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This research study investigated the effectiveness of Rational Emotive Behavior Therapy (REBT) on depression and anxiety during the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic in Nigeria. REBT is used in correcting irrational beliefs and behaviors. This study adopted a randomized pretest, post-test, control group design. Two trial-tested instruments covering; depression, anxiety, and irrational beliefs were for data collection. Data obtained with the instruments were analyzed using mean, standard deviation, and analysis of variance. The study revealed that REBT was effective in reducing depression and death anxiety in COVID-19 patients. The result of this study also showed that the introduction of REBT helped to curb the spread of COVID-19 disease by letting Nigerians to know that the existence, mode of spread, and consequences of the disease is real and not a myth.

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Objective: Consequences of imprisonment include negative psychological effects, social stigma, and challenges for reintegrating into society. In this regard, this study aimed to investigate the effectiveness of Rational Emotive Behavior Therapy (REBT) on self-control and impulsivity among male prisoners. Method : A randomized controlled clinical trial (RCT) utilizing a design the included pretest, post-test, and follow-up assessment as well as a waiting-list control group was conducted. A total of 30 male prisoners were selected using convenience sampling and randomly assigned to experimental and waiting list control groups (the intervention group (n = 15) and the control group (n = 15)). The participants in the experimental group underwent the 12-session REBT intervention over a period of six weeks. (For six weeks). All participants responded to the Self- Control Scale (SCS) and Dysfunctional Impulsivity Questionnaire (DFIQ) as dependent variables at three time points (pretest, post-test, and one-month follow-up). A repeated measures analysis of variance was used to analyze the data. Results: The results revealed that after the implementation of the REBT intervention, the mean scores of self-control increased (P < 0.05), while the mean scores of impulsivity diminished significantly (P < 0.05). Furthermore, these changes remained relatively stable during the follow-up period (P < 0.05). Conclusion: Based on the findings of this study, it can be inferred that REBT intervention plays a significant role in diminishing self-control deficits and mitigating impulsivity among incarcerated individuals. These results present promising implications for the utilization of REBT in lowering recidivism rates.

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Rational Emotive Behavior Therapy's (REBT's) ABC model proposes that it is B, Beliefs about A, Activating events, not A, Activating events themselves, that create and control C, emotional Consequences. Codified beliefs such as scriptures and creeds are prominent in most religions. Integrating codified religious beliefs with REBT to help D, Dispute irrational beliefs has been studied in REBT for more than 50 years. Broad knowledge of religious cultures, scriptures, creeds, and wisdom literature is likely to help REBTers and other cognitive behavior therapists (CBTers) more effectively treat religious clients. We give a brief overview of the history, culture, doctrine, and scriptures of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, then give examples of REBT Disputations excerpted from religion integrative sessions with practicing Latter-day Saint clients. We present practice-based evidence for the effectiveness of this approach and offer suggestions for future study and research in integrating religion with REBT and CBT.

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BACKGROUND: Alexithymia, a subclinical cognitive-affective impairment, is prevalent in older people and increases the risk of mental disorders. There is a vast alexithymia treatment gap, with majority of older people in nursing homes lacking access to adequate mental health care. The study aimed to evaluate the effects of rational emotive behavior therapy (REBT) on alexithymia, anxiety, depression and sleep quality of older people in nursing homes. METHODS: This quasi-experimental study was conducted with two groups (the control group and intervention) from March to November 2021. This study enrolled 86 participants, two of whom were lost to follow-up; 42 received usual care (control group) and 42 received REBT based on usual care (intervention group) in nursing homes. The older people in both groups were evaluated at baseline (T0), within one-week post-intervention (T1), and at 3-month follow-up (T3). Generalized estimating equations were used by SPSS version 26 to assess the differential change in the outcomes between the two groups. RESULTS: The intervention group shows significantly greater improvement in alexithymia than the control group at both T1 (ß = -8.167, 95%CI= -10.965, -5.368, P < 0.001) and T2 (ß=-4.119, 95%CI= -7.171, -1.067, P = 0.008). The two groups showed significant differences at both T1 and T2 in both difficulty identifying feelings and difficulty describing feelings. Compared to the control group, the intervention group shows a significant improvement in sleep quality at T2 (ß = -2.048, 95%CI=-4.004, -0.091, P = 0.040). The two groups showed significant differences at both T1 and T2 in both sleep disturbance and daytime dysfunction. For depression and anxiety, no significant differences were found between the intervention and control groups. CONCLUSIONS: REBT showed to be an effective method for improving alexithymia and sleep quality of older people in nursing homes. However, it failed to significantly alleviate anxiety and depression at least in a short-term trial. Refining this intervention may have a broader, more substantial impact on future research.

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This study aims to demonstrate that applying rational emotional behavior theory (REBT) concepts can help to improve the psychological adaptation of future coaches in the post-pandemic era. The current research utilizes a qualitative approach with a sample of 14 future coaches, namely, students of the study program "Training systems" at Lithuanian Sports University. These students are also active athletes (basketball players). Interview questions were developed based on the ABC(DE) model, and answers were analyzed following the methodology of content analysis. In general, our findings fit the ABC(DE) framework. However, there are several important exceptions. During discussions, participants presented their basic beliefs in the form of statements rather than demands. The ABC(DE) framework predicts the latter. Furthermore, participants' automatic thoughts are not logical derivatives of their basic beliefs, contrary to the REBT theory. However, it is possible to interpret basic beliefs as an explanation for automatic thoughts, meaning that this interpretation seemingly does not contradict the theoretical principles of REBT. As such, REBT appears to be helpful for better understanding the psychological adaptation problems that arose during the pandemic and are relevant in the post-pandemic era.

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Hoarding is a common problem behavior worldwide and is detrimental to the physical and mental health of individuals and groups. Currently, effective interventions for hoarding are cognitive-behavioral therapies, but their post-intervention efficacy is questionable, and the available research does not examine the mediating variables of the effects of interventions on clinical outcomes. Moreover, current research on hoarding has focused on Western countries. Therefore, there is a need to investigate the efficacy of other forms of cognitive behavioral therapy on hoarding as well as other psychological outcomes related to hoarding and mediating variables that contribute to its effectiveness in different cultural contexts. One hundred thirty-nine college students with higher hoarding behaviors were randomly divided into three groups: 45 in the Acceptance and Commitment Therapy (ACT) group, 47 in the Rational Emotive Behavior Therapy (REBT) group, and 47 in the control group. They completed the Saving Inventory-Revised (SI-R), Obsessive-Compulsive Symptom Scale (OCSS), Difficulties in Emotion Regulation Scale (DERS), Experiences in Close Relationships Inventory-Attachment Anxiety Subscale (ECR), Depression Anxiety Stress Scales (DASS-21), Acceptance and Action Questionnaire II (AAQ-II), and Cognitive Fusion Questionnaire (CFQ) before and immediately after the intervention. The results showed that ACT and REBT improved individuals' psychological flexibility, cognitive fusion, acquisition-difficulty discarding, clutter, negative affect (anxiety, depression, stress), attachment anxiety, obsessive-compulsive disorder, and difficulty in emotion regulation compared to the control group. In addition, ACT was more effective than REBT in improving psychological flexibility and reducing hoarding, cognitive fusion, depression, stress, and obsessive-compulsive disorder; there were no significant differences between the two in anxiety and emotion regulation difficulties. Furthermore, psychological flexibility is a mediator of the effect of ACT and REBT on some behavioral and psychological outcomes (hoarding, negative affect, attachment anxiety). Limitations were discussed.

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Introduction: Substance use in Zambia is stigmatized and treatment access is limited. Over 30,000 people are homeless in Lusaka, where one-quarter of homeless youth report use. Zambia's Ministry of Health recently developed policies targeting alcohol, suggesting Chainama, the only mental health hospital, offer treatment. Together, they endorsed training in the curriculum studied in this paper. We hypothesized training Zambian professionals would improve their perceptions of substance users and treatment. We then explored if treatment using the curriculum, as delivered to clients by training participants, would encourage client motivation to change, participation in groups, and reduce substance use frequency. Methods: Part 1: One-hundred professionals were trained in a curriculum-based, literacy-free intervention employing cognitive behavioral and rational emotive behavior therapy techniques to explore 12 Steps of addiction recovery through Zambian art forms. Pre/post questionnaires captured perspectives around substance users and treatment. Part 2: Trained organizations delivered the curriculum in their communities. Twenty-five organizations rated feasibility and benefit of the curriculum. Data for 200 clients recorded pre/post motivation to change, open-sharing/participation, and frequency of substance use. Results: While training significantly modified professionals' perspectives regarding the value of offering treatment, their views of substance users did not change. Clients endorsed increases in "motivation to change" and "participation/open-sharing." Frequency of alcohol, marijuana, inhalant, and cigarette use significantly decreased. Conclusion: Training in the curriculum helped address a public health need, playing a role in increased motivational variables and decreased substance use. Research addressing this study's limitations is encouraged. Video abstract: For a video summary of this paper, please visit https://youtu.be/uDZTVxtzF1Y.

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Objective: This study aimed to explore the effects of our rational emotive behavior therapy (REBT) program on symptoms, anxiety, depression, and sleep state in patients with colorectal cancer (CRC) undergoing chemotherapy. Methods: From October 2020 to May 2021, fifty-six patients with CRC in a hospital in the Hunan Province were randomly divided into an intervention group (n = 28) and a control group (n = 28). The patients in the intervention group completed a 6-week REBT program based on routine nursing care, including four courses: 1) establish a relationship and formulate health files; 2) group communications and study symptom management; 3) continuously provide health knowledge and strengthen healthy behavior; and 4) review the treatment and summary. The control group maintained routine nursing care. The simplified Chinese version of the Memorial Symptom Assessment Scale Short Form (MSAS-SF-SC), the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS), and the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) scale were used to investigate and compare the intervention effects of the two groups at baseline (T1, before the intervention), four weeks (T2), and six weeks (T3) after the intervention. Results: The intervention group was significantly improved in symptoms, anxiety, depression, and sleep state, compared with the control group. At T2, MSAS-SF-SC (24.43 ± 4.26 vs.28.07 ± 3.91), symptom distress (17.29 ± 4.04 vs. 19.39 ± 3.59), symptom frequency (7.14 ± 1.51 vs. 8.68 ± 1.42), HADS (13.68 ± 3.38 vs. 15.86 ± 3.79), anxiety (3.89 ± 1.85 vs. 5.18 ± 2.18), and depression (9.79 ± 2.06 vs. 10.68 ± 2.23), showed that the difference between the two groups was statistically significant (P < 0.05). At T3, MSAS-SF-SC (23.89 ± 3.54 vs. 30.14 ± 3.94), symptom distress (17.61 ± 3.52 vs. 21.32 ± 3.57), symptom frequency (6.29 ± 1.49 vs. 8.82 ± 1.47), HADS (11.82 ± 2.57 vs. 16.29 ± 3.13), anxiety (3.21 ± 1.64 vs. 5.61 ± 1.77), and depression (8.61 ± 1.52 vs. 10.68 ± 1.81), showed that the difference between the two groups was statistically significant (P < 0.05). The sleep state of the intervention group was better than the control group at T3, with decreased score of PSQI [4.00 (3.00,8.00) vs. 9.00 (7.00,12.50), Z = -3.706, P < 0.001]. Conclusion: The 6-week REBT program can effectively improve the symptom, anxiety, depression, and sleep state of patients with CRC undergoing chemotherapy, which could as a care plan for patients with CRC who are repeatedly admitted to the hospital for chemotherapy.

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While the prioritization and rollout of vaccines against COVID-19 in most countries of the worldremains the only means to save the world from the novel coronavirus pandemic, which has continuedto disrupt the traditional way of life for everyone, the increased social anxiety that can help to reducevaccine hesitancy has been spared, especially in the developing nations. Therefore, this study aimedto adopt the Rational Emotive Behavior Therapy (REBT) counselling approach to manage socialanxiety among adolescents in the COVID-19 era. A quasi-experimental design (pre- post-test andcontrol group) was adopted. Using the multistage sampling technique, 88 adolescents were randomlyassigned to REBT (n= 43) and control groups n= 45). The results indicated that REBT significantlyreduced social anxiety with pre-test and post-test mean scores of 47.56 (47.56%) ± 6.58 and 30.23(30.23%) ±14.29, respectively. The main effect of REBT treatment was found to be significant (F2, 233= 41.82, p= .000). Conversely, the two-way interaction between treatment and gender was notstatistically significant. It was concluded that REBT is an effective counselling approach in reducingsocial anxiety among school-going adolescents, and that the treatment was not gender specific (AU)

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BACKGROUND: Research on traditional gender beliefs has highlighted their psychological impact and social implications for women. The purpose of this study was twofold. First, we aimed to adapt and validate the Spanish version of the Multicultural O'Kelly Women's Beliefs Scale. Next, we explored its sources of validity evidence in relation to intimate partner violence, stress, and depression. Based on the Rational Emotive Behavior Therapy framework, traditional gender beliefs were expected to be associated with higher levels of intimate partner violence, stress and depression. We also expected to obtain a psychometrically-sound factor structure of the Multicultural O'Kelly Women's Beliefs Scale. METHODS: A sample of Spanish women (N = 322) completed the Multicultural O'Kelly Women's Beliefs Scale, the Beck's Depression Inventory II, the Modified Conflict Tactics Scale, and the Stress Perceived Scale. To test the psychometric properties of the Multicultural O'Kelly Women's Beliefs Scale we implemented exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses and an analysis of the area under the curve. RESULTS: Regarding the psychometric properties of the scale, statistical analysis revealed a one-factor dimensionality (Global traditionalism) and supported a reduction of items in the original instrument. The abbreviated version (eight items) obtained the best fit indices. Considering the association between traditional gender beliefs and psychological outcomes, we found that traditional gender beliefs were associated with increased severity of stress, depressive symptoms and reciprocal verbal aggression. CONCLUSION: The Spanish adaptation of the Multicultural O'Kelly Women's Beliefs Scale provided a very short, psychometrically robust and clinically relevant measure of traditional gender beliefs. In addition to the association between traditional gender beliefs and mental health outcomes, an important finding was the relationship between traditional gender beliefs and intimate partner violence. Our scale might be used in clinical settings by helping women to identify their traditional gender beliefs and replace them by healthy and goal-oriented beliefs, which would also contribute in achieving a more egalitarian society.

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BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES: Neuro-developmental disorders impose a wide range of learning barriers on learners, increasing stress among their teachers. Evidence attests to the heightened stress among teachers teaching children with such conditions. This study tested the efficacy of blended Rational Emotive Behavior Therapy in reducing job stress among teachers of children with neuro-developmental disorders in Abia State, Nigeria. METHOD: The current study adopted a group-randomized waitlist control trial design with pretest, post-test, and follow-up assessments. Participants (N = 83) included teachers of children with neuro-developmental disorders in inclusive and specialized schools. The blended Rational Emotive Behavior Therapy group participated in a 2 h intersession face-to-face and online Rational Emotive Behavior Therapy (REBT) program weekly for 12 weeks. Data were collected using the Single Item Stress Questionnaire, Teachers' Stress Inventory, and Participants' Satisfaction questionnaire. The waitlisted group also received a blended Rational Emotive Behavior Therapy intervention after all data collection. Data collected at baseline; post-test as well as follow-up 1 and 2 evaluations were analyzed using mean, standard deviation, t-test statistics, repeated measures analysis of variance, and charts. RESULTS: Results revealed that the mean perceived stress, stress symptoms, and the total teachers' stress score of the blended Rational Emotive Behavior Therapy group at post-test and follow-up assessments reduced significantly, compared to the waitlisted group. Participants also reported a high level of satisfaction with the therapy and procedures. CONCLUSION: From the findings of this study, we conclude that blended Rational Emotive Behaviour Therapy is efficacious in occupational stress management among teachers of children with neuro-developmental disorders.

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The improvement or acquisition of socioemotional skills contributes to the academic and personal adaptation of university students. The way students think about themselves and others influence their social skills and well-being. Considering the importance of social competence for professional practice in the face of new social realities, the university must invest in programs that promote the socio-emotional development of students. This study compared the effects of interventions based on Rational Emotive Behavior Therapy and Psychoeducation on assertive skills and subjective well-being. This study involved 25 undergraduate students of a public university. The students were randomly allocated to three groups, including the Control group, and they were evaluated by means of questionnaires, inventories, scales, and written evaluation of the group process. The program consisted of 10 meetings and a 6-week follow-up. Irrational beliefs were reduced and their assertive skills' scores increased in the post-intervention and follow-up evaluations, regardless of the group. Only verbal reports from participants indicated an increase in well-being. The students' written reports after the end of the meetings indicate that the two forms of intervention were evaluated as promoting change by the students. One of the limitations of the study is the size of the groups. Despite the very small sample size, the study highlights that developing a set of flexible beliefs is fundamental to the exercise of assertiveness.

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BACKGROUND: Over 30% of adults with congenital heart disease (CHD) experience depression. OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the effectiveness of Rational Emotive Behavior Therapy (REBT) in reducing depressive symptoms in adults with CHD. METHODS: Forty-two adults with CHD were recruited from an outpatient clinic and randomized to a study group (n = 21), which comprised 8-weekly group-based counseling sessions, or a control group (n = 21), which received usual care. REBT effectiveness was examined using the Hamilton Depression Rating Scale, Beck Depression Inventory, Shorten General Attitude and Belief Scale, and salivary cortisol levels before therapy, after the last session, and at follow-up 4 weeks later. RESULTS: Average participant ages were 30.1 ± 7.58 and 33.3 ± 7.1 years in study and control groups, respectively; 52.4% of participants in each group were female. After REBT, depression (p < 0.001), irrational beliefs (p < 0.001), and salivary cortisol levels (p = 0.006) were significantly lower in the study group than in the control group. Effects of REBT in the study group remained consistent at the 4-week follow-up. CONCLUSION: REBT may be effective in reducing depression in adults with CHD.

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This study aimed to evaluate the belief of frustration intolerance of individuals with internet gaming disorder (IGD) and its association with depression among them. We recruited 69 participants with IGD and 138 controls (69 regular gamers and other non-gamers). IGD is diagnosed based on DSM-5 (DSM stands for diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders) criteria through psychiatric interviews. They had completed the questionnaire for the belief of frustration intolerance, depression, and severity of IGD. The participant with IGD had a higher score on the frustration discomfort scale and its subscales, discomfort intolerance, entitlement, emotional intolerance, and achievement. Further regression analysis demonstrated an independent association between entitlement and IGD in control of depression. The frustration intolerance is also associated with depression and the severity of IGD among the IGD group. The discomfort intolerance and achievement were the most associated factors of depression. Frustration intolerance is a crucial irrational belief of IGD. It contributes to the severity of IGD and depression among individuals with IGD. The frustration intolerance, particularly for discomfort intolerance, entitlement, and achievement, should be assessed and intervened while treating individuals with IGD.

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The global COVID-19 pandemic has triggered a wide variety of psychological crises worldwide. In order to respond rapidly and efficiently to the complex challenges, mental health professionals are required to adopt a multidimensional and integrative view. Rational Emotive Behavior Therapy (REBT) founded by Albert Ellis promotes rationality and self-acceptance. Logotherapy, pioneered by Viktor Frankl potentiates meaning and resilience. Both approaches are complementary and mutually enriching. The goal of this paper is to propose an integrative model of "optimal sense-making," a concept that combines both rationality and meaning, as well as the role of self-transcendence and healthy negative emotions. The model offers a theoretical and clinical foundation for efficient and effective psychological intervention plans for those affected by the pandemic. Along with theoretical background, illustrating case studies are presented to support potential application of the integrative model to affected individuals as well as the work of first-line health professionals during these times of pandemic. Implications are considered for utilizing theoretical and applied insights from the model to cultivate resilience in face of adversity and suffering.

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The improvement or acquisition of socioemotional skills contributes to the academic and personal adaptation of university students. The way students think about themselves and others influence their social skills and well-being. Considering the importance of social competence for professional practice in the face of new social realities, the university must invest in programs that promote the socio-emotional development of students. This study compared the effects of interventions based on Rational Emotive Behavior Therapy and Psychoeducation on assertive skills and subjective well-being. This study involved 25 undergraduate students of a public university. The students were randomly allocated to three groups, including the Control group, and they were evaluated by means of questionnaires, inventories, scales, and written evaluation of the group process. The program consisted of 10 meetings and a 6-week follow-up. Irrational beliefs were reduced and their assertive skills' scores increased in the post-intervention and follow-up evaluations, regardless of the group. Only verbal reports from participants indicated an increase in well-being. The students' written reports after the end of the meetings indicate that the two forms of intervention were evaluated as promoting change by the students. One of the limitations of the study is the size of the groups. Despite the very small sample size, the study highlights that developing a set of flexible beliefs is fundamental to the exercise of assertiveness. (AU)

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It has been observed that managing job burnout and dysfunctional distress constitute part of the major challenges among special educators, and that empirical data on the management of burnout and dysfunctional distress associated with the job of special education teachers are lacking in the literature. The current article discusses the clinical benefits of a rational-emotive stress-management therapy program in reducing the level of job burnout symptoms and dysfunctional distress in special education teachers, using evidence from a 2018 clinical trial study that reported the efficacy of this intervention. Results show the clinical benefits and implications of conducting a rational-emotive stress management intervention, and recommendations are made for future research.

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Dysfunctional cognitions such as irrational beliefs (IBs) of Ellis' rational emotive behavior therapy (REBT) model and cognitive distortions (CDs) or cognitive errors from Beck's cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) model are known to correlate with depressive symptomatology. However, most studies focus on one cognitive theoretical model in predicting psychopathology. The current study examined the relationship between both IBs and CDs in predicting depression. A college-age sample of 507 participants completed the Attitudes and Beliefs Scale-2, the Cognitive Distortions Scale, and the Beck Depression Inventory-II. Half of the sample showed minimal depression, while the remaining sample exhibited mild-moderate (37.4%) to severe (11.1%) depression symptomatology. Through regression analyses, the study aimed to examine whether IBs accounted for more of the variance in depression symptomatology after the effects of CDs were considered. Moreover, it tested whether CDs served as a moderator or mediator between IBs and depression. Each of Ellis' IBs (demandingness, awfulizing, self-downing, and low frustration tolerance) accounted for significantly more variance in depression after the variance of CDs was entered with the IB of self-downing explaining the most variance in depression severity. Moreover, while no moderation effect was found, CDs partially mediated the effect of IBs on depression. Both IBs and CDs contributed unique variance in predicting depression. Findings support the clinical notion that IBs and CDs are associated as well as highlight the clinical utility of both conceptualizations of dysfunctional cognitions in explaining depressive symptomatology. Clinicians might consider that each dysfunctional cognition might not be subject to change if not directly targeted. Rather than choosing to focus exclusively on IBs or CDs underlying negative automatic thoughts, psychotherapeutic efforts might benefit from identifying and challenging both types of dysfunctional cognitions.

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This research aimed to investigate the effect that rational-emotive behavior therapy had on the symptoms of burnout among undergraduate electronics work students in Southeast Nigeria. This study utilized a pretest-posttest design involving a no-intervention group versus an intervention group. Participants were 124 undergraduate electronics work students who met the inclusion criteria of the study. The intervention consisted of 12 weeks of rational-emotive behavior therapy treatment and 2 weeks of follow-up meetings conducted at 6 months. Self-report questionnaire was used for data collection. Repeated measures analysis of variance and t test were used for data analysis. The results show that rational-emotive behavior therapy had a significant effect on the symptoms of burnout syndrome among the electronics work students in the treatment group compared to their counterparts in the no-intervention group. Finally, the positive gains were significantly maintained by the treatment group at the follow-up. The current study suggests that rational-emotive behavior therapy program can be effective for dealing with burnout syndrome among the population of undergraduates in Nigeria. Further clinical evaluation is needed.

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