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Accurate body temperature measurement is essential for monitoring and managing safety during outdoor activities. Physical activities are an essential consideration for public health, with sports taking up an important proportion of these. Athletes' performances can be directly affected by body temperature fluctuations, with overheating or hypothermia posing serious health risks. Monitoring these temperatures allows coaches and medical staff to make decisions that enhance performance and safety. Traditional methods, like oral, axillary, and tympanic readings, are widely used, but face challenges during intense physical activities in real-world environments. This study evaluated the agreement, correlation, and interchangeability of oral, axillary, and tympanic temperature measurements in outdoor exercise conditions. Systems developed for specific placements might generate different sensor readouts. Conducted as an observational field study, it involved 21 adult participants (11 males and 10 females, average age 25.14 ± 5.80 years) that underwent the Yo-Yo intermittent recovery test protocol on an outdoor court. The main outcomes measured were the agreement and correlation between temperature readings from the three methods, both before and after exercise. The results indicate poor agreement between the measurement sites, with significant deviations observed post-exercise. Although the Spearman correlation coefficients showed consistent temperature changes post-exercise across all methods, the standard deviations in the pairwise comparisons exceeded 0.67 °C. This study concluded that widely used temperature measurement methods are challenging to use during outdoor exercises and should not be considered interchangeable. This variability, especially after exercise, underscores the need for further research using gold standard temperature measurement methods to determine the most suitable site for accurate readings. Care should thus be taken when temperature screening is done at scale using traditional methods, as each measurement site should be considered within its own right.

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When the ambient temperature, in which a person is situated, fluctuates, the body's surface temperature will alter proportionally. However, the body's core temperature will remain relatively steady. Consequently, using body surface temperature to characterize the core body temperature of the human body in varied situations is still highly inaccurate. This research aims to investigate and establish the link between human body surface temperature and core body temperature in a variety of ambient conditions, as well as the associated conversion curves. METHODS: Plan an experiment to measure temperature over a thousand times in order to get the corresponding data for human forehead, axillary, and oral temperatures at varying ambient temperatures (14-32 °C). Utilize the axillary and oral temperatures as the core body temperature standards or the control group to investigate the new approach's accuracy, sensitivity, and specificity for detecting fever/non-fever conditions and the forehead temperature as the experimental group. Analyze the statistical connection, data correlation, and agreement between the forehead temperature and the core body temperature. RESULTS: A total of 1080 tests measuring body temperature were conducted on healthy adults. The average axillary temperature was (36.7 ± 0.41) °C, the average oral temperature was (36.7 ± 0.33) °C, and the average forehead temperature was (36.2 ± 0.30) °C as a result of the shift in ambient temperature. The forehead temperature was 0.5 °C lower than the average of the axillary and oral temperatures. The Pearson correlation coefficient between axillary and oral temperatures was 0.41 (95% CI, 0.28-0.52), between axillary and forehead temperatures was 0.07 (95% CI, -0.07-0.22), and between oral and forehead temperatures was 0.26 (95% CI, 0.11-0.39). The mean differences between the axillary temperature and the oral temperature, the oral temperature and the forehead temperature, and the axillary temperature and the forehead temperature were -0.08 °C, 0.49 °C, and 0.42 °C, respectively, according to a Bland-Altman analysis. Finally, the regression analysis revealed that there was a linear association between the axillary temperature and the forehead temperature, as well as the oral temperature and the forehead temperature due to the change in ambient temperature. CONCLUSION: The changes in ambient temperature have a substantial impact on the temperature of the forehead. There are significant differences between the forehead and axillary temperatures, as well as the forehead and oral temperatures, when the ambient temperature is low. As the ambient temperature rises, the forehead temperature tends to progressively converge with the axillary and oral temperatures. In clinical or daily applications, it is not advised to utilize the forehead temperature derived from an uncorrected infrared thermometer as the foundation for a body temperature screening in public venues such as hospital outpatient clinics, shopping malls, airports, and train stations.

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BACKGROUND: Body temperature is an important vital sign in clinical practice which can be measured via electronic contact thermometers and infrared non-contact thermometers. OBJECTIVE: To compare temperature readings taken by non contact infrared thermometer with the conventional digital axillary, rectal and oral temperature readings as well as the influence of environmental temperature on noncontact infrared thermometer readings. METHODOLOGY: A prospective study carried out in the Paediatric outpatient clinic of the Rivers State University Teaching Hospital, Nigeria from September 2020 to December 2020. Infrared noncontact forehead and jugular temperatures along with contact axillary, oral and rectal temperatures at a recorded atmospheric temperature and pressure were measured. Data collected was analysed. RESULTS: A total of 247 children aged 1month to 16 years were enrolled, the mean differences of the temperature pairs of contact and non-contact thermometry ranged from 0.45 - 0.77°C (1.64, -1.81°C) 95% LoA. The highest mean difference was found between infrared forehead and axillary [MD; 0.45(1.64,-0.73°C) 95%LoA] temperatures. There was a significant positive correlation between the mean difference of infrared forehead/ rectal temperature and atmospheric temperature (r = 0 .211 p = 0.029). Linear regression model showed that infrared forehead temperature of 37.1°C was equivalent to rectal temperature of 38°C and axillary of 37.4°C which is the standard cut off for fever. Infrared jugular of 37.2°C was equivalent to rectal of 38°C and axillary temperature of 37.4°C was equivalent to infrared jugular of 37.03°C all at a mean atmospheric temperature of 28.3±1.8°C. CONCLUSION: The mean difference by which infrared noncontact thermometry predicts core temperatures may differ based on atmospheric temperature. Infrared non-contact forehead thermometer reading of 37.1°C could be considered as the fever cut off for non-contact forehead thermometry in Nigeria in regions where the mean atmospheric temperature is 28.3±1.8°C.

CONTEXTE: La température corporelle est un signe vital important dans la pratique clinique qui peut être mesurée à l'aide de thermomètres électroniques à contact et de thermomètres infrarouges sans contact. OBJECTIF: Comparer les lectures de température prises par un thermomètre infrarouge sans contact avec les lectures de température axillaire, rectale et buccale numériques conventionnelles, ainsi que l'influence de la température ambiante sur les lectures de thermomètre infrarouge sans contact. MÉTHODOLOGIE: Une étude prospective réalisée dans la clinique pédiatrique ambulatoire du Rivers State University Teaching Hospital, au Nigéria, de septembre 2020 à décembre 2020. Températures infrarouges sans contact du front et de la jugulaire ainsi que des températures axillaire, orale et rectale de contact à une température et une pression atmosphériques enregistrées ont été mesurés. Les données recueillies ont été analysées. RÉSULTATS: Un total de 247 enfants âgés de 1 mois à 16 ans ont été inclus, les différences moyennes des paires de températures de la thermométrie avec contact et sans contact variaient de 0,45 à 0,77°C (1,64, -1,81°C) 95 % LoA. La différence moyenne la plus élevée a été trouvée entre l'infrarouge frontal et axillaire [MD; 0,45 (1,64,-0,73°C) 95 % LoA]. Il y avait une corrélation positive significative entre la différence moyenne de la température infrarouge frontale/rectale et la température atmosphérique (r = 0,211 p = 0,029). Le modèle de régression linéaire a montré que la température frontale infrarouge de 37,1 °C était équivalente à la température rectale de 38 °C et axillaire de 37,4 °C, qui est la valeur seuil standard pour la fièvre. L'infrarouge jugulaire de 37,2°C équivalait à une température rectale de 38°C et la température axillaire de 37,4°C équivalait à l'infrarouge jugulaire de 37,03°C, le tout à une température atmosphérique moyenne de 28,3±1,8°C. CONCLUSION: La différence moyenne par laquelle la thermométrie infrarouge sans contact prédit les températures centrales peut différer en fonction de la température atmosphérique. La lecture du thermomètre frontal infrarouge sans contact de 37,1 °C pourrait être considérée comme le seuil de fièvre pour la thermométrie frontale sans contact au Nigeria dans les régions où la température atmosphérique moyenne est de 28,3 ± 1,8 °C. Mots clés: Thermomètre sans contact, température rectale, température axillaire, buccale, front, jugulaire, température atmosphérique.

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Body temperature is important for diagnosing illnesses. However, its assessment is often a difficult task, considering the large individual differences. Although 37 °C has been the gold standard of body temperature for over a century, the temperature of modern people is reportedly decreasing year by year. However, a mean axillary temperature of 36.89 ± 0.34 °C reported in 1957 is still cited in Japan. To assess the measured axillary temperature appropriately, understanding its distribution in modern people is important. This study retrospectively analyzed 2454 axillary temperature measurement data of healthy Japanese adults in 2019 (age range, 20-79 years; 2258 males). Their mean temperature was 36.47 ± 0.28 °C (36.48 ± 0.27 °C in males and 36.35 ± 0.31 °C in females). Approximately 5% of the 20-39-year-old males had body temperature ≥37 °C, whereas 8% had a temperature ≥ 37 °C in the afternoon. However, none of the subjects aged ≥50 years reported body temperature ≥37 °C. In multivariable regression analysis, age, blood pressure, pulse rate, and measurement time of the day were associated with axillary temperature. Our data showed that the body temperature of modern Japanese adults was lower than that reported previously. When assessing body temperature, the age, blood pressure, pulse rate, and measurement time of the day should be considered.

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OBJECTIVE: To determine if a healthy newborn's age in hours (3, 6, or 9 hours after birth) affects thermoregulatory status after the first bath as indicated by axillary and skin temperatures. DESIGN: Quasi-experimental, mixed-model (between subjects and within subjects) design with hours of age as the nonrepeated variable and prebath and postbath temperatures as the repeated variables. SETTING: Family-centered care unit at an urban hospital in the southwestern United States. PARTICIPANTS: Healthy newborns (N = 75) 37 weeks or more completed gestation. METHODS: Mothers chose time of first bath based on available time slots (n = 25 newborns in each age group). Research nurses sponge bathed the newborns in the mothers' rooms. Axillary temperature, an index of core temperature, was measured with a digital thermometer, and skin temperature, an index of body surface temperature, was measured with a thermography camera. Temperatures were taken before the bath; immediately after the bath; and 5, 30, 60, and 120 minutes after the bath. Immediately after the bath, newborns were placed in skin-to-skin care (SSC) for 60 or more minutes. RESULTS: We found a difference (p = .0372) in axillary temperatures between the 3- and 9-hour age groups, although this difference was not clinically significant (0.18 °F [0.10 °C]). We found no statistically significant differences in skin temperatures among the three age groups. Regardless of age group, axillary and skin temperatures initially decreased and then recovered after the bath. CONCLUSION: For up to 2 hours postbath, axillary and skin temperatures were not different between healthy newborns bathed at 3, 6, or 9 hours of age. Thermography holds promise for learning about thermoregulation, bathing, and SSC.

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Relationships between habitual physical activity and sleep-related phenomena were examined in 623 male and 1022 female Japanese participating in the Nakanojo Community Study, using data collected in 2012-2013. Ages ranged from infancy to very old. Daily step count and daily duration of exercise at an intensity >3 metabolic equivalents (METs) were determined by pedometer/accelerometer, 24 h/day for 1 week. Duplicate axillary temperatures were also taken on rising and when retiring. Total bed time was noted, and the efficiency of sleep determined as hours of actual sleep (from a validated pedometer/accelerometer algorithm) divided by bed time. Step counts and especially duration of activity >3 METs peaked in teenagers and decreased as age advanced (p < 0.001). Both axillary temperatures subsequently showed a gradual age-related decline (p < 0.001). The duration and efficiency of sleep also showed a small age-dependent decrease (p < 0.001). Multivariate-adjusted correlation coefficients indicated a better quality of sleep in individuals who took greater habitual physical activity. In individuals aged ≥40 years, these findings were modified by chronic disease conditions including hypertension, diabetes mellitus and hyperlipemia; after controlling statistically for potential confounders, both physical activity and axillary temperature were lower (p < 0.05 or 0.01), and the time spent lying was longer but the efficiency of sleep was poorer (p < 0.01) in those with chronic conditions. These results suggest that habitual physical activity bears an important relationship to sleep-related phenomena at all ages, with a modification of relationships by chronic disease in people aged ≥40 years.

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OBJECTIVE: To compare the accuracy of infrared temporal artery thermometry with axillary thermometry in a cohort of preterm neonates between 28 and 36 weeks postmenstrual age. DESIGN: Descriptive repeated measures design with randomization to temperature measurement order. SETTING: Level III NICU in the Central/Southeastern United States. PARTICIPANTS: Sixty-eight neonates born between 28 weeks and 36 weeks postmenstrual age cared for in incubators or open cribs. METHODS: Neonates were randomly assigned to temperature measurement order (axillary followed by temporal artery or temporal artery followed by axillary). Temperature pairs were taken once during the day shift and once during the night shift. Behavioral states were assessed before, during, and after temperature measurement. RESULTS: Neonates were predominantly female (64.7%) with a mean age of 6.6 days and a mean gestational age of 32.7 weeks, and most were cared for in incubators (n = 55). Noninferiority was observed between the two temperature methods (Holm-Bonferroni criterion = .025, p < .001). There was no statistically significant difference in the behavioral states of the neonates between the two temperature methods. It took nurses significantly longer to use the axillary thermometer than to use the temporal artery thermometer (p < .001). CONCLUSION: Temporal artery temperature measurements were as accurate as axillary temperature measurements in low-birth-weight neonates in the NICU. Nurses spent less time measuring with the temporal artery method than with the axillary method.

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Objective To observe the skin temperature changes on blocked area of ultrasoundguided thoracic paravertebral block and to explore the accuracy of the temperature changes in predic ting the effect of nerve block in breast cancer patients.Methods One hundred and twenty breast cancer patients undergoing modified radical mastectomy,aged 29-67 years,ASA physical status Ⅰ-Ⅲ,were selected for the study.Before general anesthesia induction,ultrasound-guided thoracic paravertebral block was performed.After the block site T34 was determined,25 ml 0.25％ ropivacaine was injected around the thoracic paravertebral space.The skins of palm and axillary regions both in blocked and unblocked sites were randomly selected.The skin temperature before nerve block and 15 min after were recorded,and the skin temperature changes were calculated.The sensitivity and specificity of the temperature changes in determining the effect of thoracic paravertebral block was assessed by using the receiver operating characteristic curve (ROC).Pearson correlation was used to analyze the correlation.Results The value of area under curve (AUC) of the ROC of the skin temperature changes in palm regions responding to the effects of block was 0.892 (95％CI 0.803-0.947).The cut-off value was 0.9C which sensitivity and specificity was 87.3％ and 75.9％,respectively.The AUC in axillary regions was 0.813 (95％CI 0.756 0.884),the cut-off value was 0.4 C which sensitivity and specificity was 80.7％ and 71.6％,respectively.The value of AUC in palm regions was larger than in axillary regions (P＜0.05).Conclusion The present study demonstrated that the changes of the skin temperature in palm and axillary regions have a high accuracy in predicting the effect of T3-4 thoracic paravertebral block,which can be used in determining the success of T3-4 thoracic paravertebral block.The assessment of temperature changes in palm regions is more accuracy than in axillary.

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BACKGROUND: No evidence can be found in the medical literature about the efficacy of alternating acetaminophen and ibuprofen treatment in children with refractory fever. OBJECTIVE: Our objective was to assess the effect of alternating acetaminophen and ibuprofen therapy on distress and refractory fever compared with acetaminophen or ibuprofen as monotherapy in febrile children. METHODS: A total of 474 febrile children with axillary temperature ≥38.5 °C and fever history ≤3 days in a tertiary hospital were randomly assigned to receive either (1) alternating acetaminophen and ibuprofen (acetaminophen 10 mg/kg per dose with shortest interval of 4 h and ibuprofen 10 mg/kg per dose with shortest interval of 6 h and the shortest interval between acetaminophen and ibuprofen ≥2 h; n = 158), (2) acetaminophen monotherapy (10 mg/kg per dose with shortest interval of 4 h; n = 158), or (3) ibuprofen monotherapy (10 mg/kg per dose with shortest interval of 6 h; n = 158). The mean Non-Communicating Children's Pain Checklist (NCCPC) score was measured every 4 h, and axillary temperatures were measured every 2 h. RESULTS: In total, 471 children were included in an intention-to-treat analysis. No significant clinical or statistical difference was found in mean NCCPC score or temperature during the 24-h treatment period in all febrile children across the three groups. Although the proportion of children with refractory fever for 4 h and 6 h was significantly lower in the alternating group than in the monotherapy groups (4 h: 11.54% vs. 26.58% vs. 21.66%, respectively [p = 0.003]; 6 h: 3.85% vs. 10.13% vs. 17.83%, respectively [p < 0.001]), the mean NCCPC score of children with refractory fever for 4 or 6 h was not lower than those in either of the monotherapy groups. The number of patients who developed persistent high body temperature was consistent across all study groups. CONCLUSIONS: Alternating acetaminophen and ibuprofen can reduce the proportion of children with refractory fever, but if one cycle of alternating therapy cannot reduce febrile distress as defined by NCCPC score, two or more cycles of alternating therapy may have minimal to no clinical efficacy in some cases. The trial was registered with the Chinese Clinical Trial Registry as ChiCTR-TRC-13003440 and the WHO Registry Network as U1111-1146-6714.

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AIM: Thermoregulatory stability and monitoring are crucial in neonatal care. However, the current standard of temperature measurement using Axillary Thermometry (AT) poses multiple limitations. Temporal Artery Thermometry (TT) is a promising new method, which thus begs the question: Can TT replace AT in neonates? Previous studies reveal conflicting results, with none involving a Southeast-Asian multi-ethnic neonatal population under different environments. METHODS: A 6-month prospective comparative study involving neonates managed in a tertiary neonatal centre. Subjects were divided into 4 groups based on the required nursing environment: A) Room air B) Phototherapy C) Radiant warmers D) Incubators. Six hundred and sixty-one paired TT and AT temperature readings were obtained, with concurrent FLACC scoring to evaluate the discomfort associated with each thermometry method. RESULTS: TT readings were higher than AT in all groups. The mean temperature difference between both methods (TT-AT) was lowest in Group A (0.10 ± 0.19°C), followed by Groups B (0.50 ± 0.33°C), C (0.97 ± 0.76°C) and D (1.15 ± 0.57°C) respectively. Bland-Altman analysis revealed good clinical agreement (± 0.5°C) between both methods in Group A (7-0.27,0.47). However, Groups B (-0.14,1.13), C (-0.51,2.45) and D (0.03,2.27) showed poor agreement. Multiple GEE analysis revealed Malay ethnicity to be an additional predictor of decreased TT-AT ( ß = -0.13, p = 0.012). Compared to TT, AT was associated with higher discomfort levels (p <0.001). CONCLUSIONS: Given the good agreement and increased comfort with TT use, our study confirms that TT is comparable to AT for neonates nursed in room air. TT is therefore recommended for the temperature screening and monitoring of neonates nursed on ambient air. Its use in other environments and factors predictive of comparability of both methods requires further study.

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AIM: Various factors have been shown to potentially affect the difference between axillary and rectal temperature measurements in newborns. We aimed to explore their roles and, if possible, to construct a formula that explained the difference. METHODS: The study was based on a consecutive sample of 175 infants, with a gestational age of 24-42 weeks, whose rectal and axillary temperatures were measured simultaneously at the neonatal unit at Skaraborg Hospital in Sweden. Data were analysed using multiple regressions. RESULTS: Premature infants had a significantly smaller mean difference (0.33°C) between rectal and axillary temperatures than full-term infants (0.43°C). Significant associated factors for premature infants were chronological age (p = 0.025), time of day (p = 0.004) and axillary temperature (p < 0.001). For full-term infants, the only significant associated factor was axillary temperature (p = 0.015). CONCLUSION: Although it is possible to construct a formula that estimates neonate rectal temperature based on axillary temperature with a slightly higher reliability than simply adding a fixed value like 0.4°C, such a formula would be too complex to apply in practice. Adding 0.3°C or 0.4°C to the measured axillary temperature for premature infants or full-term infants, respectively, yields acceptable approximations in most cases.

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OBJECTIVE: This study examined the accuracy of temporal artery and axillary temperatures compared with rectal temperatures in pediatric ED patients younger than 4 years. METHODS: A method-comparison study design was used to examine the agreement between a temporal artery or axillary thermometer and a nondisposable, rectal electronic thermometer, which is the clinical reference standard for temperature measurement in children. Temperatures were taken with each device in a convenience sample of stable, pediatric ED patients who were younger than 4 years. Bias and precision were calculated to quantify the differences between the 2 devices, as well as the percentage of temporal artery and axillary temperatures that were >±1.0°C and >±1.5°C higher or lower than the rectal temperature. RESULTS: A total of 52 pediatric ED patients were studied over a 10-month period. Bias and precision for the temporal artery and axillary devices were -0.46°C ± 0.50°C and -0.93°C ± 0.49°C, respectively. The percentage of temporal artery and axillary temperatures that were >±1.0°C and/or >±1.5°C above or below the clinical reference temperature were 15% and 6%, respectively, for the temporal artery thermometer and 39% and 14%, respectively, for the axillary thermometer. DISCUSSION: Bias and precision values for the temporal artery, but not the axillary temperature, were within the acceptable range set by experts to use as a noninvasive substitute for core body temperature measurements. If properly used by ED staff, temporal artery thermometers could be used to obtain temperature in pediatric patients younger than 4 years, thus avoiding physical and psychological discomfort for the child and parent associated with obtaining rectal thermometers.

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Objective To explore the difference in measurements of the same patients' bilateral ax-illary temperature during transfusion. Methods Bilateral axillary temperature 80 patients with normal temperature who underwent transfusion in hospital was measured before infusion, 30 to 35 minutes after in-fusion, and the experimental data went through statistical analysis. Results No significant difference ex-isted between both sides of the axillary temperature before transfusion, significant difference existed be-tween axillary temperature of the transfusion-side before transfusion and after transfusion, no significant dif-ference between axillary temperature of the no transfusion-side before transfusion and after transfusion, the mean values of both sides of the axillary temperature were significant after the transfusion compared with the normal values of human body in textbook,the axillary temperature of no-transfusion side was closer to the normal human axillary temperature in the textbook. Conclusions Transfusion affect axil-lary temperature,mainly on the transfusion side,so it is appropriate to take temperature in armpit side without transfusion.

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Objective To survey the difference of measurement results between axillary temperature measurement used in clinic and standardized axillary temperature measurement in textbooks. Methods For the same patients and in the nearest time interval, the two methods mentioned above were used to mea-sure the axillary temperature. Totally 782 patients were measured. Results There was no statistical sig-nificance between the measuring results of the two methods. Conclusions Axillary temperature measure-ment used in clinic should be standardized so that more scientific data will be got,effective operation and humanized service can be realized.

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A 70-year-old man was scheduled to undergo corrective osteotomy under general anesthesia. During the operation, a fluid warmer was applied, with his body temperature assessed with the use of an axillary temperature probe. Near the end of the operation the pressure waveform from the radial artery and pulse oxymeter became flat. Palpation of the carotid artery revealed no heart rate, the electrocardiographic tracing continued to be sinus rhythm, and pulseless electrical activity was diagnosed. The infusion of cardiovascular drugs was also performed. However, the hemodynamic status of the patient deteriorated to severe hypotension, with atrial fibrillation, paroxysmal ventricular tachycardia. The patient was assessed as hypothermia from a rectal temperature of 30.5oC. After active warming methods for 1 hour the cardiovascular status of the patient became stabilized.

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OBJECTIVE: The brain temperature is about 0.4-1 degrees C higher than that of the other peripheral body area. But most of these results have been obtained in normothermic condition. The objective of this study is to evaluate the temperature difference between the brain and axilla, in patients under hypothermia. METHODS: Sixty-three patients(37 women and 26 men) who underwent craniotomy with implantation of the thermal diffusion flowmetry sensor were included in this study. The temperature of the cerebral cortex and axilla was measured every 2 hours, simultaneously. The patient group was divided according to axillary temperature hyperthermia(over 38 degrees C), normothermia(36-38 degrees C) and hypothermia(under 36 degrees C). Total 1671 paired sample data were collected and analyzed. RESULTS: The temperature difference between the cerebral cortex and the axilla was 0.45+/-1.04 degrees C in hyperthermic patients, 0.97+/-1.1 degrees C in normothermic patients and 1.04+/-0.81 degrees C in hypothermic patients. The temperature difference has statistical significance in each group(unpaired t-test, p<0.05). CONCLUSION: From our study the temperature difference between the brain and the axilla in hypothermic condition increased more than that of normothermic state. And in hyperthermic condition, the temperature difference decreased.

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Body temperature should be measured accurately to assess neonate's condition for proper care. Temperatures measured in rectal, axillary and tympanic site were compared in 129 normal neonates to find out proper nursing time for measuring temperature and the validity of fever detection. The results were as follows : 1. Mean temperatures of axillary and tympanic site(36.85degrees C, 37.12degrees C) were significantly lower than those of rectal site(37.19degrees C). 2. Mean nursing time for measuring body temperature was significantly higher and lower in axillary and tympanic temperatures(159.49 seconds, 11.07 seconds) than in rectal temperature(105.62 seconds). 3. Tympanic and axillary temperatures were significantly correlated with rectal temperature(r=0.85, r=0.78) and the significant correlation was demonstrated between tympanic and axillary temperatures(r=0.76). 4. Sensitivity, specificity, positive and negative predictive values were 0.87, 0.90, 0.72, 0.96 for detecting fever respectively. The above findings indicated that the tympanic thermometer offers a useful alternative to conventional methods.

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