleukin-6 (IL-6), toll-like receptor 4 (TLR-4), lipopolysaccharides (LPS), total antioxidant capacity (TAC), and malondialdehyde (MDA) before and after the supplementation. Probiotic-inulin cosupplementation significantly decreased IL6, LPS, and TLR-4 and increased serum TAC concentrations compared with the placebo. While CB1 receptor expression had no difference, significant differences were observed for the CB2 receptor expression among the four treatments. CB2 receptor mRNA expression significantly (p < .05) correlated with serum levels of LPS (r = -.10) and F/B ratio (r = -.407, p = .047). Our data collectively provide preliminary evidence that gut microbiota determines gut permeability through the LPS-eCB system. We also have found that synbiotics improved the eCB receptors, and inflammatory biomarkers more than either of the two supplementations given alone.

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BACKGROUND: The following protocol pertains to a pioneer study, aiming to investigate how weather sensitivity and walking in different environments affects the psychophysiological responses to the stress of individuals with coronary artery disease (CAD) during rehabilitation (WE_SENSE_THE_NATURE). This randomised control trial will provide fresh insight on the influence of the environmental exposure in CAD patients, as it is seldom investigated in association to the disease. Additionally, findings on the link between personality traits and cognitive functions (especially cognitive flexibility), and weather sensitivity may help reveal a fine-grained perspective on the treatment possibilities for individuals with CAD at risk to stress-vulnerability. METHODS: The proposed protocol is for a randomised control trial among individuals attending a cardiac rehabilitation program. We aim to recruit 164 individuals, collecting information related to demographic characteristics, weather sensitivity, functional capacity, personality traits, subjective mental health status, cognitive function, and basal cortisol level of participating individuals. Basal cortisol level refers to cortisol concentration in saliva and will be tested in the morning and the afternoon prior to the day of the experiment. After baseline measurements, the patients will be randomly assigned to either walking outdoors or walking indoors. All measures and their sequential order will remain the same within each group, while the treatment condition (i.e., walking environment) will vary between groups. On the day of the experiment, hemodynamic parameters (assessed via 6-hour blood pressure measurements), stress level (consisting of assessments of cortisol level), and mood (assessed using visual analogues scale) will be registered. Cold stress test will be administered to evaluate the effect of walking in different environments. DISCUSSION: The outcomes of this study may have direct clinical applications for the use of different types of exercise environments in cardiac rehabilitation programs. Awareness about the potential influence of weather sensitivity on the psychophysiological reactions to stress in individuals with CAD may contribute to a timely planning and implementation of actions leading to improved medical care services and preventive measures, especially considering the expected weather oscillations and extreme weather events due to unfolding of the climate change. TRIAL REGISTRATION: This protocol has been retrospectively registered in ClinicalTrials.gov with identifier code: NCT06139705 on November 20, 2023.

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BACKGROUND: The diagnostic value of limited myocardial ischemia in DSE is not well known. OBJECTIVES: We investigated whether myocardial ischemia during dobutamine stress echocardiography (DSE) in 1 apical segment of any of the ventricular walls of the left ventricle relates to the anatomical and functional stenosis of the suppling coronary artery. METHODS: Our observational, prospective study enrolled 212 patients, symptomatic or asymptomatic, with newly diagnosed limited myocardial ischemia on DSE. Almost 25% of them had already known CAD, while the rest were divided into low-risk and high-risk groups, integrating 1-2 and ≥3 classical cardiovascular risk factors, respectively. After DSE, all patients underwent invasive coronary angiography (ICA) and were followed up for one year. In coronary arteries distributing ischemic area, the calculated stenosis ≥50% and FFR<0.8 were considered anatomically and functionally significant, respectively. In the latter cases, the patients underwent coronary revascularization. RESULTS: Significant anatomical and functional stenosis of the supplying coronary artery was common among patients with already known CAD (62.5% and 44.5%, respectively) or those without CAD but a high-risk profile (60.2% and 25.6%, respectively). In logistic regression analysis, CAD revascularization was independently determined by an already known CAD, diabetes mellitus, and high-risk profile. During follow-up, 24 patients experienced ACS or new angina episodes, which were associated with diabetes and smoking in univariate analysis. CONCLUSION: Limited myocardial ischemia may implicate significant anatomical and functional coronary stenosis among individuals with a history of CAD or those without known CAD but a high-risk profile. The prognostic value of our findings requires further investigation.

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Coronary artery disease (CAD) is one among the major causes of mortality in patients all around the globe. It has been reported by the World Health Organization (WHO) that approximately 80% of cardiovascular diseases could be prevented through lifestyle modifications. Management of CAD involves the prevention and control of cardiovascular risk factors, invasive and non-invasive treatments including coronary revascularizations, adherence to proper medications and regular outpatient follow-ups. Nurse-led clinics were intended to mainly provide supportive, educational, preventive measures and psychological support to the patients, which were completely different from therapeutic clinics. Our review focuses on the involvement and implication of nurses in the primary and secondary prevention and management of cardiovascular diseases. Nurses have a vital role in Interventional cardiology. They also have major roles during the management of cardiac complications including congestive heart failure, atrial fibrillation and heart transplantation. Today, the implementation of a nurse-led tele-consultation strategy is also gaining positive views. Therefore, a nurse-led intervention for the management of patients with cardiovascular diseases should be implemented in clinical practice. Based on advances in therapy, more research should be carried out to further investigate the effect of nurse-led clinics during the long-term treatment and management of patients with cardiovascular diseases.

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This meta-analysis aimed to evaluate the effects of flaxseed supplementation on weight loss, lipid profiles, high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP), and glucose levels in patients with coronary artery disease (CAD). A systematic search was performed using various online databases, including Scopus, PubMed, Web of Science, EMBASE, and Cochrane Library, to identify relevant randomized controlled trials (RCTs) until June 2023. To evaluate heterogeneity among the selected studies, the Q-test and I2 statistics were employed. Data were combined using either a fixed- or random-effects model and presented as a weighted mean difference (WMD) with a 95% confidence interval (CI). Of the 428 citations, six RCTs were included. The pooled results did not show significant changes in the WMD of lipid factors (high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, triglycerides (TG), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, and total cholesterol) following flaxseed intake. However, after performing a sensitivity analysis to determine the source of heterogeneity, flaxseed supplementation resulted in a significant decrease in TG levels (WMD = -18.39 mg/dL; 95% CI: -35.02, -1.75). Moreover, no significant differences were observed in either weight or BMI following flaxseed intake. However, the circulating levels of fasting blood glucose (WMD = -8.35 mg/dL; 95% CI: -15.01, -1.69, p = .01) and hs-CRP (WMD = -1.35 mg/L; 95% CI: -1.93, -0.77, p < .01) significantly decreased after the intervention. Flaxseed supplementation was associated with lowering FBS, hs-CRP, and TG levels but did not affect weight loss parameters and other lipid markers in CAD.

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Objective To study the hemodynamic effects of enhanced external counter pulsation(EECP)on typical coronary artery disease and microcirculation angina.Methods A physiological model of the right dominant coronary artery,including the coronary conduit arteries and coronary microcirculation,was established using lumped parameter models.Pathological conditions,such as one-vessel lesions,three-vessel lesions,and microcirculation angina,were simulated.EECP intervention models were established,and the hemodynamic effects of EECP on pathological models was simulated.Results The simulation results of the coronary physiological model,pathological models,and EECP intervention model established in this study were consistent with experimental data in related literature.EECP improved coronary blood flow in all three pathological conditions.For one-vessel lesions,EECP could not recover the blood flow of left main coronary artery to a normal level after the stenosis rate reached 80%-85%.For three-vessel lesions,EECP treatment could not be used if the stenosis rate in one of the three vessels exceeded 90%.For microcirculation angina,EECP was effective when critical condition myocardial blood flow was>1.03 mL/min·g and coronary flow reserve was>1.64.Conclusions The model of coronary disease under EECP interference established in this study meets expectations,and the obtained simulation data have certain reference values for the clinical application of EECP.

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The left anterior descending artery (LAD) is a significant coronary artery and a facilitator of oxygenated blood to the heart muscles. Thus, any occurrence of an aneurysm in LAD requires immediate medical attention. It is often inclined toward fatality if coupled with a blockage due to stenosis. Given the high relevance of understanding such models, invasive techniques under all parametric circumstances are hard to achieve. So, a theoretical approach with a cost-effective intervention of mathematical modeling becomes essential. In our current work, we analyze the model with the numerical technique of a modified form of SIMPLE pressure-correction based algorithm and perform parametric studies for the flow field with degree of stenosis, degree of aneurysm, heart rate, and distance separating aneurysm and stenosis as parameters. The study reveals a direct proportionality relation between the number of recirculation zones and heart rate through instantaneous streamline plots. Alongside this, the demonstration of an increase in the risk of rupture of the aneurysm with a decrease in the distance between stenosis and aneurysm, using the physical parameters associated with blood flow, is another key finding. Further, we examine the effect of the flow field on heat transfer and the consequent temperature profiles.

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Coronary artery disease (CAD) is a prevalent and possibly fatal cardiovascular ailment, and it is treated surgically by coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG). The coronary arteries, which supply the heart with oxygen and nutrients, are the most commonly affected. Even though CABG is a frequently employed procedure to restore cardiac blood flow, prolonged rehabilitation is necessary for long-term success. For patients with heart disease, cardiac rehabilitation (CR) involves a comprehensive therapeutic approach. It consists of risk mitigation, regular exercise, health education, and efficient stress management. Information and communication technology is used in telerehabilitation (TR), a rehabilitation service that offers a flexible choice that improves self-management. This study examined novel approaches and effective intervention elements while comparing cardiac TR with center-based programs in terms of risk factor management, patient commitment, and satisfaction.

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Vascular diseases, such as venous insufficiency and coronary artery diseases, have been threatening the health of people. Efficient treatment with proper postoperative care is required to relieve the pain of the patients. Traditionally, venous insufficiency is treated with ligation and stripping, an open surgery whose complication rate cannot be ignored. Coronary artery disease is often treated with balloon angioplasty during which undilatable lesions may be encountered, limiting the efficacy of this approach. With advances in laser photonics and percutaneous coronary intervention procedure, laser ablation is emerging as an alternative and adjunctive therapy for these diseases. Endovenous laser ablation has the advantages of high success rate, low complication risk, and fast postoperative recovery. Laser ablation in arteries can handle uncrossable or undilatable lesions with a low incidence of serious complications. In this review, previously published research concerning vascular diseases and their therapies are analyzed in order to provide a clear explanation of the mechanisms and merits of laser ablation. For endovenous laser ablation, the main mechanisms are steam bubbles, heat conduction, and heat pipe, and three main influencing factors are wavelength, fiber types, and laser energy density. For excimer laser coronary atherectomy, the main mechanisms are photochemical, photothermal, and photomechanical effects, and three main influencing factors are catheter, medium, and laser parameters.

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