RESUMEN

To date, Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACEs) in adolescents with special educational and care needs have received little attention as an important risk factor for their behavioral, emotional, and learning problems. This study provides insight into ACE prevalence and family risk factors in three Dutch special educational and care settings for vulnerable school-aged youth. 268 adolescents (10-18 years old) with severe and persistent problems at individual and family level, from a special educational setting (setting 1; n = 59), a residential care setting (setting 2; n = 86) and an alternative educational setting (setting 3; n = 123) were included. A retrospective cross-sectional study design was used. Data were collected between 2016 and 2019 through structured case-file analysis. A substantial proportion of the adolescents in all settings experienced at least one ACE, with 69.5% in setting 1, 84.9% in setting 2 and 95.1% in setting 3. Family risk factors were relatively common, among which a limited social network in all settings (20-50%) and debts in setting 2 and 3 (25-40%). The substantial ACE prevalence underlines the need for early ACE awareness. Trauma-informed care and education are needed to adequately understand trauma-related behaviors, prevent retraumatization, and enhance learning and healthy development. Given that ACEs regarding household dysfunction and family risk factors seem to be common in adolescents with special educational and care needs, family centered approaches should be implemented as well in the interest of lifelong health and well-being for both adolescents and their families.

RESUMEN

Se realizó una sistematización de la experiencia de: "círculos de la palabra" con líderes barriales del municipio de Villamaría, Caldas, Colombia entre 2016 y 2019, con base en los lineamientos de los autores: Jara, Ghiso y Verger. La experiencia permitió identificar tres hitos: "conocernos, el acompañamiento y los sueños", "sujetos de conocimiento" y "la experiencia construida socialmente". Los círculos de la palabra se configuraron para dar a los líderes de las comunidades un espacio donde tener voz y promover la reflexión movilizadora, construir tejidos y crear redes sociales de apoyo para conseguir un buen vivir.

A systematization of the experience titled: "word circles" with neighborhood leaders in Villamaría - Caldas (Colombia) between 2016 and 2019, was conduc ted based on Jara, Ghiso, and Verger guidelines. This experience allowed to iden tify three milestones: "getting to know each other, accompaniment and dreams," "subjects of knowledge," and "experience socially constructed". The word circles were created to provide to community leaders a place where they may have a voice and to foster mobilizing reflection, to build social fabric, and creating support networks to achieve a good life.

RESUMEN

The purpose of this study was to explore learners' experiences enacting youth/student voice pedagogies (SVP) to promote Social and Emotional Learning (SEL) and meaningful physical education (MPE) in an alternative education setting. Drawing on social constructivist learning theory in understanding and implementing a MPE approach, and a systemic framework for SEL, two research questions guided the research process: (1) How did students interpret and enact these pedagogies? (2) What contribution did the enactment of these pedagogies have in promoting SEL and MPE? This study implemented a qualitative case study design framed by a participatory action research (PAR) approach spanning 12 weeks from February to May 2021. Participants in this study included 16 ninth grade alternative high school students (eight girls/eight boys) aged 14-15 who had just returned to face-to-face learning in January 2021 for the first time following COVID-19. A range of traditional and innovative participatory qualitative research methods including focus group interviews, students' personal biographies, timelines, digital and written reflections, photovoice, and class artifacts were utilized. The Miles, Huberman, and Saldana Framework for Qualitative Data Analysis was implemented involving both deductive and inductive combinations of comparative and thematic analysis. The following themes were constructed: Making responsible decisions; unearthing and sharing mixed emotions; picturing physical activity beyond the classroom; recognizing the role of relationships; considering challenge and competence; and, pursuing meaning. Findings demonstrate how enacting SVP can lead to the development of students' SEL and MPE experiences complimenting multiple learning domains. We call for further embedding of SVP capturing students' physical activity and movement experiences inside and outside of PE in teacher education and professional development that helps teachers and their students make sense of, shape, influence, and enact more MPE and physical activity learning experiences.

RESUMEN

The Good Behavior Game (GBG) is a well-documented group contingency designed to reduce disruptive behavior in classroom settings. However, few studies have evaluated the GBG with students who engage in severe problem behavior in alternative schools, and there are few demonstrations of training teachers in those settings to implement the GBG. In the current study, 3 teachers were trained to implement the GBG in a restrictive setting for students with histories of emotional and behavioral disorders and delinquency. The teachers used the GBG to produce substantial reductions in problem behavior despite low treatment integrity. Clinical implications and future directions for research are discussed.

Asunto(s)

RESUMEN

BACKGROUND: Surveys of young people under-represent those in alternative education settings (AES), potentially disguising health inequalities. We present the first quantitative UK evidence of health inequalities between AES and mainstream education school (MES) pupils, assessing whether observed inequalities are attributable to socioeconomic, familial, educational and peer factors. METHODS: Cross-sectional, self-reported data on individual- and poly-substance use (PSU: combined tobacco, alcohol and cannabis use) and sexual risk-taking from 219 pupils in AES (mean age 15.9 years) were compared with data from 4024 pupils in MES (mean age 15.5 years). Data were collected from 2008 to 2009 as part of the quasi-experimental evaluation of Healthy Respect 2 (HR2). RESULTS: AES pupils reported higher levels of substance use, including tobacco use, weekly drunkenness, using cannabis at least once a week and engaging in PSU at least once a week. AES pupils also reported higher levels of sexual health risk behaviours than their MES counterparts, including: earlier sexual activity; less protection against sexually transmitted infections (STIs); and having 3+ lifetime sexual partners. In multivariate analyses, inequalities in sexual risk-taking were fully explained after adjusting for higher deprivation, lower parental monitoring, lower parent-child connectedness, school disengagement and heightened intentions towards early parenthood among AES vs MES pupils. However, an increased risk (OR = 1.73, 95% CI 1.15, 2.60) of weekly PSU was found for AES vs MES pupils after adjusting for these factors and the influence of peer behaviours. CONCLUSION: AES pupils are more likely to engage in health risk behaviours, including PSU and sexual risk-taking, compared with MES pupils. AES pupils are a vulnerable group who may not be easily targeted by conventional population-level public health programmes. Health promotion interventions need to be tailored and contextualised for AES pupils, in particular for sexual health and PSU. These could be included within interventions designed to promote broader outcomes such as mental wellbeing, educational engagement, raise future aspirations and promote resilience.

Asunto(s)

RESUMEN

BACKGROUND: Globally, suicide is a significant cause of death among adolescents. Previous studies conducted in high-income countries suggest that students in alternative schools are more likely to engage in suicidal behaviors than those in formal schools. This study aimed to document suicidal ideation and behaviors among adolescent learners enrolled in the Alternative Learning System (ALS) in Manila, Philippines. METHODS: A mixed methods study was conducted in 24 ALS centers in the city of Manila. ALS centers were stratified according to congressional district and selected using probability proportionate sampling. A cross-sectional survey to determine attitudes towards suicide and prevalence of suicidal ideation and behaviors was administered to 171 learners aged 13 to 17 years old. In-depth interviews with 18 teachers and 12 learners were conducted to explore the school psychosocial environment's role on learners' suicidal ideation and behaviors. Exploratory factor analysis was used to extract attitude factors. Fisher's exact test and Student's t-test were used to identify differences in sociodemographic characteristics and attitudes towards suicide between learners with or without suicidal ideation or behaviors. Qualitative data were analyzed using thematic analysis. RESULTS: Non-specific active thoughts were the most common type of lifetime suicidal ideation (40.9%) while passive ideation was the most common in the past month (13.5%). Aborted suicide attempt was the most frequent behavior in both lifetime (16.4%) and in the past month (4.7%). Non-fatal suicide attempt in the past month was 2.3%, reaching 12.9% for the entire lifetime. Age, sex, education, and attitudes towards suicide were significantly associated with suicidal ideation or behavior. Thematic analysis showed five themes: (1) fostering belongingness, (2) securing learners' safety, (3) teaching philosophy, (4) teacher and learner beliefs towards suicidal behavior, and (5) availability of school-offered and community-based services. CONCLUSION: Suicidal ideation and behaviors are prevalent among adolescent ALS learners. This study also showed a significant difference in attitudes towards suicide and sociodemographic characteristics between learners with and without suicidal ideation behaviors. It also suggests that the school psychosocial environment, through social norms and learner-teacher interactions, can potentially prevent progression of suicidal ideation to behavior, influence help-seeking, and promote mental health among learners.

RESUMEN

INTRODUCTION: History of anesthesia can be learned through formal didactic lectures, discussions, tours, audiovisual media, general anesthesia textbooks, anesthesia history texts, and by popular literature. METHODS: We studied thirteen books that describe events and advances related to the discovery and development of modern anesthesia. Deliberately omitted were books that might be considered by some to be textbooks, because our aim was to explore the genre of popular literature. RESULTS: The books span the spectrum from introductory historical narratives to comprehensive summaries, biographies, and scholarly works. CONCLUSIONS: These books provide a varied perspective on various aspects of the discovery of anesthesia, ranging from a quick read to scholarly work. If only one book were to be recommended for the novice, we suggest Julie Fenster's historical narrative, Ether Day.

Asunto(s)

RESUMEN

Students are challenged in transitioning from acquiring knowledge and understanding through reading textbooks to their learning to select, read, evaluate, and synthesize the primary literature. A customary approach to teaching this transition to beginning graduate students is for a faculty member to assign "readings" from the recent literature that promise to become key publications; such assignments generally underscore recent, novel scientific content. We advocate here an alternative approach for coaching students very early in their training: first, to read, analyze, and discuss a paper that highlights critically important features of effective and valid experimental design; and, second, to study a paper that can be shown historically to have fundamentally changed the way in which physiological function is understood. We consider as an example of the first goal a study that purports to demonstrate a principle of thermoregulation, but that interaction between students and instructor reveals the study's lack of an essential control. The second goal requires sufficient time for the publication to concretely validate its contribution(s). The purpose is to identify those essential properties of the selected paper that contributed to its having become a truly exemplary study. We present a 1957 paper by Dr. A. C. Burton ( Am Heart J 54: 801-810, 1957) as an illustration and analyze the study with respect to those attributes that contributed to its lasting importance. These alternative approaches to introduce inexperienced students to the original literature can produce critical insight into the process and can help students inculcate essential practices, guiding them to more productive careers.

Asunto(s)

RESUMEN

BACKGROUND: Mental illness contributes substantially to global disease burden, particularly when illness onset occurs during youth and help-seeking is delayed and/or limited. Yet, few mental health promotion interventions target youth, particularly those with or at high risk of developing mental illness ("at-risk" youth). Community-based translational research has the capacity to identify and intervene upon barriers to positive health outcomes. This is especially important for integrated care in at-risk youth populations. METHODS: Here the Integrated Science Education Outreach (InSciEd Out) program delivered a novel school-based anti-stigma intervention in mental health to a cohort of seventh and eighth grade at-risk students. These students were assessed for changes in mental health knowledge, stigmatization, and help-seeking intentions via a classroom activity, surveys, and teacher interviews. Descriptive statistics and Cohen's d effect sizes were employed to assess pre-post changes. Inferential statistical analyses were also conducted on pilot results to provide a benchmark to inform future studies. RESULTS: Elimination of mental health misconceptions (substance weakness p = 0.00; recovery p = 0.05; prevention p = 0.05; violent p = 0.05) was accompanied by slight gains in mental health literacy (d = 0.18) and small to medium improvements in help-seeking intentions (anxiety d = 0.24; depression d = 0.48; substance d = 0.43; psychosis d = 0.53). Within this particular cohort of students, stigma was exceptionally low at baseline and remained largely unchanged. Teacher narratives revealed positive teacher views of programming, increased student openness to talk about mental illness, and higher peer and self-acceptance of mental health diagnoses and help-seeking. CONCLUSIONS: Curricular-based efforts focused on mental illness in an alternative school setting are feasible and integrated well into general curricula under the InSciEd Out framework. Preliminary data suggest the existence of unique help-seeking barriers in at-risk youth. Increased focus upon community-based programming has potential to bridge gaps in translation, bringing this critical population to clinical care in pursuit of improved mental health for all. Trial registration ClinicalTrials.gov, ID:NCT02680899. Registered 12 February 2016, https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT02680899.

Asunto(s)

RESUMEN

Este artículo analiza prácticas escolares de socialización política fundamentadas en pedagogías críticas, derivadas en procesos de formación de subjetividades en jóvenes, aquí denominadas procesos de subjetivación. Es una investigación cualitativa desarrollada en cuatro instituciones educativas de Medellín, Colombia. Su objetivo es analizar experiencias inspiradas en pedagogías críticas (“Escuelas Críticas”), en sus posibilidades y límites de configurar procesos de subjetivación, para propiciar el encuentro de los sujetos consigo mismos y con otros, creándose líneas de fuga a la matriz escolar moderna. Estas experiencias formativas se configuran a partir de transacciones entre elementos de matrices pedagógicas críticas, liberales y pastorales. La investigación aplica el método de análisis estructural de contenido (Hiernaux), tanto a textos de autores de pedagogías críticas (Freire, Giroux), como a testimonios de educadores y fuentes documentales.

This article presents the qualitative research conducted in four educational institutions in Medellin, Colombia. Its aim is to examine the educational practices of political socialization based on critical pedagogies (Critical Schools). These practices generate the formation of subjectivities in young people, here called subjectivization processes. The study aims to understand the possibilities and the limits of these processes in promoting encounters of the subjects with themselves and with others, creating alternative paths (lignes de fuite) within the modern school model. These formative experiences are configured through transactions between elements from critical, liberal or pastoral models of teaching. The research uses a method of structural content analysis (Hiernaux) along with texts by classic thinkers from critical pedagogies (Freire, Giroux) and testimonies from educators and other documentary sources.

Este artigo analisa as práticas escolares de socialização política fundamentadas em pedagogias críticas, que geram processos de formação de subjetividades nos jovens, aqui referidos como processos de subjetivação. É uma pesquisa qualitativa desenvolvida em quatro instituições de ensino de Medellín (Colômbia), cujo objetivo é analisar experiências inspiradas em pedagogias críticas (“escolas críticas”). Procura-se entender as possibilidades e os limites dos processos de subjetivação para promover o encontro dos sujeitos com eles mesmos e com outros, criando caminhos alternativos ao modelo escolar moderno. Estas experiências formativas configuram-se a partir de transações entre elementos de matrizes pedagógicas críticas, liberais e pastorais. A pesquisa aplica o método de análise estrutural de conteúdo (Hiernaux), tanto em textos de autores de pedagogias críticas (Freire, Giroux), quanto a depoimentos de educadores e a fontes documentais.

Asunto(s)

RESUMEN

O autor reflete sobre o ensino na SPPA e aprofunda o exame de sua formação psicanalítica. Propõe uma discussão aberta e dialética sobre aspectos evolutivos, conflitivos e ideológicos que caracterizam sua história. São estabelecidas três fases do seu desenvolvimento e fatos marcantes que as delimitaram. Por ultimo, o autor conclui ser a existência de duas correntes opostas de opinião – conservadora e progressista – a responsável por distintas formas de conceber/executar o ensino e seus inevitáveis conflitos. Ensino psicanalítico de psicanálise versus ensino de psicanálise, eis a questão! (AU)

The author reflects on the education at SPPA and deepens the examination of his psychoanalytic training. He proposes an open and dialectical discussion about evolutionary, conflicting and ideological aspects, which characterize his history. Three phases of its development and milestones are established. Finally, the author concludes that the existence of two opposing currents of opinion – conservative and progressive – are responsible for different forms of understating and fulfilling the education and its inevitable conflicts. Psychoanalytic education of psychoanalysis versus education of psychoanalysis, this is the question!(AU)

El autor reflexiona sobre la enseñanza en la SPPA y profundiza el examen de su formación psicoanalítica. Propone una discusión abierta y dialéctica sobre los aspectos evolutivos, conflictivos y ideológicos, que caracterizan su historia. Son establecidas tres etapas de su desarrollo y hechos memorables que las delimitaron. Por ultimo, el autor concluye ser la existencia de dos corrientes opuestas de opinión – conservadora y progresista – la responsable por distintas maneras de concebir/ ejecutar la enseñanza y sus inevitables conflictos. Enseñanza psicoanalítica del psicoanálisis versus enseñanza del psicoanálisis, esa es la cuestión!(AU)

Asunto(s)

RESUMEN

O autor reflete sobre o ensino na SPPA e aprofunda o exame de sua formação psicanalítica. Propõe uma discussão aberta e dialética sobre aspectos evolutivos, conflitivos e ideológicos que caracterizam sua história. São estabelecidas três fases do seu desenvolvimento e fatos marcantes que as delimitaram. Por ultimo, o autor conclui ser a existência de duas correntes opostas de opinião – conservadora e progressista – a responsável por distintas formas de conceber/executar o ensino e seus inevitáveis conflitos. Ensino psicanalítico de psicanálise versus ensino de psicanálise, eis a questão!

The author reflects on the education at SPPA and deepens the examination of his psychoanalytic training. He proposes an open and dialectical discussion about evolutionary, conflicting and ideological aspects, which characterize his history. Three phases of its development and milestones are established. Finally, the author concludes that the existence of two opposing currents of opinion – conservative and progressive – are responsible for different forms of understating and fulfilling the education and its inevitable conflicts. Psychoanalytic education of psychoanalysis versus education of psychoanalysis, this is the question!

El autor reflexiona sobre la enseñanza en la SPPA y profundiza el examen de su formación psicoanalítica. Propone una discusión abierta y dialéctica sobre los aspectos evolutivos, conflictivos y ideológicos, que caracterizan su historia. Son establecidas tres etapas de su desarrollo y hechos memorables que las delimitaron. Por ultimo, el autor concluye ser la existencia de dos corrientes opuestas de opinión – conservadora y progresista – la responsable por distintas maneras de concebir/ ejecutar la enseñanza y sus inevitables conflictos. Enseñanza psicoanalítica del psicoanálisis versus enseñanza del psicoanálisis, esa es la cuestión!

Asunto(s)