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BACKGROUND: We conducted this meta-analysis to investigate the potential association between maternal smoking, alcohol and caffeinated beverages consumption during pregnancy and the risk of childhood brain tumors (CBTs). METHODS: A thorough search was carried out on PubMed, Embase, Web of Science, Cochrane Library, and China National Knowledge Internet to identify pertinent articles. Fixed or random effects model was applied to meta-analyze the data. RESULTS: The results suggested a borderline statistically significant increased risk of CBTs associated with maternal smoking during pregnancy (OR 1.04, 95% CI 0.99-1.09). We found that passive smoking (OR 1.12, 95% CI 1.03-1.20), rather than active smoking (OR 1.00, 95% CI 0.93-1.07), led to an increased risk of CBTs. The results suggested a higher risk in 0-1 year old children (OR 1.21, 95% CI 0.94-1.56), followed by 0-4 years old children (OR 1.12, 95% CI 0.97-1.28) and 5-9 years old children (OR 1.11, 95% CI 0.95-1.29). This meta-analysis found no significant association between maternal alcohol consumption during pregnancy and CBTs risk (OR 1.00, 95% CI 0.80-1.24). An increased risk of CBTs was found to be associated with maternal consumption of caffeinated beverages (OR 1.16, 95% CI 1.07-1.26) during pregnancy, especially coffee (OR 1.18, 95% CI 1.00-1.38). CONCLUSIONS: Maternal passive smoking, consumption of caffeinated beverages during pregnancy should be considered as risk factors for CBTs, especially glioma. More prospective cohort studies are warranted to provide a higher level of evidence.

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The relationship between beverage consumption and risk of cardiovascular disease has been extensively examined in cross-sectional studies. However, limited studies have investigated beverage consumption as a longer-term habitual behavior, which is important owing to potential cumulative harmful or beneficial cardiovascular effects. We examined the association between the long-term consumption of 6 types of beverages (sugar-sweetened or artificially sweetened beverages, tea, coffee, fruit juice, energy drinks, and alcohol) and cardiovascular mortality, by considering sex differences. We conducted a systematic search of MEDLINE, EMBASE, CINAHL, Web of Science, and Scopus databases from 2010 to December 2023. Of 8049 studies identified, 20 studies were included for meta-analysis. Summary hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were estimated with the use of a random-effects model. We found that long-term coffee consumption was related to reduced cardiovascular disease-related mortality in males (pooled HR: 0.63; 95% CI: 0.46, 0.87; P = 0.005) but not in females (HR: 0.78; 95% CI: 0.60, 1.02; P = 0.07). Long-term higher intake of tea was associated with lower risk of cardiovascular disease-related mortality in all adults (pooled HR: 0.81; 95% CI: 0.72, 0.92; P ≤ 0.001). Higher alcohol intake was linked to higher stroke in both males (pooled HR: 1.44; 95% CI: 1.06, 1.94; P = 0.02) and females (pooled HR: 2.26; 95% CI: 1.34, 3.81; P = 0.002). Higher sugar-sweetened beverage intake was in relation to higher cardiovascular disease-related mortality (pooled HR: 1.31; 95% CI: 1.16, 1.46; P ≤ 0.0001). We concluded that long-term habitual coffee consumption is beneficial for males, and tea consumption is beneficial for all adults. Long-term high alcohol and sugar-sweetened beverage consumption increased risk of cardiovascular disease-related mortality for both males and females. However, we were unable to draw conclusions on the potential benefit or harm of the long-term consumption of fruit juice and energy drinks on cardiovascular disease-related mortality owing to the limited number of studies available. This review was registered at PROSPERO as CRD42020214679.

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Globally, the high consumption levels of sugar-sweetened beverages (SSBs) and their effect on health have drawn significant attention. This study aimed to identify the consumption patterns of SSBs among children in rural areas of Guangzhou, China, and explore their association with undernutrition. A total of 1864 children aged 9-17 years old were included in this study. Demographics, lifestyle behaviors, and anthropometric and dietary information were collected. Factor analysis was used to identify patterns of SSBs, while nutritional status was assessed using Body Mass Index (BMI). Latent class analysis was used to establish dietary preference models. Log-binomial regression analysis was used to analyze the association between SSBs consumption patterns and undernutrition. The undernutrition prevalence in children was 14.54-19.94% in boys and 9.07% in girls. Three SSB consumption patterns were identified, including the plant protein pattern, dairy-containing pattern, and coffee pattern. Both medium-high (Q3) and the highest (Q4) scores in the dairy-containing pattern were positively associated with the risk of undernutrition, especially in boys. Furthermore, the highest scores in the plant protein pattern and coffee pattern were positively associated with the risk of undernutrition in children aged 9-10 years old. The dairy-containing pattern was a risk factor for undernutrition in children, especially for boys; the plant protein patterns and coffee patterns were risk factors for undernutrition in children aged 9-10 years old. The findings of the study can provide scientific evidence and policy recommendations for improving children's health conditions.

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Objectives: To test the effect of a weekly test message (SMS) intervention for improving feeding practices on infant intake of energy, nutrients, and specific food groups. Methods: This study was a multi-site, randomized clinical trial, in 202 caregivers of healthy term infants participating in either the Puerto Rico or Hawaii WIC program. Participants were randomized to receive weekly SMS about either infant's general health issues (control) or SMS for improving feeding practices (intervention) to complement WIC messages for 4 months. Anthropometrics and demographics were assessed at baseline. A validated infant food frequency questionnaire was assessed at the four-month visit to assess intake of general food groups. Data was summarized as median (25th and 75th percentiles) or percentage and differences between study arms was compared using Mann Whitney or chi-square. Results: A total of 163 participants completed the study (n = 84 control and n = 79 intervention). Baseline characteristics were similar between both groups. At 4-6 months of age, compared to the control group, the intervention group had a significantly higher intake of total grains (0.28 oz; 0.00, 0.60; P = 0.033), protein (13.5 g, 10.5, 18.3; P = 0.022), calcium (472 mg; 418, 667; P = 0.012), and zinc (4.39 mg; 2.61, 6.51; P = 0.028). No differences were seen in the other food groups, including breastmilk. Conclusions for practice: Feeding SMS to complement WIC messages led to higher intakes of some key nutrients but did not have an overall improvement in the intake of food groups. Messaging also did not delay the introduction of complimentary foods or improve breastfeeding rates. Future studies should evaluate the use of more intensive SMS interventions for continued care between WIC visits.

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Background: in the context of the ongoing obesity epidemic and increase in cases of metabolic disorders among the population, it is significant, from the health, nutritional, and economic point of view, to a look at the habits of sugar-sweetened beverage (SSB) consumption of adults in Poland. This study aims to determine the sweetened beverages, which are the most popular and most frequently consumed by Polish consumers in correlation with sex, age, income, and education of the studied group of adults. Methods: The survey study was based on the Computer-Assisted Web Interview (CAWI) and was conducted on a representative sample of 500 adult Poles, within the period from May to June 2020. The fundamental stage of the survey included the question, which asked the respondents to assess the frequency of consuming selected eleven sweetened or unsweetened beverages. Socio-economic characteristics of the respondents were considered when evaluating whether these factors aligned with the behaviors regarding the frequency of beverage consumption. Results: The consumption of SSBs tends to decrease along with consumer's age. A decrease, which could be associated with level of consumers' education level and correlation with income could not be verified. Adults drink sugar sweetened beverages less often than younger consumers, and women drink them less often than men. Conclusions: Identification of the frequency of sugar-sweetened beverage intake can indicate directions for further national or regional action against the spread of obesity. Moreover, attention should be drawn to young males who consume beverages abundant in high sugar most often.

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Breakfast plays an important role in health because it has been associated with overall health, which includes a high daily nutrient intake and a low risk of chronic diseases. For this reason, we investigated the associations between breakfast consumption and daily energy, macronutrients, and food and beverage consumption. We systematically searched peer-reviewed articles in three datasets (Pubmed, Scopus, and Cochrane). Two independent reviewers evaluated 3188 studies against the inclusion criteria using the Appraisal tool for Cross-Sectional Studies (AXIS) critical appraisal and Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analysis (PRISMA) methodologies. The meta-analysis was performed by comparing results based on type of breakfast consumed (ready to eat cereal breakfasts or other types of breakfasts). Ultimately, 38 studies were included in the review and 7 of them in the energy and macronutrients intake meta-analysis. In the Systematic Review, breakfast consumers had higher energy intake (EI), fibre intake, and higher consumption of fruits and vegetables and lower consumption of soft drinks than breakfast skippers. In the Meta-Analysis, breakfast consumers had a higher carbohydrates intake (MD, -8.21; 95%CI: -11.37, -5.05) and fibre intake (MD, -8.43; 95%CI: -12.63, -4.23) than breakfast skippers. However, breakfast consumers had a lower fat intake (MD, 4.59; 95%CI: 2.04, 7.15). Our review suggests that breakfast consumption is associated with better macronutrient intake and healthier food and beverage consumption.

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Objetivo: Calcular la prevalência del consumo de Sustancias Psicoactivas (SPA y su relación con factores personales, demográficas, lúdicas y familiares en soldados adscritos a un batallón de una ciudad colombiana. Método: Estudio cross sectional en una muestra de 384 soldados a los cuales se aplicó el instrumento ASSIST. Se realizó un análisis descriptivo y se calculó la prevalencia de SPA en la vida y a los tres meses, con sus respectivos intervalos de confianza (IC) del 95 %. Se determinó la asociación del desenlace con factores plausibles, por medio de la razón de prevalencias y sus respectivos IC del 95 %. Se construyeron modelos de regresión binomial simple y múltiple y regresión binomial negativos (cálculo de índice-Rate Rations (IRR)) y se calculó la prueba exacta de Fisher. Para determinar las variables candidatas a ingresar al modelo ajustado, se aplicó el criterio de Hosmer-Lemeshow. Resultados: La prevalencia de consumo de SPA en la vida fue del 73,7 % con predominio del consumo de bebidas alcohólicas 58,6 %, del tabaco, 47,9 %, cannabis, 41,1 %, y cocaína, 16,4 %. La prevalencia de consumo de SPA en los últimos tres meses fue del 48,4 %, con hegemonía del tabaquismo, 33,1 %. Conclusiones: El consumo de sustancias psicoactivas es una problemática que debe abordarse desde el factor humano y la gestión social en cualquier organización en general y en particular en el ejército colombiano. Se deben revisar los protocolos de inserción de los soldados regulares que conduzcan a minimizar la incorporación de ciudadanos que consuman sustancias psicoactivas.

Objective: To calculate the prevalence of Psychoactive Substances Abuse and its relationship with personal, demographic, recreational, and family factors in soldiers assigned to a battalion of a Colombian city. Method: Cross-sectional study in a sample of 384 soldiers who were applied the ASSIST test. A descriptive analysis was performed, and the prevalence of PAS was calculated in life and at three months, with their respective 95% confidence intervals (CI). The association of the outcome with plausible factors was determined, using the prevalence ratio and their respective 95% CI. Simple and multiple binomial regression models and negative binomial regression were constructed (calculation of the Index-Rate Rations (IRR)) and the Fisher's exact test was calculated. To determine the variables to adjust the model, the Hosmer-Lemeshow criterion was applied. Results: The prevalence of PAS use in life was 73.7% with a predominance of drug use or alcoholic beverages 58.6%, tobacco 47.9%, cannabis 41.1%, and cocaine 16.4%. The prevalence of PAS use in the last three months was 48.4%, with the prevalence of smoking being 33.1%. Conclusions: The consumption of psychoactive substances is a problem that must be approached from the human factor and social management in any organization, in general, and, particularly, in the Colombian army. The insertion protocols of regular soldiers should be reviewed to minimize the incorporation of citizens who consume psychoactive substances.

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Mild dehydration may occur during specific periods of the day because of poor hydration habits and/or limited access to a variety of beverages or foods, for example, in work environments. Measurement of hydration indices in spot or in 24 h urine samples may mask mild dehydration in specific periods of the day. Healthy subjects (n = 164; 74 females; age 38 ± 12 years) living in Athens, Greece were enrolled in the study. Subjects recorded their solid food and drink intakes and recorded and collected all urinations for three consecutive days. Water intake was analyzed in 24 h and 6 h periods from wake-up time and scored for variety. Urine hydration indices (osmolality, volume, color, specific gravity) were analyzed in 24 h samples, in morning urine samples and in samples collected in 6 h periods from wake-up time. Fluctuations during the day were significant for the intake of drinking water, hot beverages, milk, fruit and vegetable juices, and alcoholic drinks and for urine osmolality, volume, color, and specific gravity. The urine volume of the first 6 h period after wake-up time (557 ± 231 mL/day) reflects by 76% the 24 h urine collection (1331 ± 144 mL/day). Water intake from all beverages, with the exception of alcoholic beverages, was greater in the first 6h period (morning period) and decreased throughout the day. Hydration indices changed accordingly. The 6 h timed urine sample collected reflects indices in samples collected over 24 h better than any spot urine sample.

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BACKGROUND/AIMS: Statistical mediation analysis is an often used method in trials, to unravel the pathways underlying the effect of an intervention on a particular outcome variable. Throughout the years, several methods have been proposed, such as ordinary least square (OLS) regression, structural equation modeling (SEM), and the potential outcomes framework. Most applied researchers do not know that these methods are mathematically equivalent when applied to mediation models with a continuous mediator and outcome variable. Therefore, the aim of this paper was to demonstrate the similarities between OLS regression, SEM, and the potential outcomes framework in three mediation models: 1) a crude model, 2) a confounder-adjusted model, and 3) a model with an interaction term for exposure-mediator interaction. METHODS: Secondary data analysis of a randomized controlled trial that included 546 schoolchildren. In our data example, the mediator and outcome variable were both continuous. We compared the estimates of the total, direct and indirect effects, proportion mediated, and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for the indirect effect across OLS regression, SEM, and the potential outcomes framework. RESULTS: OLS regression, SEM, and the potential outcomes framework yielded the same effect estimates in the crude mediation model, the confounder-adjusted mediation model, and the mediation model with an interaction term for exposure-mediator interaction. CONCLUSIONS: Since OLS regression, SEM, and the potential outcomes framework yield the same results in three mediation models with a continuous mediator and outcome variable, researchers can continue using the method that is most convenient to them.

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Objetivo: Conocer la prevalencia del consumo de alcohol en estudiantes de una secundaria de Coatzacoalcos, Veracruz. Método: Estudio descriptivo y transversal. Muestra constituida por 248 adolescentes seleccionados por muestreo probabilístico, estratificado por sexo y grado escolar. Se utilizó el Test de Identificación de los Trastornos Debidos al Consumo de Alcohol (AUDIT). Resultados: La media de edad de los participantes fue de 13.5 años. El 43.1% de los padres consume alguna bebida alcohólica. El 59.3% de los adolescentes ha consumido alcohol alguna vez en la vida y el 43.5% en el último año. La media de edad en que se inicia a consumir es a los 11.5 años. El número de bebidas estándar consumidas en promedio fue de 3.1 copas. Los lugares predilectos para el consumo son las fiestas (26.6%), y el 25.4% refiere consumir con familiares. Con relación al patrón de consumo, el 79.6% presenta consumo de bajo riesgo, el 18.5% tiene un consumo de riesgo y el 1.9% perjudicial. Se encontró, además, que los jóvenes que reportaron consumo de bebidas alcohólicas tenían padres consumidores. Conclusiones: El consumo de alcohol se presenta cada vez a edades más tempranas y al parecer aceptado por la familia, lo cual potencializa el daño y la conducta adictiva. Ante este panorama el profesional de enfermería tiene el compromiso de atender de forma preventiva el consumo de alcohol, mediante la generación de intervenciones que colaboren en la prevención y reducción de su consumo.

Objective: To estimate the prevalence of alcohol consumption among students in an elementary-high school in Coatzacoalcos, Veracruz. Method: This is a descriptive and transversal study with a sample of 248 adolescents who were selected by stratified probabilistic sampling by sex and school grade. The Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test (AUDIT) was used. Results: The mean age of the participants was 13.5 years old. Forty three point one percent of the participants’ parents also consume alcoholic beverages. The mean starting alcohol consumption age is 11.5 years old. The average number of alcoholic beverages consumed at a time was 3.1. Preferred drinking places were parties (26.6%) and family gatherings (25.4%). Regarding consumption, 79.6% present a low risk pattern, 18.5% present a high risk pattern, and 1.9% of the participants show a very hazardous pattern. There was a correlation between drinking students and drinking parents. Conclusions: Students are starting to drink at younger ages and this is seemingly accepted by the family, a situation which increases the damage and addictive behaviors among students. Considering all of this, the nursing professional has the task to address this problem through diverse preventive measures, as well as interventions aimed at reducing the consumption of alcohol among young students.

Objetivo: Conhecer a prevalência do consumo do álcool em estudantes de uma secundária [Ensino fundamental de sétimo ao nono ano no Brasil, no México é chamada de ''Secundaria''] de Coatzacoalcos, Veracruz. Método: Estudo descritivo e transversal. A amostra constituída por 248 adolescentes, eleitos por amostragem probabilística, estratificada por sexo e grau escolar. Utilizou-se o Teste de Identificação dos Transtornos devidos ao consumo de álcool (AUDIT). Resultados: a média de idade dos participantes foi de 13.5 anos. O 43.1% dos pais consome alguma bebida alcoólica. O 59.3% dos adolescentes consumiu álcool alguma vez na vida e 43.5% no último ano. A média de idade em que começa a consumir é aos 11 anos. O número de bebidas padrão consumidas foi de uma média de 3.1 drinques. Os lugares preferidos para o consumo são as festas (26.6%) e o 25.4% refere o consumo com familiares. Em relacão ao padrão de consumo, 79.6% apresenta consumo de baixo risco, 18.5% tem um consumo de risco e 1.9% prejudicial. Encontrou-se além disso, que os jovens que registraram consumo de bebidas alcoólicas, tinham pais consumidores. Conclusões: o consumo de álcool se apresenta cada vez em idades precoces e parece que é aceito pela família, o que potencializa o dano e o comportamento de dependência. Perante este panorama o profissional de enfermagem tem o compromisso de atender de forma preventiva o consumo do álcool, mediante a geração de intervenções que colaborem na prevenção e redução do consumo de álcool.

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Awareness on the importance of hydration in health has created an unequivocal need to enrich knowledge on water intake of the general population and on the contribution of beverages to total water intake. We evaluated in the past water intake in a sample of Greek adults using two approaches. In study A, volunteers completed the Water Balance Questionnaire (WBQ), a food frequency questionnaire, designed to evaluate water intake (n = 1092; 48.1% males; 43 ± 18 years). In study B, a different population of volunteers recorded water, beverage, and food intake in seven-day diaries (n = 178; 51.1% males; 37 ± 12 years). Herein, data were reanalyzed with the objective to reveal the contribution of beverages in total water intake with these different methodologies. Beverage recording was grouped in the following categories: Hot beverages; milk; fruit and vegetable juices; caloric soft drinks; diet soft drinks; alcoholic drinks; other beverages; and water. Total water intake and water intake from beverages was 3254 (SE 43) mL/day and 2551 (SE 39) mL/day in study A; and 2349 (SE 59) mL/day and 1832 (SE 56) mL/day in study B. In both studies water had the highest contribution to total water intake, approximately 50% of total water intake, followed by hot beverages (10% of total water intake) and milk (5% of total water intake). These two approaches contribute information on water intake in Greece and highlight the contribution of different beverages; moreover, they point out differences in results obtained from different methodologies attributed to limitations in their use.

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OBJECTIVES: This paper reports association between mortality rates from cancer, ischaemic heart disease and diabetes mellitus and the consumption of common food groups and beverages in Serbia. DESIGN: In this ecological study, data on both mortality and the average annual consumption of common food groups and beverages per household's member were obtained from official data-collection sources. The multivariate linear regression analysis was used to determine the strength of the associations between consumption of common food groups and beverages and mortality rates. RESULTS: Markedly increasing trends of cancer, ischaemic heart disease and diabetes mellitus mortality rates were observed in Serbia in the period 1991-2010. Mortality rates from cancer were negatively associated with consumption of vegetable oil (p=0.005) and grains (p=0.001), and same was found for ischaemic heart disease (p=0.002 and 0.021, respectively), while consumption of other dairy products showed a significant positive association (p<0.001 and p=0.032, respectively). In men and women, mortality rates from diabetes mellitus showed a significant positive association with consumption of poultry (p=0.014 and 0.004, respectively). Consumption of beef and grains showed a significant negative association with cancer mortality rates in both genders (p=0.002 and p<0.001 in men, and p<0.001 and p=0.014 in women, respectively), while consumption of cheese was negatively associated only in men (p<0.001). Mortality from diabetes mellitus showed a significant positive association with consumption of animal fat and other dairy products only in women (p=0.003 and 0.046, respectively). CONCLUSIONS: Association between unfavourable mortality trends from cancer, ischaemic heart disease and diabetes mellitus, and common food groups and beverages consumption was observed and should be assessed in future analytical epidemiological studies. Promotion of healthy diet is sorely needed in Serbia.

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AIM: The recent increase in consumption of acidic beverages is thought to be the leading cause of dental erosion observed among adolescents. The study assessed the drinking habits of Adolescent Secondary School Students and also evaluated their tooth sensitivity experience. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The survey was conducted among adolescent secondary school students. Purposely, students in boarding hostels were excluded. The sample was selected from twelve public and private secondary schools through the class teachers. RESULTS: 582 questionnaires were analyzed (294) females, 288 males . Soft drinks were the most consumed (97%) beverage, predominantly by females (94.6%) . Parents especially the mother mostly consume soft drinks. (78%) pointed out that that “soft drinks are good in between meals” and also 64% indicated that “soft drinks are good for the teeth”. Participants that preferred drinks at normal room temperature experienced the most tooth sensitivity. Majority (42.3% use straw but the most tooth sensitivity experience (63.3%) associated with long sipping. A statistically significant difference (X=0.252; df=1; p=0.005) in tooth sensitivity experience found between those that swish their drinks and those that did not. CONCLUSION: Soft drinks were the most consumed with a faulty believe that soft drinks are good in9between meals and for the teeth. Tooth sensitivity experience is common with preference for drinks at room temperature and long sipping. Swishing drinks is associated with tooth sensitivity.

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