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Objectives: The objective of the present study was to develop natural excipient-based solid lipid nanoparticles (SLN) of butenafine hydrochloride (BUTE) using a modified solvent emulsification technique and to evaluate the competence of aloe vera nanolipidgel in enhancing the penetration of BUTE. Materials and Methods: BUTE-SLNs were prepared using a 23 factorial design to correlate the effect of formulation components on the BUTE-SLN. Particle size, polydispersity index (PDI), zeta potential, entrapment performance, and drug loading were assessed in the formed SLNs. The fabricated BUTE-SLN was evaluated for transmission electron microscopy, fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, differential scanning calorimetry, and X-ray diffraction study studies and revealed the encapsulation of BUTE in lipid in the amorphous state. BUTE-SLN-based aloe vera gel was formulated and evaluated compared with the marketed product with respect to primary skin irritation, hydration, skin permeation, and antifungal activity. Results: The BUTE-SLN aloe vera gel, optimized for its formulation, features excellent slip properties and controlled drug release. DSC and XRD studies confirm its amorphous nature with effective drug entrapment. The gel provides enhanced skin deposition, improved antifungal activity, and reduced irritation. This makes it a cost-effective and innovative alternative to traditional dosage forms. BUTE-SLN promisingly showed no irritation, higher hydrating potential, slow and sustained release, and enhanced antifungal activity. With an aim to target deeper skin strata, minimize the side effects of drugs and symptomatic impact of fungal infection, and shorten the duration of therapy, BUTE-SLN was successfully prepared. The mean particle size and PDI were 261.25 ± 2.38 nm and 0.268 ± 0.01, respectively. Conclusion: BUTE-SLN gel offers improved topical delivery of BUTE with significantly higher compatibility and antifungal activity than the marketed formulation.

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Aim: The present study was conducted to compare three obturating materials-zinc oxide eugenol (ZOE), zinc oxide (ZO) powder with aloe vera gel, and Endoflas powder with aloe vera gel in primary molars. Materials and methods: The study was conducted on 45 primary molars with chronic infection. A total of 45 primary molars were divided into three groups of 15 each. Group I was obturated with ZOE paste, group II was obturated with ZO powder and aloe vera gel, and group III was obturated with Endoflas powder with aloe vera gel. Clinical and radiographic success and failure at 3, 6, and 9 months were evaluated. Results: A total of 15 molars in group I, 15 molars in group II, and 14 molars in group III showed clinical and radiographic success at the 9th-month follow-up. However, there was only one failure in group III during the 9th-month follow-up. Conclusion: It was concluded that all three groups showed promising results; ZOE is still considered standard material, whereas ZO powder with aloe vera gel can be used as an alternative to ZOE. Endoflas with aloe vera gel can also be used as an obturating material. How to cite this article: Mohile S, Sharma N, Asopa K, et al. Clinical and Radiographic Evaluation of Zinc Oxide Eugenol, Zinc Oxide Powder with Aloe Vera Gel, and Endoflas Powder with Aloe Vera Gel as an Obturating Material in Primary Molars: An In Vivo Study. Int J Clin Pediatr Dent 2024;17(2):168-172.

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In this research, Aloe Vera Gel (AVG) was incorporated into Unsaturated Polyester Resin (UPR) with jute-cotton union fabric to fabricate partially biodegradable composites. These composites were fabricated using a hand lay-up technique and characterized using Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), Thermogravimetry Analysis (TGA), thermal conductivity measurements, water absorption tests, degradation assessments, cracking tests, and Universal Testing Machine (UTM) analysis. The study found that increasing the percentage of AVG in the composites led to a decrease in thermal conductivity, indicating improved insulation properties. Samples reinforced with AVG showed enhanced resistance to damage from iron nails, with reduced scratching and fiber displacement observed. However, the addition of AVG resulted in decreased thermal, mechanical, and water resistance properties compared to composites without AVG. FTIR analysis demonstrated interactions between AVG and the matrix materials. In degradation tests, composites subjected to an alkali environment (PH = 11.96) showed the highest weight reduction (2.22 %) compared to those without AVG. Similarly, composites buried in soil exhibited greater weight loss (2.38 %) than their counterparts lacking AVG. Overall, the developed composite's reduced heat transfer rate suggests its potential application as an insulating material in environments such as rural poultry housing and the automotive industry.

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This study aimed to investigate the potential use of Aloe vera (AV) as a food additive given its critical importance in food safety and health. Specifically, the natural antimicrobial and antioxidant properties of AV were examined to prevent food spoilage and extend its shelf life. This study was conducted using commercially available aloe vera gel (AVG) and aloe vera extract (AVE). These samples were tested using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The analysis involves identifying and quantifying the components using natural helium gas. The antimicrobial and antifungal effects of these components were evaluated and compared with those reported in the literature. GC-MS analysis revealed that the Aloe vera gel and extract contained various volatile components, including phenolic compounds, anthraquinone glycosides, and different esters. According to GC-MS results of the two different forms of AV, the main volatile compounds of the gel form were levoglucosan, tridecanoic acid, decanoic acid methyl ester, octadecanoic acid methyl ester, octadecanoic acid, nonadeca-1.18-diyn-4.16-diol and squalene, whereas the extract form contained volatile compounds with antifungal activity such as tridecanoic acid, octadecanoic acid methyl ester, octadecanoic acid, nonanoic acid and eicosyl acetate. Both samples exhibited antimicrobial and antifungal activities, especially against pathogens such as Staphylococcus aureus, Candida albicans, Aspergillus niger, and Escherichia coli. This study demonstrated the potential of Aloe vera gel and extract as a natural preservative for use in food because of its constituent components. This study highlights the potential use of Aloe vera as a natural additive in the food industry. Due to its antimicrobial and antifungal properties, Aloe vera offers an organic alternative to chemical additives. Aloe vera is effective at preventing food spoilage and extending shelf life, making it a suitable option for meeting consumer demand for organic and natural products.

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Antimicrobial resistance is a menace to public health on a global scale. In this regard, nanomaterials exhibiting antimicrobial properties represent a promising solution. Both metal and metal oxide nanomaterials are suitable candidates, even though their mechanisms of action vary. Multiple antimicrobial mechanisms can occur simultaneously or independently; this includes either direct contact with the pathogens, nanomaterial uptake, oxidative stress, ion release, or any of their combinations. However, due to their specific properties and more particularly fast settling, existing methods to study the antimicrobial properties of nanoparticles have not been specifically adapted in some cases. The development of methodologies that can assess the antimicrobial properties of metallic nanomaterials accurately is necessary. A cost-effective methodology with a straightforward set-up that enables the easy and quick assessment of the antimicrobial properties of metal nanoparticles with high accuracy has been developed. The methodology is also capable of confirming whether the killing mechanism involves ionic diffusion. Finally, Aloe Vera gel showed good properties for use as a medium for the development of antimicrobial ointment.

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INTRODUCTION: Capecitabine has been widely prescribed to treat various cancers. The hand foot syndrome (HFS) is the most troublesome adverse effect. Urea cream has been pre-emptively co-prescribed, even though its efficacy is doubtful. Aloe vera gel with urea cream might potentiate each other. This trial was intended to prove the efficacy of this combination. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The investigators conducted a randomized single-blinded phase II study. The participants were randomized 1:1 to receive the combination of aloe vera gel and 10% urea cream (n = 30), the experimental A+U arm and 10% urea cream alone (n = 31), the U arm. The sample size was calculated to have 90% power to show the significant 20% reduction in the incidence of HFS grade 2-3 of the combination therapy with alpha level = 0.05. Both the CTCAE criteria version 5 and the dermatology life quality index (DLQI) were assessed to determine the severity of HFS and quality of life, respectively. RESULTS: Most of the participants had rectal cancer (A+U: 43.3%; U: 41.9%). In the A+U group, 86.7% had grade 0-1 HFS and 13.3% had grade 2-3 HFS. In the U group, 64.5% had grade 0-1 HFS and 35.5% had grade 2-3 HFS (Mann-Whitney U test, p = 0.045). Grade 2-3 HFS was significantly lower in the combination group. CONCLUSION: Combination of aloe vera gel and 10% urea cream ameliorated the severity of HFS in participants taking capecitabine; however, no significant difference in DLQI between the groups was demonstrated.

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BACKGROUND: Various herbal and natural products have been used for multiple purposes in medicine due to recent interest and advancements in the field of alternative medicine. For the past few millennia, aloe vera has been used as medicine. Its anti-inflammatory and antibacterial properties have been proven to reduce periodontal disease. AIM: In patients with generalised chronic periodontitis, this study examined the impact of aloe vera hydrogel in conjunction with scaling and root planing (SRP). METHODS: Sixty patients with generalised chronic periodontitis were enrolled in this study and split into two groups: Group 1 (control) - SRP alone (n=30) and Group 2 (test) - Aloe vera hydrogel with SRP (n=30). Clinical parameters related to periodontal disease, such as plaque index (PI), clinical attachment level (CAL), and probing depth (PD) were measured at baseline and three months after the procedure, and the results were compared using Statistical Product and Service Solutions (SPSS, version 23.0; IBM SPSS Statistics for Windows, Armonk, NY) software. A p-value of <0.05 indicated that the result was statistically significant. RESULTS: When comparing both groups' third-month periodontal clinical parameters to the baseline, there was a significant improvement (p<0.05). In the third month, the test group showed better improvement in PD and CAL than the control group (p<0.05). CONCLUSION: The combination of SRP and aloe vera hydrogel greatly improved periodontal clinical parameters. However, studies with long-term follow-up assessing the efficacy of other modes of delivering aloe vera and also its effect on microbiological and immunological parameters are warranted in the future to substantiate these findings.

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Objective: The experiment evaluated how Aloe vera gel (AVG) extract supplementation affected immune responses and physiological performances in broiler chickens. Materials and Methods: 90-day-old Cobb 500 broiler chicks were reared for 38 days without the addition of antibiotics, either through feed or water. At 10 days, chicks were allocated into three groups: A, B, and C (n = 30). Group A served as non-supplemented control. Groups B and C were administered aqueous extracts of AVG at 1.0% and 2.0%, respectively, with drinking water. Results: The supplementation of AVG potentiated the chicken immune response to Newcastle disease-vaccinated birds and sheep red blood cell-treated birds, which detected the highest antibody titers against Newcastle disease virus and sRBC. The cellular immune response evaluated through a cutaneous basophilic hypersensitivity test using phytohemagglutinin-P demonstrated a significant increase in skin thickness in AVG-supplemented birds. The relative sizes of lymphoid organs (bursa, spleen, and thymus) were significantly enhanced (p < 0.05) among the groups. Broilers given AVG-1 and AVG-2 exhibited significantly greater (p < 0.01) live body weight, dressing percentages, and serum protein and serum albumin levels. The supplemented groups experienced a significant reduction in total serum cholesterol, triglycerides, and low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol values, while the levels of high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol remained unchanged. The dietary aqueous extracts of AVG are effective in enhancing innate and specific immunity. Conclusion: This work strengthens the perspective of the use of AVG as an immune stimulant to facilitate recovery from immune suppression states, enhance innate and specific immunity, and improve broiler growth performance.

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Aloe vera (AV) gel extracted from fresh AV leaves was chosen in this study to evaluate its antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and antiapoptotic activities against cadmium (Cd) -induced liver injury. Forty Wistar male adult rats were equally divided into four groups. Group I (standard control) ingested with 2.5 ml/kg b.w. of physiological saline. Group II (Cd-intoxicated) received 3 mg/kg b.w./day of CdCl2 dissolved in saline. Group III (AV) received 200 mg/kg b.w./day of AV gel dissolved in saline. Group IV (Cd+AV) ingested with 200 mg/kg b.w./day of AV gel solution along with 3 mg/kg b.w. CdCl2. All groups were ingested orally by gavage for 3 consecutive weeks. Paraoxonase-1 (PON-1) and HSP70 were measured in serum. The deposited Cd level, nitric oxide content, lipid peroxidation, collagen-1 (COL-1), and metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9) levels were all determined in liver tissue homogenates. Gene expression of NF-κB and IL-6, Bax, and Bcl2, as well as immunohistochemistry analysis of activated caspase-3, was performed. Results showed that ingestion of AV gel greatly relieved all oxidative stress due to Cd exposure, modulated the NF-κB, IL-6, Bax, and Bcl2 expression levels, and improved the apoptotic state. In conclusion, AV gel confirmed its potential ameliorating effect against liver injury induced due to Cd exposure.

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This study investigated the impact of chitosan (CH, 1%) and aloe vera gel (AL, 30%) edible coatings on the preservation of blue honeysuckle quality during a 28-day storage at -1 °C. Coating with CH, AL, and CH+AL led to notable enhancements in several key attributes. These included increased firmness, total soluble solids, acidity, pH, and antioxidant capacity (measured through DPPH, ABTS, and FRAP assays), as well as the preservation of primary (ascorbic acid) and secondary metabolites (TPC, TAC, and TFC). The TAC and TFC levels were approximately increased by 280% and 17%, respectively, in coated blue honeysuckle after 28 d compared to uncoated blue honeysuckle. These coatings also resulted in reduced weight loss, respiration rate, color, abscisic acid, ethylene production, and malondialdehyde content. Notably, the CH+AL treatment excelled in preserving secondary metabolites and elevating FRAP-reducing power, demonstrating a remarkable 1.43-fold increase compared to the control after 28 days. Overall, CH+AL exhibited superior effects compared to CH or AL treatment alone, offering a promising strategy for extending the shelf life and preserving the quality of blue honeysuckle during storage.

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BACKGROUND: Aloe Vera has a strong analgesic and anti-inflammatory effect, and its use effectively controls pain. This study aimed to determine the effect of Aloe Vera gel versus saline on pain relief of pressure ulcers. METHODS: This study is a double-blind, randomized clinical trial conducted in Valiasr Hospital in Arak, Markazi Province, in the center of Iran from May 2020 to April 2022. Using the available sampling method, 95 patients with pressure ulcers were assessed for eligibility, 64 patients were selected, 33 patients were placed in the experimental and 34 patients in control. For the experimental group, the ulcers were first cleaned with normal saline to remove the slough and then the already prepared Aloe Vera gel was evenly applied. For control groups, the ulcers were first washed with normal saline to remove off the slough and then covered with a sterile cotton gage, and the wound was tightly bandaged with a cotton roll to keep the "daily dressing" in place. A visual pain scale was used to assess the patient's pain level. Data analysis was done using SPSS 17. Descriptive statistics, ANOVA, and greenhouse tests were used. The significance level was 0.05. RESULTS: The results showed that the average pain score in both groups had a downward trend; that is, both dressings effectively reduced pressure ulcer pain (P < 0.001). The greenhouse test results showed that the difference between the two groups was significant (P < 0.001). CONCLUSION: The results showed the effect of Aloe Vera gel in reducing pressure ulcer pain. Dressing with Aloe Vera gel is preferable to reducing pain during dressing changes in patients with pressure ulcers. TRIAL REGISTRATION: Iranian Registry of Clinical Trials IRCT20180715040478N2, 2021-08-17.

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Aloe vera (Aloe barbadensis Miller) gel is a frequently used ingredient in many food pro-ducts, particularly beverages, due to its reported health benefits. Studies have identified acemannan, a polysaccharide rich in mannose units which are partially or fully acetylated, as the primary bioactive compound in Aloe vera gel. The acemannan content and its degree of acetylation (DA) were measured in 15 different commercial beverages containing Aloe vera at varying concentrations (from 30% to 99.8%) as listed on the label. Other biopolymers such as pectins, hemicelluloses, and cellulose were also evaluated. Flavoured beverages (seven samples labelled as containing from 30% to 77% Aloe vera) presented low levels of acemannan (<30 mg/100 g of fresh sample) and were fully deacetylated in most cases. These samples had high levels of other polymers such as pectins, hemicelluloses, and cellulose, likely due to the addition of fruit juices for flavour. Unflavoured beverages (eight samples, with Aloe vera concentrations above 99% according to their labels) had variable levels of acemannan, with only three containing more than 160 mg/100 g of fresh sample. In fact, four samples had less than 35 mg acemannan/100 g of fresh sample. DA levels in all but one sample were lower than 35%, possibly due to processing techniques such as pasteurization causing degradation and deacetylation of the acemannan polymer. Legislation regarding Aloe vera products is limited, and manufacturers are not required to disclose the presence or quality of bioactive compounds in their products, leaving consumers uncertain about the true properties of the products they purchase.

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In this research work, hog plum (Spondius mangifera L.) was treated with Aloe vera gel (AVG) coating and paraffin wax-coated box (PWB) packaging and stored at ambient condition (25 ± 3 °C and 80-85% relative humidity) for 12 d to evaluate their impact on postharvest quality and storability. The physicochemical properties, microbiological analysis, and decay evaluation were analyzed throughout the storage period. The AVG and PWB coating treatments both demonstrated a significant effect on the quality of fruits during storage. The results showed that fruits with AVG coating and PWB packaging exhibited lower decay rates, weight loss, color difference, total microbial population, total soluble solids, titratable acidity, and higher fruit firmness and pH than uncoated (control) fruits. The AVG coating was the most effective treatment, followed by the PWB packaging treatment. Our findings show that the AVG coating and PWB packaging treatment can be a promising solution for preserving the quality of hog plums and also helps in increasing the lifetime of hog plums during storage.

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The high water-soluble films are commonly used in food coating and food encapsulation. In this study, the effect of Aloe vera gel (AV) and ε-polylysine (ε-PL) on the comprehensive properties of films based on guar gum (GG) were investigated. When GG to AV was 8:2, the GG:AV:ε-PL composite films (water solubility = 68.50%) had an 82.42% higher water solubility than pure guar gum (PGG) films (water solubility = 37.55%). Compared with PGG films, the composite films more transparent, better thermal stability and elongation at break. X-ray diffraction and SEM analysis showed the composite films were amorphous structures and the AV and ε-PL did not change the structure of PGG. FITR analysis confirmed the formation of hydrogen bonds within the composite films. Antibacterial properties showed the composite films had a good antibacterial effect against Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus. Therefore, the composite films can be a new option of high water-soluble antibacterial food packaging materials.

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The study objective was to examine the role of a formulation, UP360, containing rosemary and Poria cocos extracts and Aloe vera gel powder, in healthy adults on supporting immune function with influenza vaccination. A 56-day randomized, triple-blind, placebo-controlled, parallel study consisted of a 28-day pre-vaccination period, an influenza vaccination on Day 28 and a 28-day post-vaccination period. Men and women ages 40-80 who had not yet been vaccinated for the flu were randomized to UP360 or Placebo (n = 25/group). At baseline, Days 28 and 56, blood lymphocyte populations, immunoglobulins (Ig), and cytokines were measured, and quality of life (QoL) questionnaires administered. The Wisconsin Upper Respiratory Symptom Survey (WURSS)-24 was completed daily by participants to measure incidence of upper respiratory tract infection (URTIs). In the post-vaccination period, TCR gamma-delta (γδ+) cells, known as γδ T cells, increased with UP360 supplementation compared to Placebo (p < 0.001). The UP360 group had a 15.6% increase in influenza B-specific IgG levels in the post-vaccination period (p = 0.0006). UP360 significantly increased the amount of circulating glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) from baseline at Day 28 (p = 0.0214), an enzyme that is important for neutralizing free radicals. While UP360 supplementation initially decreased levels of anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-1RA in the pre-vaccination period, IL-1RA levels were increased in the post-vaccination period (p ≤ 0.0482). Levels of IL-7 increased from baseline at Day 56 with UP360 supplementation (p = 0.0458). Despite these changes in immune markers, there were no differences in URTI symptoms or QoL between UP360 and Placebo. These results suggest UP360 supplementation was beneficial in eliciting a healthy, robust immune response in the context of vaccination. No changes in subjective measures of URTI illness or QoL demonstrated that participants' QoL was not negatively impacted by UP360 supplementation. There were no differences in clinical chemistry, vitals or adverse events confirming the good safety profile of UP360. The trial was registered on the International Clinical Trials Registry Platform (ISRCTN15838713).

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Since ancient times, medicinal plants have been used as traditional medicine to treat a variety of ailments. Aloe vera (AV) gel's therapeutic potential is one of the most effective approach in the fabrication of functional materials. The current study aimed to prepare the AV and chitosan (CS) membranes using various cross-linkers that were characterized using X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Fourier transform-infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy, thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA), and ultraviolet-visible (UV-Visible) techniques, as well as swelling ratio and antimicrobial studies. SEM analysis revealed that the membrane is porous, with interconnected pores. The inclusion of AV contents in the membrane improved thermal stability and crystallinity. The swelling ratio of the ACPG-3 membrane with a 2:1 CS to AV ratio was 366%. The membranes showed promising antimicrobial activity against Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus subtilis, and Pasteurella multocida strains. The findings revealed that polymeric CS/AV membranes have effective potential for use in the biomedical field.

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BACKGROUND: Medicinal herbs as classes of additives to poultry feeds have proven to be beneficial due to their antioxidant, antimicrobial and antifungal properties. OBJECTIVE: A 6-week study was conducted to assess the effects of Aloe vera (Aloe barbadensis M.) as an alternative to antibiotics on the growth performance, carcass traits and haemato-biochemical parameters of broiler chickens. METHODS: A total of 240 unsexed commercial broiler chickens, 2 weeks old, were randomly allocated to four treatments: T1 (negative control), T2 (positive control, 1 g/L oxytetracycline), T3 (0.5% Aloe vera gel extract) and T4 (1% Aloe vera gel extract) in a completely randomised design (CRD), with six replicates of 10 birds per replicate. The Aloe vera gel extract was administered in fresh drinking water. RESULTS: The results revealed across all the treatment groups, no significant (p > 0.05) differences were found in terms of growth performance and carcass traits. However, the mortality rate was significantly lower (p < 0.05) in the positive control and the Aloe vera groups compared to the negative control. Total cholesterol, total glucose, and high-density lipoprotein values for the experimental groups (T3 and T4) were significantly (p < 0.05) lower than those of the control groups. The values for red blood cell count, haemoglobin content, mean corpuscular haemoglobin and mean corpuscular haemoglobin concentration for the birds treated with Aloe vera gel were significantly (p < 0.05) higher than those of the control groups. CONCLUSIONS: It is therefore concluded that the addition of Aloe vera gel extracts up to 1% in the drinking water could replace antibiotics in broiler chickens without any adverse effects on the health status and the performance of birds.

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Impairment of intestinal epithelium barrier is a hallmark of gut pathology. Cell death can compromise barrier function and impair epithelial restitution directly or indirectly in inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). Our previous work demonstrated that glucomannan from Aloe vera gel (AGP) protected mice from DSS-induced colitis, with unclear mechanism of AGP-intestinal barrier interactions. Here, AGP maintained the integrity of intestinal barrier in colitis mice. RNA-Sequencing results indicated that pathways related to anoikis (apoptosis induced by loss of cell-matrix interaction), mitochondrial function and oxidative stress were significantly altered in the process of AGP-intestinal barrier interaction. Further experiments confirmed that AGP activated Nrf2, decreased ROS levels, mitigated mitochondrial dysfunction and anoikis of colonic epithelial cells in mice. Intriguingly, AGP reversed oxidative stress and mitochondrial dysfunction induced by knockdown or inhibitor (ML385) of Nrf2 in IEC-6 cells, which indicated the essential role of Nrf2-mitochondrial axis in the intestinal protective function of AGP. In addition, AGP alleviated anoikis caused by impaired mitochondrial function. Hence, this current work indicated that AGP might maintain intestinal barrier integrity by mitigating anoikis mediated by Nrf2-mitochondria axis. These findings provide new evidence into the effect of polysaccharides maintaining intestinal barrier integrity.

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This trial was designed to evaluate the effect of a standardized capsule of Aloe vera gel (AVG) on the quality of life (QOL) in patients with systolic heart failure (HF). Forty-two patients were randomly divided into two groups to receive either AVG 150 mg or harmonized placebo capsules twice a day for 8 weeks. The patients were evaluated before and after the intervention using the Minnesota Living with Heart Failure Questionnaire (MLHFQ), New York Heart Association (NYHA) functional class, six-minute walk test (6MWT), Insomnia Severity Index (ISI), Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) and STOP-BANG questionnaires. Post-intervention, AVG group indicated a significant reduction in the total score of MLHFQ (p < 0.001). The changes in MLHFQ and NYHA class were statistically significant after taking medication (p < 0.001 and p = 0.004, respectively). The change of 6MWT in the AVG group was more advanced; however, it was not statistically significant (p = 0.353). Moreover, in the AVG group, the severity of insomnia and obstructive sleep apnea decreased (p < 0.001, p = 0.01 respectively) and the sleep quality improved as well (p < 0.001). There were significantly fewer adverse events reported in the AVG group (p = 0.047). Therefore, AVG combined with standard medical therapy could provide more clinical benefits for patients with systolic HF.

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These days an extensive amount of the attention of researchers is focused towards exploring bioactive compounds of natural or herbal origin for therapeutic intervention in different ailments of significant importance. One such novel bioactive compound that has a variety of biological properties, including anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activities, is piperine. However, until today, piperine has not been explored for its potential to improve inflammation and enhance healing in acute and chronic wounds. Therefore, the present study aimed to investigate the wound healing potential of piperine hydrogel formulation after topical application. Hydrogels fit the need for a depot system at the wound bed, where they ensure a consistent supply of therapeutic agents enclosed in their cross-linked network matrices. In the present study, piperine-containing carbopol 934 hydrogels mixed with Aloe vera gels of different gel strengths were prepared and characterized for rheological behavior, spreadability, extrudability, and percent (%) content uniformity. Furthermore, the wound healing potential of the developed formulation system was explored utilizing the excision wound healing model. The results of an in vivo study and histopathological examination revealed early and intrinsic healing of wounds with the piperine-containing bioactive hydrogel system compared to the bioactive hydrogel system without piperine. Therefore, the study's findings establish that the piperine-containing bioactive hydrogel system is a promising therapeutic approach for wound healing application that should be diligently considered for clinical transferability.

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