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OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the in vitro antimicrobial and antibiofilm properties and the immune modulatory activity of cannabidiol (CBD) and cannabigerol (CBG) on oral bacteria and periodontal ligament fibroblasts (PLF). METHODS: Cytotoxicity was assessed by propidium iodide flow cytometry on fibroblasts derived from the periodontal ligament. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of CBD and CBG for S. mutans and C. albicans and the metabolic activity of a subgingival 33-species biofilm under CBD and CBG treatments were determined. The Quantification of cytokines was performed using the LEGENDplex kit (BioLegend, Ref 740930, San Diego, CA, USA). RESULTS: CBD-treated cell viability was greater than 95%, and for CBG, it was higher than 88%. MIC for S. mutans with CBD was 20 µM, and 10 µM for CBG. For C. albicans, no inhibitory effect was observed. Multispecies biofilm metabolic activity was reduced by 50.38% with CBD at 125 µg/mL (p = 0.03) and 39.9% with CBG at 62 µg/mL (p = 0.023). CBD exposure at 500 µg/mL reduced the metabolic activity of the formed biofilm by 15.41%, but CBG did not have an effect. CBG at 10 µM caused considerable production of anti-inflammatory mediators such as TGF-ß and IL-4 at 12 h. CBD at 10 µM to 20 µM produced the highest amount of IFN-γ. CONCLUSION: Both CBG and CBD inhibit S. mutans; they also moderately lower the metabolic activity of multispecies biofilms that form; however, CBD had an effect on biofilms that had already developed. This, together with the production of anti-inflammatory mediators and the maintenance of the viability of mammalian cells from the oral cavity, make these substances promising for clinical use and should be taken into account for future studies.

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ABSTRACT BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: The increasingly widespread use of cannabinoids in the management of acute and chronic pain generates an urgent need to study how cannabinoids act on CB1 and CB2 receptors and what their effects are on the organism. It is important to understand the difference in action between natural cannabinoids (cannabidiol, delta 9-tetrahydrocannabinol, cannabigerol, cannabinoil, terpenes) and synthetic ones, so that the appropriate choice is made in each case, and depending on the pathophysiology of pain, one or the other active is more indicated. CONTENTS: Studies collected in the Pubmed, Cochrane Library and Web of Science databases were analyzed. These studies focus were on natural cannabinoids (cannabidiol, delta 9-tetrahydrocannabinol, cannabigerol, cannabinoil, terpenes) and synthetic cannabinoids in the use for the treatment of chronic pain, their action on the endocannabinoid system through the activation of the CB1 and CB2 receptor and their effect after activating this receptor, aiming to compile which cannabinoid is more indicated in the treatment of pain pathology. CONCLUSION: The subject still requires much study and new articles are being published daily. The analysis of the studies must be carried out with criteria to evaluate their seriousness. The endocannabinoid system is closely linked to the treatment of chronic pain and some cannabinoids such as: cannabidiol, delta 9-tetrahydrocannabinol, cannabigerol, cannabinoil, as well as some terpenes are already considered important in the treatment of chronic pain inferring sparing effect of opioids, anticonvulsants, antidepressants among others.

RESUMO JUSTIFICATIVA E OBJETIVOS: O uso cada vez mais disseminado dos canabinoides no controle da dor aguda e crônica gera uma necessidade urgente do estudo de como os canabinoides agem nos receptores CB1 e CB2 e quais seus efeitos no organismo. É importante entender a diferença de ação entre os canabinoides naturais (canabidiol, delta 9-tetrahidrocanabinol, canabigerol, canabinol, terpenos) e os sintéticos, para que a escolha adequada seja realizada em cada caso, sendo que dependendo da fisiopatologia da dor é mais indicado um ou outro ativo. CONTEÚDO: Foram analisados estudos coletados na Pubmed, Cochrane Library e Web of Science. Os estudos se concentram em canabinoides naturais (canabidiol, delta 9-tetrahidrocanabinol, canabigerol, canabinoil, terpenos) e canabinoides sintéticos no uso para o tratamento da dor crônica, sua ação no sistema endocanabinoide através da ativação do receptor CB1 e CB2 e seu efeito após ativar esse receptor, visando compilar qual canabinoide é mais indicado no tratamento da patologia álgica. CONCLUSÃO: O assunto ainda requer muito estudo e diariamente novos artigos vem sendo publicados. A análise dos estudos deve ser realizada com critério para avaliar sua seriedade. O sistema endocanabinoide está intimamente ligado ao tratamento da dor crônica e alguns canabinoides como: canabidiol, delta 9-tetrahidrocanabinol, canabigerol, canabinoil, assim como alguns terpenos já são considerados importantes no tratamento da dor crônica inferindo efeito poupador de opioides, anticonvulsivantes, antidepressivos entre outros.

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RESUMEN Actualmente, hay un creciente interés por el estudio de Cannabis sativa y sus componentes ya que se le atribuye propiedades terapéuticas en el tratamiento de enfermedades. En Colombia y específicamente en el departamento del Cauca se comercializan productos de cannabis tanto para fines no medicinales como terapéuticos. En consecuencia, es necesario el análisis de estos productos de manera que se pueda conocer la composición de los mismos y el posible efecto que pueda tener sobre la salud. El análisis de los componentes de estos productos se llevó a cabo empleando la cromatografía líquida de alta resolución (CLAR) y espectrometría de masas (EM), de tal manera que permitieron la identificación de las principales especies cannabinoides; Δ9-tetra hidrocannabinol (THC), cannabidiol (CBD), cannabinol (CBN), cannabigerol (CBG). La separación de los analitos se llevó a cabo mediante la implementación de una columna analítica C18 de fase reversa, elución isocrática 1 mL/ min, presión del sistema 800 PSI, una mezcla de acetonitrilo ACN y buffer fosfato (KHPO4) en relación 65/35 como fase móvil, volumen de inyección de 10 µL, un tiempo de análisis de 15 min, y detección a 220 nm.

SUMMARY Cannabis sativa has now experienced an increasing interest in the study of its components since it is attributed therapeutic properties in the treatment of diseases. In Colombia and specifically in the Cauca Department, Cannabis products are marketed both for non-medicinal and therapeutic purposes. Consequently, it is necessary to analyze these products in such a way that the composition of the products and their possible effect on health can be known. The analysis ofthe components of these products was carried out using high performance liquid chromatog-raphy (HPLC) and mass spectrometry (MS), in such a way that they allowed the identification of the main cannabinoid species; Δ9-tetra hydrocannabinol (THC), cannabidiol (CBD), cannabinol (CBN), cannabigerol (CBG). The separation of the analytes was carried out by means of the implementation of a reverse phase C18 analytical column, isocratic elution 1 mL/min, system pressure 800 PSI, a mixture of acetonitrile ACN and phosphate buffer (KHPO4) in relation 65/35 as mobile phase, injection volume of10 µL, analysis time of15 min, and detection at 220 nm.