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AIMS: The study aimed to determine the dimensionality of the Spanish version of the PQ-16 among Colombian adolescent school students. METHODS: A validation study was designed with the participation of 334 Colombian adolescent students aged between 13 and 17 (M = 15.2, SD = 1.1); 171 (52.1%) were girls, and 163 (47.9%) were boys, 229 (68.6%) were ninth-grade students and 105 (31.4%) were tenth-grade students. Confirmatory factor analysis was performed, internal consistency was calculated with the Kuder-Richardson and McDonald's omega tests, and correlation with suicide ideation was computed with the Kendall correlation (r). RESULTS: The confirmatory factor analysis showed that the PQ-16 adequately fit a unidimensional structure: RMSEA = 0.05 (90%CI 0.04-0.06), CFI = 0.91, TLI = 0.90, SRMR = 0.05, chi-squared = 193.18 (df = 102, p < 0.001) and normalized chi-squared = 1.89. This factor presented high internal consistency: Kuder-Richardson test and McDonald's omega of 0.83. The correlation between the PQ-16 and suicide ideation was r = 0.45 (p < 0.001). CONCLUSION: The PQ-16 is a one-dimensional tool with high internal consistency and correlation with suicide ideation among schooled adolescents. Further research should explore the PQ-16 performance against a structured clinical interview.

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Objective: Identifying neuropsychiatric symptoms (NPS) can aid in the early detection of Alzheimer's disease (AD); however, there is still a need for a greater consensus. This review aims to delineate the predominant NPS, compile a comprehensive list of the most commonly employed NPS assessment tools, and corroborate the principal findings regarding the link between NPS and neuropsychological assessment and neurobiological substrates. Methods: To conduct this scoping review, we followed the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews guidelines and Meta-Analyses extension for Scoping Reviews (PRISMA-ScR). We searched for relevant articles published between 2017 and 2023 in MEDLINE, PsycINFO, PubMed, Web of Science, and Cochrane Library. Results: Of the 61 eligible articles, depression, anxiety, and apathy were the main NPSs. The Neuropsychiatric Inventory Questionnaire and Neuropsychiatric Inventory were the primary assessment tools used to evaluate NPS. Correlations between NPS severity and neurobiological markers were considered clinically significant. Furthermore, clinical procedures prioritized the use of global cognitive screening tools, assessments of executive functions, and functionality evaluations. Conclusion: Standardization of procedures is necessary because of the diversity of methods. The data show that NPS can predict the etiology, severity, form, and type of disease progression, serving as a precursor sign of AD. The results of the most common cognitive screening tools and NPS instruments provided an interesting overview of future clinical approaches.

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Parkinson's disease (PD) is usually diagnosed through motor symptoms that make the patient incapable of carrying out daily activities; however, numerous non-motor symptoms include olfactory disturbances, constipation, depression, excessive daytime sleepiness, and rapid eye movement at sleep; they begin years before motor symptoms. Therefore, several experimental models have been studied to reproduce several PD functional and neurochemical characteristics; however, no model mimics all the PD motor and non-motor symptoms to date, which becomes a limitation for PD study. It has become increasingly relevant to find ways to study the disease from its slowly progressive nature. The experimental models most frequently used to reproduce PD are based on administering toxic chemical compounds, which aim to imitate dopamine deficiency. The most used toxic compounds to model PD have been 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP) and 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA), which inhibit the complex I of the electron transport chain but have some limitations. Another toxic compound that has drawn attention recently is rotenone, the classical inhibitor of mitochondrial complex I. Rotenone triggers the progressive death of dopaminergic neurons and α-synuclein inclusions formation in rats; also, rotenone induces microtubule destabilization. This review presents information about the experimental model of PD induced by rotenone, emphasizing its molecular characteristics beyond the inhibition of mitochondrial complex I.

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PURPOSE OF REVIEW: To review the literature on the clinical characteristics of the symptoms other than headache that occurs during a migraine attack in childhood and adolescence. RECENT FINDINGS: Premonitory symptoms (42-67%) and postdrome phase (82%) are frequent. The most frequent auras were visual. There was no association between age or sex and the occurrence of auras. Cranial autonomic symptoms are also frequent (40-70%) and are most often bilateral. Most studies suggest that age is not associated with the frequency of nausea, vomiting, photophobia, and phonophobia. Cephalic cutaneous allodynia (15-37%) and osmophobia (20-53%) are common symptoms in children with migraine. Osmophobia has low sensitivity and high specificity for the diagnosis of migraine and is associated with the severity of the migraine. Migraine is a complex disease, and although headache is its best-known symptom, other symptoms also occur frequently during migraine attacks in children and adolescents.

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Objective: Presence of psychotic symptoms seems to be a commonplace in early-onset bipolar disorder (BD). However, few studies have examined their occurrence in adolescent-onset BD. We sought to investigate the frequency of affective and psychotic symptoms observed during the first manic episode in adolescents. Methods: Forty-nine adolescents with bipolar I disorder (DSM-IV criteria) were admitted to a psychiatric hospital during their first acute manic episode. Assessment for current psychiatric diagnosis was performed by direct clinical interview and the DSM-IV version of the Diagnostic Interview for Children and Adolescents (DICA). Results: Teenage inpatients with BD consistently exhibited typical manic features, such as euphoria, grandiosity, and psychomotor agitation. In addition, disorganization and psychotic symptoms were present in 82 and 55% of the total sample, respectively. There was no significant difference in symptoms between early- and late-adolescent subgroups. Remarkably, most patients (76%) reported previous depressive episode(s); of these, 47% had prominent psychotic features in the prior depressive period. Conclusion: These findings suggest that disorganization and psychotic symptoms during the first manic episode are salient features in adolescent-onset BD, and that psychotic depression frequently may precede psychotic mania. Nevertheless, differential diagnosis with schizophrenia should be routinely ruled out in cases of early-onset first psychotic episode.

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Resumen: ANTECEDENTES: Las úlceras de Lipschütz son lesiones vulvovaginales dolorosas, de aparición aguda y desaparición espontánea en 2 a 6 semanas, no dejan secuelas ni son recurrentes a largo plazo. Su etiopatogenia es incierta, alrededor de 70% se consideran idiopáticas. En los estudios más recientes se ha demostrado su asociación con agentes infecciosos, sobre todo con el virus de Epstein-Barr. El diagnóstico se establece por exclusión y su tratamiento se basa en el control sintomático, cicatrizantes, analgésicos y antisépticos. CASO CLÍNICO: Paciente de 15 años, con úlceras vulvares de aparición súbita acompañadas de cuadro catarral. Se indicó tratamiento local con cicatrizante, antiséptico y antiinflamatorio; al cabo de tres semanas se observó la desaparición de las lesiones y la negatividad de las pruebas que descartó el origen infeccioso. Se estableció el diagnóstico de úlcera de Lipschütz. CONCLUSIONES: La úlcera de Lipschütz es infrecuente y los niños son quienes más la padecen. Debido al carácter de desaparición espontánea y a la juventud de las pacientes, es decisivo establecer el correcto diagnóstico diferencial.

Abstract: BACKGROUND: Lipschütz Ulcers are painful, acute onset and self-limiting vulvovaginal lesions that can frequently be associated with prodromal symptoms, disappearing in 2-6 weeks without any sequelae. 70% of cases present idiopathic etiopathogenesis, and are related to Epstein-Barr virus, among others. The diagnosis is made by exclusion and its treatment is based on symptomatic control and the promotion of correct healing, using analgesics, cicatrizers and antiseptics. CASE REPORT: A 15-year-old girl reported the acute apparition of ulcerative vulvar lesions coinciding with systemic catarrhal symptoms. Local treatment with healing, antiseptic and anti-inflammatory lotions was prescribed, and after three weeks, she was reevaluated, observing the disappearance of the lesions and the negativity of the tests to rule out infectious origin, for which she was diagnosed with a Lipschütz ulcer. CONCLUSIONS: Lipschütz ulcer is rare and children are the ones who suffer most from it. Due to the spontaneous disappearance character and the youthfulness of the patients, it is decisive to establish the correct differential diagnosis.

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BACKGROUND: For many years, cognitive impairment has been established as a well-known symptom of multiple sclerosis. Moreover, we know that it was present even at the beginning of the disease. OBJECTIVE: In this case-control study, we decided to evaluate whether there is an impairment of cognitive functions even before onset in those patients who will eventually suffer from multiple sclerosis. METHODS: We evaluated the overall school performance, and particularly school performance in math and language in a group of patients who would later develop the disease and we compared our findings with a control group. RESULTS: We found that school performance was poorer in subjects who were to become patients. And we found that the later the start of the first symptom, the better the qualifications. CONCLUSION: Testing a premorbid cognitive deficit by a validated indirect evaluation method allowed us to verify that there was evidence of neurological compromise even before a clinical diagnosis or the completion of the first magnetic resonance imaging in patients who would then suffer from multiple sclerosis.

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BACKGROUND: Bipolar disorder (BD) is a chronic and often severe mental disease, associated with a significant burden in affected individuals. The characterization of a premorbid (prodromal) period and possible development of preventive interventions are recent advances in this field. Attempts to characterize high-risk stages in BD, identifying symptoms prior to the emergence of a first manic/hypomanic episode, have been limited by a lack of standardized criteria and instruments for assessment. The Bipolar Prodrome Symptom Scale-Retrospective (BPSS-R), developed by Correll and collaborators, retrospectively evaluates symptoms that occur prior to a first full mood episode in individuals with BD. OBJECTIVE: To describe the translation and adaptation process of the BPSS-R to Brazilian Portuguese. METHOD: Translation was conducted as follows: 1) translation of the scale from English to Brazilian Portuguese by authors who have Portuguese as their first language; 2) merging of the two versions by a committee of specialists; 3) back-translation to English by a translator who is an English native speaker; 4) correction of the new version in English by the author of the original scale; 5) finalization of the new version in Brazilian Portuguese. RESULTS: All the steps of the translation process were successfully accomplished, resulting in a final version of the instrument. CONCLUSIONS: The Brazilian Portuguese version of the BPSS-R is a potentially useful instrument to investigate prodromal period of BD in Brazil

INTRODUÇÃO: O transtorno bipolar (TB) é um transtorno mental crônico e muitas vezes grave, associado a um significativo prejuízo psicossocial nos indivíduos afetados. A caracterização de um período pré-mórbido (prodrômico) e o possível desenvolvimento de intervenções preventivas são avanços recentes na área. Tentativas de caracterizar estágios de alto risco para o TB, através da identificação de sintomas antes do aparecimento de um primeiro episódio maníaco/hipomaníaco, têm sido limitadas pela falta de critérios padronizados e instrumentos de avaliação. A Bipolar Prodrome Symptom Scale-Retrospective (BPSS-R), desenvolvida por Correll e colaboradores, avalia retrospectivamente os sintomas que ocorrem antes de um episódio sindrômico de humor em indivíduos com TB. OBJETIVO: Descrever o processo de tradução e adaptação da BPSS-R para português brasileiro. MÉTODO: A tradução foi conduzida como segue: 1) tradução da escala de inglês para português brasileiro por autores que têm o português como língua materna; 2) junção das duas versões por um comitê de especialistas; 3) retrotradução para inglês por um tradutor que tem inglês como língua materna; 4) correção da nova versão em inglês pelo autor do instrumento original; 5) finalização da nova versão em português brasileiro. RESULTADOS: Todos os passos do processo de tradução foram completados com sucesso, resultando em uma versão final do instrumento. CONCLUSÕES: A versão da BPSS-R em português brasileiro é um instrumento potencialmente útil para investigar o período prodrômico do TB no Brasil

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