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This study investigated marula seed cake (MSC) as alternative protein source (APS) replacing soyabean meal (SBM) in indigenous chicken diets. Four hundred, 3-week-old Boschveld chicks were randomly allocated to 5 iso-energetic-nitrogenous maize and SBM-based grower diets with 0, 10, 15, 20, and 25 % MSC, each with 5 replicate pens of 16 birds, in a completely randomised design (CRD), for 9 weeks. Results showed that dietary MSC quadratically decreased bird overall feed intake (FI) (P < 0.001) and body weight gain (BWG) (P < 0.01) as it linearly decreased the weights of hot carcass (HCW; P < 0.05), spleen (P < 0.05), jejunum (P < 0.05), ileum (P < 0.001), and caecum (P < 0.001). In contrast, MSC increased chicken serum glucose (P < 0.05), cholesterol (P = 0.001) and phosphate (P < 0.05) as it decreased its amylase activity (P < 0.01). Also, it decreased bird meat lightness at 45 min (P < 0.05) and its yellowness at 45 min (P < 0.001) and 24 h (P < 0.001) whilst it increased its redness at 45 min (P < 0.01) and 24 h (P < 0.05) post-slaughter. In addition, MSC decreased chicken bone medial diaphysis (P < 0.05) as it induced no effects (P > 0.05) on overall feed conversion efficiency (FCE) and all other parameters. In conclusion, feeding of ≤ 15 % dietary MSC is nutritionally safe for indigenous chickens whilst detrimental on bird appetite, growth and meat yield, however without significantly affecting their physiology, at higher inclusion levels.

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The management of side streams from the food industry, especially oil and dairy by-products, has become an important issue linked to the European Commission's recommendations for a circular economy. This study aimed to obtain sustainable food additives in the form of soluble-type powders composed of whey and recovered phenolics originating from sunflower seed cake. In order to valorise these di-blend products, the powders were characterised in terms of their physical, chemical, and sensory attributes. Based on the study findings, the addition of sunflower seed cake washouts (SSCWs) to whey (Wh) decreased the dry matter in the feed that affected the viscosity and drying yield. The addition of SSCWs did not have a significant effect on the physical properties of powders, except for colour. By-product management proposed in the study resulted in the production of nutritious and ready-to-use products in powder form with improved functional properties in terms of phenolic compounds and antioxidant capacity. The powders were sensorially appealing with a tangy sourness entwined with a delicate interplay of sweet and salty flavours, which can be easily incorporated into different types of foodstuffs.

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The fruit processing industry generates large quantities of by-products well known to be rich in bioactive compounds with numerous nutritional properties and beneficial effects for human health. We developed a strategy to valorise raspberry seeds and obtain valuable ingredients with potential application in cosmetic skincare formulas. Cold press extraction technology was applied to extract oil, and the remaining defatted raspberry seed cake was treated with three proline based deep eutectic solvents (DES) to extract polyphenols. The most potent was proline/citric acid extract, with free and total ellagic acid content (52.4 mg/L and 86.4 mg/L), total phenolic content (TPC, 550.1 mg GAE/L) and radical scavenging activity (RSA, 4742.7 mmol TE/L). After the direct mixing of the extract and after encapsulation with starch as a carrier, the skincare emulsion and microemulsion were characterised by irritation potential (Zein test), transepidermal water loss (TEWL), red blood cell (RBC), and DPPH antioxidant test. The resulting preparations were of improved quality in comparison to the control hand cream, with a low skin irritation effect, lower TEWL, and higher antioxidant potential. This work complies with circular economy principles and green technology standards, and represents the efficient model on how to reuse natural resources through waste minimization.

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A 10-week feeding experiment was performed to determine the impacts of partial substitution of soybean meal (SB) with pumpkin seed cake (PSC) in Oreochromis niloticus diets on water quality, growth rate, antioxidant capacity, immunity, and carcass composition. One hundred and fifty tilapia fish (average weight, 11.93 ± 0.17 g) were randomly allocated to five diets. The first diet (the basal diet) contained 420 g of SB per kg of feed. The remaining four diets, namely, D1, D2, D3, and D4, had SB partially replaced by PSC at 10%, 20%, 30%, and 40%, respectively. The results revealed that D4 and D1 significantly improved dissolved oxygen levels, while water temperature, pH, total ammonia, and nitrate levels were not significantly affected. Replacing SB with PSC significantly improved specific growth performance indicators and feed conversion compared to the control, with the D4 group showing the best values. Increasing PSC levels decreased serum glucose, aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase, cholesterol, and triglyceride levels. In contrast, the D4 group had higher globulin, albumin, total protein, and lysozyme serum levels. Moreover, fish-fed PSC had significantly increased superoxide dismutase, glutathione peroxidase, and catalase activities and significantly decreased malondialdehyde levels. Increasing PSC substitution levels in fish diets increased the ash and crude lipid contents in the bodies of the fish, while crude protein and moisture decreased. In conclusion, replacing SB with PSC in fish diets significantly enhances growth performance, feed conversion, and fish health. Moreover, the findings suggest that PSC can be a promising alternative protein source for sustainable aquaculture practices.

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This study investigated ameliorative effects of dietary oyster mushroom (Pleurotus ostreatus) spent substrate (OMSS) in broiler chickens fed diets supplemented with combined marula seed cake (MSC) and mucuna seed meal (MSM) replacing soya bean meal (SBM). In a completely randomised design (CRD), 400 day-old Ross 308 chicks were randomly allocated to 5 iso-nitrogenous-energetic diets (control with 100% SBM, control with 60% MSC and 40% MSM replacing SBM (MSC + MSM), MSC + MSM with 1.25% OMSS, MSC + MSM with 2.5% OMSS, and MSC + MSM with 5% OMSS) each with 8 replicate pens of 10 during starter, grower and finisher phases. Dietary MSC + MSM decreased (P < 0.001) feed intake (FI), body weight gain (BWG), and feed conversion efficiency (FCE); slaughter weight, hot carcass weight (HCW), cold carcass weight (CCW), breast weight, and back lengths (P < 0.001); serum SDMA and alanine transaminase (P < 0.05). In contrast, it increased the weights of the thigh (P < 0.001), wing (P < 0.01), liver (P < 0.001), proventriculus (P < 0.001), gizzard (P < 0.001), duodenum (P < 0.001), jejunum (P < 0.001), ileum (P < 0.001), and caecum (P < 0.01) and serum alkaline phosphatase (P < 0.05) and cholesterol (P < 0.01). Further, it increased meat redness and decreased its hue angle at 45 min post-slaughter (P < 0.01) whilst it decreased its pH (P < 0.01) and increased its shear force (P < 0.05) at 24 h post-slaughter. Compared to higher levels, low (1.25%) dietary OMSS improved, though limitedly, FI, BWG, and FCE at grower and finisher phases only (P < 0.001) whilst it reversed MSC plus MSM-induced deleterious effects on slaughter weight, HCW, and CCW (P < 0.001) and increases in gizzard weight (P < 0.001) and meat shear force at 24 h post-slaughter (P < 0.05). Otherwise, OMSS generally decreased (P < 0.05) serum SDMA and alanine transaminase whilst it abrogated and augmented increases in serum alkaline phosphatase (P < 0.05) and cholesterol (P < 0.01), respectively, and reversed the increase and decrease in meat redness (P < 0.01) and hue angle (P < 0.05), respectively. In conclusion, dietary replacement of SBM with combined MSC plus MSM induced deleterious effects in broiler chickens that were limitedly abrogated by low (1.25%) inclusion level of OMSS.

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BACKGROUND: Three different organic sunflower seed cakes, produced from seeds differing in the content of their hulls, were extracted by two different extraction methods - conventional extraction (CE) and ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE). The total phenolic compound (TPC) content of the extracts was evaluated using Folin-Ciocâlteu reagent (FCR) and high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The antioxidant capacity of extracts was evaluated with the Trolox equivalent antioxidant capacity (TEAC) and 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) assays. RESULTS: The results showed that both extracts displayed high TPC content and antioxidant capacity. The UAE method showed significantly higher TPC content and antioxidant capacity values than CE. Individual phenolic compounds such as chlorogenic acid (CGA) isomers (3-, 4- and 5-O-caffeoylquinic acids), di-CGA isomers, and feruloylquinic and coumaroylquinic acids were identified according to their exact masses by HPLC coupled to time-of-flight mass spectrometry. CONCLUSION: The results revealed that the UAE method could be used effectively to facilitate the extraction of phenolic compounds from sunflower seed cake. © 2023 The Authors. Journal of The Science of Food and Agriculture published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of Society of Chemical Industry.

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OBJECTIVE: Present study was to observe the therapeutic aspects of seed cake extracts of Ocimum sanctum against the oral cancer cell line with the activation of p53 apoptotic pathway. METHOD: Seed cake extracts were characterized using GC-MS analysis. Cytotoxic activity was observed on KB cells and L929 cell through MTT assay and scratch assay. Antioxidant activity on KB cells were determined using enzymatic and non enzyme content in the treated cells. Chick chorioallantoic membrane (CAM) was established to check the presence of blood vessel formation and neuvasculature pattern in the treated fertilized eggs. DNA fragmentation and gene expression studies were also determined in the treated cells to check the upregulation of apoptotic pathways. RESULTS: GC-MS analysis confirmed alkaloids, phenols, and many. The cytotoxic activity showed maximum antiproliferative potential with aqueous extract, whereas no cytotoxic effect was observed on L929 cells. The ethanolic and aqueous extract has shown a greater SI value. Scratch assay has signified that aqueous extract has a lower migration rate of KB cells. Aqueous extract showed maximum enzymatic activity and lower malondialdehyde content in cells treated with ethanolic extract. CAM model confirmed that eggs treated with aqueous extract has shown inhibition of vasculature pattern and dissolutions of blood vessels. DNA Fragmentation and Gene expression studies confirmed maximum fold in the KB cell treated with an aqueous extract of seed cake leading to activation of p53 dependent apoptotic pathway. CONCLUSION: The potent therapeutic properties of seed cake extracts have been proven, and they can be used as herbal treatments to prevent oral cancer.

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Hemp seed cake (HSC) (Cannabis sativa L.) is a rich source of polyunsaturated fatty acids, high-quality proteins and essential amino acids. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of dietary inclusion of HSC on growth performance, meat quality traits, fatty acids profile and oxidative status, and intestinal morphology in slow-growing broilers. A total of 180 male slow-growing broilers were randomly assigned to one of three dietary treatments containing different levels of HSC: 0 (HSC0), 5 (HSC5) or 10% (HSC10). Birds were slaughtered at 49 days of age: breast and thigh muscles were analysed and duodenum mucosa histomorphological features were evaluated. Regardless the level of HSC inclusion, no differences among groups were found for performance and meat quality traits. The thigh and breast fatty acid profile were significantly improved in both HSC groups, with an increase of the long chain fatty acids of n-3 series and decrease of n-6/n-3 ratio. The HSC diets lowered the MDA concentration and lipid hydroperoxides in breast meat. Histomorphometrical analysis revealed a significant increase in villus height, surface area and villus/crypt ratio, with a decrease of crypt depth, suggesting that dietary supplementation with HSC may boost intestinal health status in poultry. In conclusion, dietary HSC did not affect performance, carcass traits and meat quality, while it positively influenced the lipid profile of meat, and improved the oxidative status and gut health, thus representing a valuable and sustainable alternative ingredient in broiler diet.

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Titanium dioxide (Titania) nanoparticle-coated biochar derived through co-pyrolysis of COVID-19 waste face mask (WFM) and Moringa oleifera seed cake (MO) provides an effective way to alleviate toxic metal in wastewater. This study investigates the effects of Biochar/titania photocatalyst preparation, characterization, and its photoreduction of Cr(VI). The morphological and functional modifications in the catalyst were identified using X-Ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, ultraviolet spectrophotometer, surface area analysis, and Raman spectrophotometer, respectively. The influencing parameters, namely, pH, photocatalyst dosage, initial pollutant concentration, and visible light irradiation time, have been investigated. The findings reveal that the Cr(VI) reduction by the photocatalyst was highly facilitated by photocatalytic process. The prepared photocatalyst shows higher and faster reduction rate of Cr(VI) and also improves the catalyst stability. The photoreduction of Cr(VI) ensembles well with pseudo-first order kinetics. At 180 min of reaction time, maximum Cr(VI) reduction of 98.65% was achieved at pH 2, 0.3 g/L catalyst dosage, and 10 ppm initial concentration, respectively. The synthesized photocatalyst shows excellent recycling performance up to 7 times, and these studies proved that the prepared catalyst is cost-effective and efficiently employed for removing pollutants.

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Hempseeds are rich in bioactive phytochemicals, yet little is known about their bioavailability in tissues and excreta of animals fed hemp seed cake. The study evaluated the bioactive phytochemicals and their antioxidant activity in the blood, liver, meat, feces, and urine from goats fed finishing diets containing graded inclusions of hempseed cake (HSC). Twenty-five wether goats (26.8 ± 2.9 kg) of 4-5 months were randomly allocated to five experimental diets containing increasing levels of HSC (0, 25, 50, 75, 100 g/kg DM) substituted for soybean meal (SBM) as the main protein source. Goats were allowed for period of 21 days for adaptation, and blood, fecal, and urine samples were collected on the 28th day of the experiment. The liver and right longissimus thoracis et lumborum were respectively collected at 60 min and 24 h after slaughter. Linear increases (P ≤ 0.05) in blood, liver, and urine magnesium; fecal manganese; and fecal copper were observed with increasing HSC inclusion in the diet. Liver and fecal selenium exhibited a decreasing linear trend (P ≤ 0.05) with HSC increment in diets. Diet did not affect (P > 0.05) meat and urine mineral contents, except urine magnesium. The 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl, and 2,2'-azino-bis (3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) of the blood, liver, and meat linearly increased (P ≤ 0.05) with dietary inclusion of HSC. Blood and liver ferric reducing antioxidant power quadratically increased (P ≤ 0.05) with HSC inclusion reaching a maximum at 50 g/kg dry matter. Current results suggest that inclusion of HSC up to 100 g/kg substituting SBM in goat diets can improve bioavailability of bioactive phytochemicals in the blood, liver, and meat.

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Plant biomass colonized by macrofungi can contain molecules with bioactive properties with applications to human/animal health. This work aimed to verify antibacterial activities from aqueous extracts from oil seed cakes of Jatropha curcas (JSC) and cottonseed (CSC), fermented by macrofungi for probiotic bacteria cultivation. Coriolopsis sp., Tyromyces sp., Panus lecomtei, and Pleurotus pulmonarius were cultivated in solid and submerged media. The aqueous extract of unfermented JSC was more efficient than glucose for the growth of all probiotic bacteria. Extracts from four macrofungi fermented in CSC favored Lactobacillus acidophilus growth. In solid fermentation, macrofungi extracts cultivated in JSC favored Bifidobacterium lactis growth. All fungi extracts showed more significant growth than carbohydrates among the four probiotic bacteria evaluated. Regarding antimicrobial activities, no fungal extract or bacterial supernatant showed a more significant inhibition halo for enteropathogenic bacteria than ampicillin (control). Extracts from P. lecomtei and Coriolopsis sp. in CSC showed inhibition halos for Salmonella enterica. Supernatants from L. acidophilus, B. lactis, and Lactobacillus rhamnosus resulted in more significant inhibition of Staphylococcus aureus than the control, which indicates possible antimicrobial activity. Unfermented JSC supernatant showed better results for bacterial growth, while supernatants and aqueous extracts from CSC fermentation can be used for probiotic bacteria culture.

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Food-derived α-glucosidase inhibitory peptides have gained significant interest in treating type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) owing to their favorable safety profiles. Molecular docking combined with molecular dynamics simulation was performed to screen α-glucosidase inhibitory peptides from Ginkgo biloba seed cake (GBSC), and two novel peptides (Met-Pro-Gly-Pro-Pro (MPGPP) and Phe-Ala-Pro-Ser-Trp (FAPSW)) were acquired. The results of molecular docking and molecular dynamics simulation suggested that FAPSW and MPGPP could generate stable complexes with 3wy1, and the electrostatic and van der Waals forces played contributory roles in FAPSW and MPGPP binding to 3wy1. The α-glucosidase inhibition assay corroborated that FAPSW and MPGPP had good α-glucosidase inhibition capacity, with IC50 values of 445.34 ± 49.48 and 1025.68 ± 140.78 µM, respectively. In vitro simulated digestion results demonstrated that FAPSW and MPGPP strongly resisted digestion. These findings lay a theoretical foundation for FAPSW and MPGPP in treating T2DM.

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The aim of this trial was to evaluate the effect of partial replacement of noug seed cake (NSC) with housefly maggot meal (HFLM) on the growth performance, complete blood count, carcass traits, and gizzard erosion. A total of 120 twenty-seven-day-old Sasso chickens were divided into 4 groups in a completely randomized design. Four diets were prepared to replace NSC with HFLM at the rate of 0%, 20%, 40%, and 60%, labeled as C, T1, T2, and T3, respectively. During the 28-d trial, the chickens were provided feed and water ad libitum. Average daily feed intake (ADFI), final body weight (FBW), and feed conversion ratio (FCR) were not affected by increasing the dietary level of HFLM (P > 0.05). However, there was a difference (P < 0.05) in body weight gain (BWG) between the control and treatment groups, in which a higher BWG was achieved in T1. In this trial, the crude protein (CP), ether extract (EE), and gross energy (GE) in HFLM were 34.06%, 26.85%, and 3871 (kcal/kg), respectively. Blood indices including white blood cells, granulocytes, red blood cells, hemoglobin, and hematocrit were higher in treatment diets (P < 0.05) than in the control diets. No negative effects (P > 0.05) on carcass characteristics were found between the treated and control groups. Furthermore, no discrepancy (P > 0.05) in liver color scores and mortality rate were observed between the control and treatment diets. Surprisingly, feeding HFLM resulted in higher gizzard erosion scores (P < 0.05) in the group fed 40% HFLM. Overall, replacement of NSC at the rate of 20% HFLM in dual-purpose chicken feed produced higher BWG with no gizzard erosion and mortality.

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The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of substitution moringa seed cake (MSC) for soybean meal (SBM) in calves' rations on blood parameters and growth performance. Thirty-two crossbred calves (232 ± 6.75 kg) were divided into 4 groups (8 animals each). All animals were fed a ration of 30% Egyptian clover + 10% corn silage and 60% concentrate mix (CM). The first group (MSC0%) was fed the CM without any MSC (control), while the second (MSC25%), the third (MSC50%), and the fourth (MSC100%) groups were fed on 25%, 50% and 100% MSC by replacing SBM in CM respectively. Results revealed that MSC50% increased (P ≤0.05) most of nutritive values and digestibility compared with the tested groups. Also, MSC50% reduced (P ≤0.05) feed conversion of dry matter (DM), total digestible nutrient (TDN) and digestible energy (DE) compared to the tested groups. Also, MSC50% increased the total weight gain and net revenue by 13.50% and 22.75%, respectively, compared to control. While MSC100% lowered the total weight gain and net revenue by -7.67% and -4.20%, respectively, compared to control. Total protein and glucose were increased (P ≤0.05) by rations with 25% and 50% MSC compared with MSC (0% and100%). Moreover, adding MSC to animals' rations at different levels improved most of blood metabolites compared to control. Conclusion, moringa seed cake can be used as an alternative protein source to soybean meal in fattening calves rations at level up to 50% to improve growth performance and net profit without adverse effects.

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The camellia seed cake proteins (CP) used in this study were individually hydrolyzed with neutral protease, alkaline protease, papain, and trypsin. The results showed that the hydrolysate had the highest ACE inhibitory activity at 67.36 ± 0.80% after four hours of neutral protease hydrolysis. Val-Val-Val-Pro-Gln-Asn (VVVPQN) was then obtained through ultrafiltration, Sephadex G-25 gel chromatography separation, LC-MS/MS analysis, and in silico screening. VVVPQN had ACE inhibitory activity with an IC50 value of 0.13 mg/mL (198.66 µmol/L), and it inhibited ACE in a non-competitive manner. The molecular docking indicated that VVVPQN can combine with ACE to form eight hydrogen bonds. The results of the stability study showed that VVVPQN maintained high ACE-inhibitory activity in weakly acidic and neutral environments and that heat treatment (20-80 °C) and Na+, Mg2+, as well as Fe3+ metal ions had little effect on the activity of VVVPQN. Moreover, it remained relatively stable after in vitro simulated gastrointestinal digestion. These results revealed that VVVPQN identified in camellia seed cake has the potential to be applied in functional food or antihypertensive drugs.

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This research aimed to investigate the effects of replacing soybean meal with high-oil pumpkin seed cake (HOPSC) on ruminal fermentation, lactation performance, milk fatty acid, and ruminal bacterial community in Chinese dairy cows. Six multiparous Chinese Holstein cows at 105.50 ± 5.24 d in milk (mean ± standard deviation) and 36.63 ± 0.74 kg/d of milk yield were randomly allocated, in a 3 × 3 Latin square design, to 3 dietary treatments in which HOPSC replaced soybean meal. Group 1 was the basal diet with no HOPSC (0HOPSC); group 2 was a 50% replacement of soybean meal with HOPSC and dried distillers grains with solubles (DDGS; 50HOPSC), and group 3 was a 100% replacement of soybean meal with HOPSC and DDGS (100HOPSC). We found no difference in the quantity of milk produced or milk composition among the 3 treatment groups. Feed efficiency tended to increase linearly as more HOPSC was consumed. In addition, rumen fermentation was not influenced when soybean meal was replaced with HOPSC and DDGS; the relative abundance of ruminal bacteria at the phylum and genus levels was altered. We also observed that as the level of HOPSC supplementation increased, the relative abundance of Firmicutes and Tenericutes linearly increased, whereas that of Bacteroidetes decreased. However, with increasing HOPSC supplementation, the relative abundance of Ruminococcus decreased linearly at the genus level in the rumen, and the relative abundance of Prevotella showed a linear downward tendency. Changes in dietary composition and rumen bacteria had no significant effect on the fatty acid composition of milk. In conclusion, our results indicated that replacing soybean meal with a combination of HOPSC and DDGS can meet the nutritional needs of high-yielding dairy cows without adversely affecting milk yield and quality; however, the composition of rumen bacteria could be modified. Further study is required to investigate the effects of long-term feeding of HOPSC on rumen fermentation and performance of dairy cows.

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In recent years, food-derived hypoglycemic peptides have received a lot of attention in the study of active peptides, but their anti-diabetic mechanism of action is not yet clear. In this study, camellia seed cake protein (CSCP) was used to prepare active peptides with α-glucosidase inhibition. The optimization of the preparation of camellia seed cake protein hydrolyzed peptides (CSCPH) was conducted via response surface methodology (RSM) using a protamex with α-glucosidase inhibition as an indicator. The optimal hydrolysis conditions were pH 7.11, 4300 U/g enzyme concentration, 50 °C hydrolysis temperature, and 3.95 h hydrolysis time. Under these conditions, the α-glucosidase inhibition rate of CSCPH was 58.70% (IC50 8.442 ± 0.33 mg/mL). The peptides with high α-glucosidase inhibitory activity were isolated from CSCPH by ultrafiltration and Sephadex G25. Leu-Leu-Val-Leu-Tyr-Tyr-Glu-Tyr (LLVLYYEY) and Leu-Leu-Leu-Leu-Pro-Ser-Tyr-Ser-Glu-Phe (LLLLPSYSEF) were identified and synthesized for the first time by Liquid chromatography electrospray ionisation tandem mass spectrometry (LC-ESI-MS/MS) analysis and virtual screening with IC50 values of 0.33 and 1.11 mM, respectively. Lineweaver-Burk analysis and molecular docking demonstrated that LLVLYYEY was a non-competitive inhibitor of α-glucosidase, whereas LLLLPSYSEF inhibited α-glucosidase, which displayed a mixed inhibition mechanism. The study suggests the possibility of using peptides from Camellia seed cake as hypoglycaemic compounds for the prevention and treatment of diabetes.

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Wether goats (n = 7) were fed finishing diets containing either 0, 25, 50, 75 or 100 g/kg DM of hempseed cake (HSC) substituting soybean meal to evaluate chevon fatty acid, volatile and oxidative profiles. Feeding HSC diets linearly decreased (P < 0.05) chevon c9-16:1, 16:0, total saturated FA (SFA) and protein oxidation but linearly increased (P < 0.05) t9-18:1, t11-18:1, conjugated linoleic acids, n-3 polyunsaturated FA (PUFA), individual long-chain n-6 PUFA and antioxidant activity. On day 1 and 7 of retail display, diets containing 75 and 100 g/kg DM HSC had greater (P < 0.05) TBARS than the other diet × day interactions. Addition of HSC to the diet increased (P < 0.05) and preserved (P < 0.05) chevon contents of hexanal and methyl caprate throughout the retail display period. Overall, feeding HSC up to 100 g/kg DM enhances chevon profiles of healthful PUFA, desirable flavor volatiles and protein shelf-stability.

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To explore the effect and its mechanism of alkali-assisted phosphorylation on the functional properties of Camellia Oleifera seeds cake glutelin (CSCG), CSCG was treated with different concentration of sodium trimetaphosphate (STMP, 1.0, 2.0, 3.0, 4.0, and 5%, w/v) in different pH environment (3.0, 5.0, 7.0, 9.0, and 11.0). The results showed that alkali assist improved the phosphorylation degree of CSCG, and the optimum pH value is 9.0. FT-IR and XPS confirmed the successful modification of phosphate groups on CSCG through covalent interaction. Alkali-assisted phosphorylation decreased the particle size and increased electronegativity of CSCG, as well as changed in its surface hydrophobicity, crystallinity, and intrinsic fluorescence. All these changes of protein structure triggered by alkali-assisted phosphorylation led to the improvement of water solubility, water/oil absorption capacity, emulsifying ability, foamability, and in vitro digestibility of CSCG. This work could provide a theoretical basis for industrial production of CSCG with excellent functional properties.

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The present study focuses on the antiproliferative activity of polyphenolic flavonoids found in defatted seeds of Azadirachta indica and Momordica charantia with the regulatory function of tumor suppressor genes inducing Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma. Polyphenolic flavonoid in extracts was characterized using chromatographic analysis and has confirmed the presence of quercetin, rutin and tannic acid in the extracts of A. indica and M. charantia. According to DPPH assay and reducing power assays, free radical scavenging was found to be high in ethanolic extract of defatted seeds. Antiproliferative efficacies of defatted seed extracts against KB cell line (mouth) were studied by MTT assay and revealed that aqueous extract of defatted seeds of M. charantia has exhibited maximum antiproliferative activity against KB cells. Antioxidant activity of defatted seed extracts were observed on treated KB cells by determining enzymatic activity (SOD, Cat, and GST) and nonenzyme content (GSH and MDA Content). Using the AutoDock tool, quercetin, rutin and tannin acid revealed that mutant p53, TWIST related protein, TGF-ß and Snail I have the best binging energy results. MD simulation was observed on best docking results between the molecule and identified flavonoid by Desmond V 5.9 package . This leads to the conclusion that bioactive extracts with antiproliferative activity, antioxidant capacity and polyphenols with binding efficacy against tumor suppressor gene regulatory function could be used as a herbal remedy.Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma.

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