RESUMEN
Chlorine is a toxic industrial chemical that has been used as a chemical weapon in recent armed conflicts. Confirming human exposure to chlorine has proven challenging, and there is currently no established method for analyzing human biomedical samples to unambiguously verify chlorine exposure. In this study, two chlorine-specific biomarkers: palmitoyl-oleoyl phosphatidylglycerol chlorohydrin (POPG-HOCl) and the lipid derivative oleoyl ethanolamide chlorohydrin (OEA-HOCl) are shown in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) samples from spontaneously breathing pigs after chlorine exposure. These biomarkers are formed by the chemical reaction of chlorine with unsaturated phospholipids found in the pulmonary surfactant, which is present at the gas-liquid interface within the lung alveoli. Our results strongly suggest that lipid chlorohydrins are promising candidate biomarkers in the development of a verification method for chlorine exposure. The establishment of verified methods capable of confirming the illicit use of toxic industrial chemicals is crucial for upholding the principles of the Chemical Weapons Convention (CWC) and enforcing the ban on chemical weapons. This study represents the first published dataset in BALF revealing chlorine biomarkers detected in a large animal. Furthermore, these biomarkers are distinct in that they originate from molecular chlorine rather than hypochlorous acid.
Asunto(s)
Clorhidrinas , Etanolamina , Ácidos Oléicos , Fosfolípidos , Humanos , Animales , Porcinos , Cloro/toxicidad , Clorhidrinas/química , Líquido del Lavado Bronquioalveolar , BiomarcadoresRESUMEN
This work presents an ultrafiltration-based, validated method for the screening and confirmation of prohibited growth hormone-releasing hormone (GHRH) analogues (sermorelin/CJC-1293, sermorelin metabolite, CJC-1295 and tesamorelin) in urine by nanoLC-HRMS/MS. Sample preparation avoids the use of laborious antibody-based extraction approaches and consists solely of preconcentration by ultrafiltration. Even in the absence of immuno-affinity purification steps, high sensitivity was still ensured as limits of detection between 5 and 25 pg/mL and limits of identification between 25 and 50 pg/mL were established. The robustness of the miniaturized chromatographic setup was evaluated through the injection of 200 + preconcentrated urinary extracts. In a comparison with immuno-affinity purification, enhanced recoveries (59 - 115%) and similar sensitivity were achieved, yet at lower operational costs. Stability experiments showed the importance of the proper handling of urine samples to avoid degradation of these peptide hormones, especially for sermorelin and its metabolite which were found to rapidly degrade at temperatures > 4 °C and pH values < 7 in accordance with earlier studies. Without the need for specific antibodies, this method may be expanded to cover emerging peptide drugs (≥ ~3 kDa), as well as their metabolites in the future to facilitate coverage for this class of prohibited substances.
Asunto(s)
Doping en los Deportes , Sermorelina , Anticuerpos , Cromatografía de Afinidad/métodos , Hormona Liberadora de Hormona del Crecimiento/análisis , Detección de Abuso de Sustancias/métodos , UltrafiltraciónRESUMEN
Recent research suggests that gluten-free beers by prolyl-endopeptidase treatment may not be safe for coeliac disease (CD) patients. Therefore, the gluten peptidome of an industrial gluten-free prolyl-endopeptidase treated malt beer (<10 ppm gluten) was compared to its untreated counterpart (58 ppm gluten) as a reference. NanoLC-HRMS analysis revealed the presence of 155 and 158 gluten peptides in the treated and reference beer, respectively. Characterisation of the peptides in treated beer showed that prolyl-endopeptidase activity was not complete with many peptides containing (multiple) internal proline-residues. Yet, prolyl-endopeptidase treatment did eliminate complete CD-immunogenic motifs, however, 18 peptides still contained partial, and potentially unsafe, motifs. In the reference beer respectively 7 and 37 gluten peptides carried (multiple) complete and/or partial CD-immunogenic motifs. Worrying is that many of these partial immunogenic gluten peptides do not contain a recognition epitope for the R5-antibody and would be overlooked in the current ELISA analysis for gluten quantification.
Asunto(s)
Cerveza/análisis , Glútenes/análisis , Hordeum/metabolismo , Proteómica/métodos , Secuencia de Aminoácidos , Enfermedad Celíaca/inmunología , Enfermedad Celíaca/patología , Cromatografía Líquida de Alta Presión , Glútenes/inmunología , Glútenes/metabolismo , Hordeum/inmunología , Humanos , Espectrometría de Masas , Nanotecnología , Péptidos/análisis , Péptidos/inmunología , Prolil Oligopeptidasas/metabolismoRESUMEN
Recombinant human erythropoietin (rHuEPO) belongs to the therapeutic class of erythropoiesis stimulating agents (ESAs) due to its implication in the creation pathway of red blood cells and thus enhancement of oxygenation. Because of this bioactivity, rHuEPO has been considered as a major doping agent in sports competitions for decades. Over the years, doping control laboratories designed several analytical strategies applied to human and animal samples to highlight any misuse. Even though multiple analytical approaches have been reported, none has yet been dedicated to racing camels. Here, we describe an analytical strategy to test camel plasma samples at screening using an ELISA assay and a targeted nano-liquid chromatography-high-resolution tandem mass spectrometry for confirmatory analysis. The method was validated and has been successfully applied to post-race samples, allowing the detection of a positive case of rHuEPO administration.
Asunto(s)
Camelus/metabolismo , Doping en los Deportes/métodos , Eritropoyetina/análisis , Detección de Abuso de Sustancias/métodos , Secuencia de Aminoácidos , Animales , Cromatografía Líquida de Alta Presión , Eritropoyetina/química , Humanos , Espectrometría de Masas , Proteínas Recombinantes/análisis , Reproducibilidad de los Resultados , DeportesRESUMEN
In Western Europe, river water quality can be assessed using sentinel species such as the amphipod Gammarus fossarum. In this work of environmental metabolomics, the objective was to develop suitable chemometrics methods, using a limited number of individuals, to assess the modification of the metabolism of G. fossarum exposed to two human pharmaceuticals. Males and females gammarids were exposed to a mixture of the anxiolytic oxazepam and the antiepileptic carbamazepine (1000â¯ngâ¯L-1) for 14 days under laboratory conditions according to a full factorial design 2² (repeated 5 times). They were analyzed at the single individual scale using a method including a µQuEChERS type extraction followed by a nanoliquid chromatography analysis coupled to high-resolution mass spectrometry. The molecular fingerprints obtained were investigated using XCMS. Several corrections of experimental drifts (by using lock mass and Quality Control samples) were tested prior to using APCA + method for the exploitation of the unbalanced designed data. Signal reproducibility was greatly improved by the lock mass normalisation. From the experimental design, a significant effect of both experimental factors "exposure to the mixture" and "gammarid gender" on the signals measured were highlighted by APCA+. Finally, the results obtained made it possible to identify variables responsible for each of the factor effects.
Asunto(s)
Anfípodos/efectos de los fármacos , Carbamazepina/farmacología , Nanotecnología , Oxazepam/farmacología , Anfípodos/metabolismo , Animales , Cromatografía Liquida , Femenino , Humanos , Masculino , Espectrometría de Masas , Análisis de Componente PrincipalRESUMEN
Deamidation of asparagine (Asn) residues of monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) plays a pivotal role in the in vivo/vitro degradation or efficacy loss of biopharmaceuticals. However, a major challenge for MS analysis of deamidation of Asn-containing peptides in mAbs, is due to the fact that there is only a 1â¯Da mass shift between the native form (Asn residues) and deamidated forms (n-aspartyl (n-Asp) and isoaspartyl (isoAsp) residues with identical mass). Therefore, a chromatographic separation of the deamidated proteins and/or the peptides derived therefrom is needed prior to MS analysis. In this study, the monolithic column with various stationary phases, including reverse phase (RP), single phospholipid-functionalized and mixed phospholipid-functionalized monoliths, were prepared for the separation of the deamidation-sensitive signature peptide (IYPTNGYTR) of trastuzumab and its two deamidated products, n-Asp55 residue IYPTDGYTR and isoAsp55 residue IYPTisoDGYTR. Compared to the RP monolith, the phospholipid-functionalized monoliths provided mixed-mode interactions and exhibited better peak shape and separation selectivity. The effect of the parameters, including the type and concentration of buffer, temperature and pH value on the separation performance were investigated. Under the optimal conditions, the three peptides were fully separated on a mixed phosphocholine (PC) / phosphatidic acid (PA) functionalized monolith (poly (MDPC60PA40-co-EDMA)) due to the joint contribution of hydrophobic and electrostatic interactions. Therefore, the novel method based on the mixed phospholipids-functionalized monolithic column exhibited good potential for the analysis of deamidated peptides, which will be useful for the in-depth study of post-translational modifications of mAbs.