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Pneumonia is a prevalent disease with considerable morbidity and mortality among the pediatric population. Early diagnosis and swift commencement of the correct treatment are vital for a favorable clinical outcome. Along with history-taking and clinical examination, imaging modalities commonly used, lung ultrasound provides a bedside, less invasive, radiation-free alternative to diagnose pneumonia when compared with other images such as chest x-ray (CXR) and computed tomography (CT) scan. It is therefore of the utmost magnitude to inspect the evidence of its accuracy and reliability in the diagnosis of this condition. The goal of this study is to look into the available data supporting the use of lung ultrasound in the diagnosis of juvenile pneumonia, its relevance in distinguishing between viral and bacterial diseases, and its superiority as compared to other diagnostic methods. As mentioned, early detection and differentiation of the type of pneumonia can reduce unnecessary antibiotic prescriptions and provide patients with a better prognosis, as well as the ability to predict the course of the disease and the need for advanced care or the development of complications. An extensive literature search of two popular online medical websites (PubMed and Embase) was conducted in this review, concentrating on studies that examined the role of lung ultrasound in the diagnosis of pediatric pneumonia published in the last five years. Only studies published in the English language were included in this review. With high sensitivity and specificity, lung ultrasound appeared to be a promising tool not only for pediatric pneumonia diagnosis, but also for treatment guidance and disease follow-up, especially when combined with clinical presentation and laboratory findings.

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BACKGROUND AND AIMS: Vitamin C has been used as an anti-oxidant in various diseases including viral illnesses like coronavirus disease (COVID-19). METHODS: Meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials (RCT) investigating the role of vitamin C supplementation in COVID-19 was carried out. RESULTS: Total 6 RCTs including n = 572 patients were included. Vitamin C treatment didn't reduce mortality (RR 0.73, 95% CI 0.42 to 1.27; I2 = 0%; P = 0.27), ICU length of stay [SMD 0.29, 95% CI -0.05 to 0.63; I2 = 0%; P = 0.09), hospital length of stay (SMD -0.23, 95% CI -1.04 to 0.58; I2 = 92%; P = 0.57) and need for invasive mechanical ventilation (Risk Ratio 0.93, 95% CI 0.61 to 1.44; I2 = 0%; P = 0.76). Further sub-group analysis based on severity of illness (severe vs. non-severe), route of administration (IV vs. oral) and dose (high vs. low) failed to show any observable benefits. CONCLUSION: No significant benefit noted with vitamin C administration in COVID-19. Well-designed RCTs with standardized control group needed on this aspect.

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Objetivos: Comparar el rendimiento de las escalas pronósticas PSI, CURB-65, MuLBSTA y COVID-GRAM para predecir mortalidad y necesidad de ventilación mecánica invasiva en pacientes con neumonía por SARS-CoV-2. Valorar la existencia de coinfección bacteriana respiratoria durante el ingreso.MétodoEstudio observacional retrospectivo que incluyó a adultos hospitalizados con neumonía por SARS-CoV-2 del 15 de marzo al 15 de mayo de 2020. Se excluyó a aquellos inmunodeprimidos, institucionalizados e ingresados en los 14 días previos por otro motivo. Se realizó un análisis de curvas ROC, calculando el área bajo la curva para las diferentes escalas, así como sensibilidad, especificidad y valores predictivos.ResultadosSe incluyó a 208 pacientes, con edad de 63±17 años; el 57,7% eran hombres. Ingresaron en UCI 38 (23,5%), de estos, 33 precisaron ventilación mecánica invasiva (86,8%), con una mortalidad global del 12,5%. Las áreas bajo las curvas ROC para mortalidad de los clasificaciones fueron: PSI 0,82 (IC 95%: 0,73-0,91); CURB-65 0,82 (0,73-0,91); MuLBSTA 0,72 (0,62-0,81) y COVID-GRAM 0,86 (0,70-1). Las áreas para necesidad de ventilación mecánica invasiva fueron: PSI 0,73 (IC 95%: 0,64-0,82); CURB-65 0,66 (0,55-0,77); MuLBSTA 0,78 (0,69-0,86) y COVID-GRAM 0,76 (0,67-0,85), respectivamente. Los pacientes que presentaron coinfección bacteriana respiratoria fueron 20 (9,6%); los gérmenes más frecuentes fueron Pseudomonas aeruginosa y Klebsiella pneumoniae.ConclusionesEn nuestro estudio la escala COVID-GRAM fue la más precisa para identificar a los pacientes con mayor mortalidad ingresados con neumonía por SARS-CoV-2; no obstante, ninguna de estas escalas predice de forma precisa la necesidad de ventilación mecánica invasiva con ingreso en UCI. El 10% de los pacientes presentó coinfección bacteriana respiratoria.

Objectives: Compare the accuracy of PSI, CURB-65, MuLBSTA and COVID-GRAM prognostic scores to predict mortality, the need for invasive mechanical ventilation in patients with pneumonia caused by SARS-CoV-2 and assess the coexistence of bacterial respiratory tract infection during admission.MethodsRetrospective observational study that included hospitalized adults with pneumonia caused by SARS-CoV-2 from 15/03 to 15/05/2020. We excluded immunocompromised patients, nursing home residents and those admitted in the previous 14 days for another reasons. Analysis of ROC curves was performed, calculating the area under the curve for the different scales, as well as sensitivity, specificity and predictive values.ResultsA total of 208 patients were enrolled, aged 63±17 years, 57,7% were men; 38 patients were admitted to ICU (23,5%), of these patients 33 required invasive mechanical ventilation (86,8%), with an overall mortality of 12,5%. Area under the ROC curves for mortality of the scores were: PSI 0,82 (95% CI: 0,73-0,91), CURB-65 0,82 (0,73-0,91), MuLBSTA 0,72 (0,62-0,81) and COVID-GRAM 0,86 (0,70-1). Area under the curve for needing invasive mechanical ventilation was: PSI 0,73 (95% CI: 0,64-0,82), CURB-65 0,66 (0,55-0,77), MuLBSTA 0,78 (0,69-0,86) and COVID-GRAM 0,76 (0,67-0,85), respectively. Patients with bacterial co-infections of the respiratory tract were 20 (9,6%), the most frequent strains being Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Klebsiella pneumoniae.ConclusionsIn our study, the COVID-GRAM score was the most accurate to identify patients with higher mortality with pneumonia caused by SARS-CoV-2; however, none of these scores accurately predicts the need for invasive mechanical ventilation with ICU admission. The 10% of patients admitted presented bacterial respiratory co-infection. (AU)

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OBJECTIVES: Compare the accuracy of PSI, CURB-65, MuLBSTA and COVID-GRAM prognostic scores to predict mortality, the need for invasive mechanical ventilation (IMV) in patients with pneumonia caused by SARS-CoV-2 and assess the coexistence of bacterial respiratory tract infection during admission. METHODS: Retrospective observational study that included hospitalized adults with pneumonia caused by SARS-CoV-2 from 15/03 to 15/05/2020. We excluded immunocompromised patients, nursing home residents and those admitted in the previous 14 days for another reasons. Analysis of ROC curves was performed, calculating the area under the curve for the different scales, as well as sensitivity, specificity and predictive values. RESULTS: 208 patients were enrolled, aged 63 ± 17 years, 577% were men. 38 patients were admitted to ICU (235%), of these patients 33 required IMV (868%), with an overall mortality of 125%. Area under the ROC curves for mortality of the scores were: PSI 082 (95% CI 073-091), CURB-65 082 (073-091), MuLBSTA 072 (062-081) and COVID-GRAM 086 (070-1). Area under the curve for needing IMV was: PSI 073 (95% CI 064-082), CURB-65 066 (055-077), MuLBSTA 078 (069-086) and COVID-GRAM 076 (067-085), respectively. Patients with bacterial co-infections of the respiratory tract were 20 (9,6%), the most frequent strains being Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Klebsiella pneumoniae. CONCLUSIONS: In our study, the COVID-GRAM score was the most accurate to identify patients with higher mortality with pneumonia caused by SARS-CoV-2; however, none of these scores accurately predicts the need for IMV with ICU admission. 10% of patients admitted presented bacterial respiratory co-infection.

OBJETIVOS: Comparar el rendimiento de las escalas pronósticas PSI, CURB-65, MuLBSTA y COVID-GRAM para predecir mortalidad y necesidad de ventilación mecánica invasiva (VMI) en pacientes con neumonía por SARS-CoV-2. Valorar la existencia de coinfección bacteriana respiratoria durante el ingreso. MÉTODO: Estudio observacional retrospectivo que incluyó adultos hospitalizados con neumonía por SARS-CoV-2 del 15/03 al 15/05/2020. Se excluyeron aquellos inmunodeprimidos, institucionalizados e ingresados en los 14 días previos por otro motivo. Se realizó un análisis de curvas ROC, calculando el área bajo la curva para las diferentes escalas, así como sensibilidad, especificidad y valores predictivos. RESULTADOS: Se incluyeron 208 pacientes, con edad de 63 ± 17 años; el 57,7% eran hombres. Ingresaron en UCI 38 (23,5%), precisando de estos VMI 33 (86,8%), con una mortalidad global del 12,5%. Las áreas bajo las curvas ROC para mortalidad de los scores fueron: PSI 0,82 (95% IC 0,73­0,91), CURB-65 0,82 (0,73­0,91), MuLBSTA 0,72 (0,62­0,81) y COVID-GRAM 0,86 (0,70­1). Las áreas para necesidad de VMI fueron: PSI 0,73 (95% IC 0,64­0,82), CURB-65 0,66 (0,55­0,77), MuLBSTA 0,78 (0,69­0,86) y COVID-GRAM 0,76 (0,67­0,85), respectivamente. Los pacientes que presentaron coinfección bacteriana respiratoria fueron 20 (9.6%) siendo los gérmenes más frecuentes Pseudomonas aeruginosa y Klebsiella pneumoniae. CONCLUSIONES: En nuestro estudio el score COVID-GRAM fue el más preciso para identificar los pacientes con mayor mortalidad ingresados con neumonía por SARS-CoV-2, no obstante, ninguno de estos scores predice de forma precisa la necesidad de VMI con ingreso en UCI. El 10% de los pacientes presentó coinfección bacteriana respiratoria.

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OBJECTIVES: Compare the accuracy of PSI, CURB-65, MuLBSTA and COVID-GRAM prognostic scores to predict mortality, the need for invasive mechanical ventilation in patients with pneumonia caused by SARS-CoV-2 and assess the coexistence of bacterial respiratory tract infection during admission. METHODS: Retrospective observational study that included hospitalized adults with pneumonia caused by SARS-CoV-2 from 15/03 to 15/05/2020. We excluded immunocompromised patients, nursing home residents and those admitted in the previous 14 days for another reasons. Analysis of ROC curves was performed, calculating the area under the curve for the different scales, as well as sensitivity, specificity and predictive values. RESULTS: A total of 208 patients were enrolled, aged 63±17 years, 57,7% were men; 38 patients were admitted to ICU (23,5%), of these patients 33 required invasive mechanical ventilation (86,8%), with an overall mortality of 12,5%. Area under the ROC curves for mortality of the scores were: PSI 0,82 (95% CI: 0,73-0,91), CURB-65 0,82 (0,73-0,91), MuLBSTA 0,72 (0,62-0,81) and COVID-GRAM 0,86 (0,70-1). Area under the curve for needing invasive mechanical ventilation was: PSI 0,73 (95% CI: 0,64-0,82), CURB-65 0,66 (0,55-0,77), MuLBSTA 0,78 (0,69-0,86) and COVID-GRAM 0,76 (0,67-0,85), respectively. Patients with bacterial co-infections of the respiratory tract were 20 (9,6%), the most frequent strains being Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Klebsiella pneumoniae. CONCLUSIONS: In our study, the COVID-GRAM score was the most accurate to identify patients with higher mortality with pneumonia caused by SARS-CoV-2; however, none of these scores accurately predicts the need for invasive mechanical ventilation with ICU admission. The 10% of patients admitted presented bacterial respiratory co-infection.

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The incidence of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS)-related opportunistic infections has declined dramatically following the introduction of potent antiretroviral therapy (ART). However, pulmonary infections remain a significant cause of morbidity and mortality. The spectrum of pulmonary disease that can affect patients with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is wide and includes opportunistic infections with many bacterial, fungal, viral, and parasitic organisms. In this case, we present a 65-year-old woman with HIV, non-compliant with ART, who presented with subacute melena, fatigue, dyspnea, and hemoptysis. After extensive evaluation, she was found to have pneumonia caused by four different pathogens: Strongyloides stercoralis, Pneumocystis jirovecii, Cytomegalovirus (CMV), and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. She received trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, steroids, and ivermectin. However, her clinical condition did not improve and she passed away.

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Objective To understand the prevalence of resistance gene and homology of carbapenem-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae (CRKP) isolated from ICU of emergency.Methods A total of 19 CRKP isolates were obtained from emergency ICU of the Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University from July 2015 to August 2016.PCR was performed to screen the genes encoding carbapenemase,extended spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL) and AmpC.Pulsed field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) and multi-locus sequence typing (MLST) were used for molecular typing of these bacterial strains.Results Among the 19 CRKP,carbapenemase-resistant genes were detectable in 18 CRKP isolates,including 17 isolates of harboring blaKPC gene and 1 strain of harboring blaNDM gene.All the 18 strains carried ESBLs genes which were identified as 8 blaSHV-12,3 blaSHV-11,5 blaSHV-2a,15 blaTEM-1,10 blaCTX-M-65,3 blaCTX-M-15,1 blaCTX-M-14 and 1 blaCTX-M-27.The 13 strains harboring cephalosporin-resistant genes were all identified as blaDHA-1.PFGE results revealed that the 19 CRKP strains were grouped into 4 types (A,B,C and D) and 4 subtypes(A1,2,3 and 4):A1 (n =12),A2(n =1),A3 (n=1),A4(n=1),B(n=2),C(n=1) and D(n=1).MLST showed that ST11 was the predominant sequence type (n=15) among the 19 CRKP strains,and ST48 (n =2),ST37 (n =1) and untyped (n =1) were also identified.The 15 blaKPC-2-producing CRKP ST11 clone shared the A type of PFGE pattern.Conclusion The report on CRKP suggested the dissemination of blaKPC-2-producing ST11 clone was existed in the ICU of emergency department in this hospital.The surveillance for drug-resistance and effective disinfectant quarantine measures should be strengthened.

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Chryseobacterium indolegenes is a rare pathogen that causes a variety of infections in inviduals who are mostly hospitalized with severe underlying diseases. Here we present a case of C. indolegenes in a 69-year-old male with chronic obstructive pulonary disease (COPD) who was admitted to the chest disease outpatient clinic with symptoms like cough, fever and sputum production and followed up on a suspicion of pneumonia. Despite the fact that our patient did not have any history of hospitalization for at least one year, pneumonia cause was due to C. indolegenes. Clinicians should pay attention to the rare pathogens such as C. indologenes while managing COPD patients without prior hospitalization history.

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PURPOSE: Acinetobacter baumannii is the most prevalent nosocomial pathogen which have been emerged in the past three decades worldwide. The aim of this study was to assess the distribution of the AdeABC efflux pump genes, associated with tetracycline resistance in Acinetobacter baumannii isolates collected from burn infection and Ventilator Associated Pneumonia (VAP). MATERIALS AND METHODS: Ninety-eight A. baumannii isolates were collected from two different hospitals in Tehran, Iran. Tetracycline susceptibility testing was performed by disk diffusion and agar dilution methods according to the CLSI guidelines. The presence of adeSR, adeB, drug efflux system genes in resistant isolates was assessed by polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Carbonyl cyanide 3-chlorophenylhydrazone (CCCP) was used as a chemical inhibitor agent to assess the contribution of AdeABC efflux pump in tetracycline resistance isolates. RESULTS: Approximately 48% (47 out of 98) of isolates showed resistance to tetracycline which 14 (14.2%) isolates were corresponded to burn infection and the remaining 33 (33.8%) strains were isolated from VAP. All tetracycline resistant isolates have AdeABC in PCR assay. The reduction of tetracycline MICs by using 50 µg/ml CCCP were as follows: in 18 isolates 2-4 fold reduction in MICs, 26 isolates showed 8 fold reduction,1 isolate showed 16 fold, 1 isolate showed 32 fold and the remaining 1 isolate showed 128 fold reduction in MICs. CONCLUSION: The results showed significant correlation between tetracycline resistance and AdeABC efflux pump genes in resistant A. baumannii isolates.