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BACKGROUND: This study aims to verify Bolton's values for tooth size ratios and to evaluate possible relationships to different occlusal traits using precise digital measurement methods. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Including 1000 consecutively selected patients from three study centres a digital, partially automated model analysis was performed utilizing the software OnyxCeph. The measurements comprised tooth width for calculation of anterior (AR) and overall ratio (OR) as a percentage, arch width, length, perimeter, overjet, overbite, space analysis in millimetre and the assessment of the angle classification. RESULTS: AR and OR were significantly increased compared to Bolton's ratios of 77.2% (AR) and 91.3% (OR). In the gender comparison, male patients showed larger tooth size ratios, especially in the OR. Patients with Angle Class II/1 and II/2 had smaller tooth size ratios than patients with Angle Class III and I. Thus, patients with Angle Class II/1 had the largest tooth diameters in all maxillary teeth and with Angle Class II/2 the smallest tooth sizes in the mandible. The largest tooth widths in the lower jaw were observed in the Angle Class III patient group. Furthermore, a negative correlation from AR/OR to overjet, overbite, and available space in lower jaw as well as a positive correlation to available space in upper jaw was detected. CONCLUSIONS: There is a clear correlation between the tooth size ratios and the present dysgnathia as well as other orthodontically relevant occlusal traits. This prior knowledge about our patients is extremely important to create an individualized treatment plan and enable sufficient occlusion. To achieve a functionally good occlusion with correct overjet and overbite, it is essential that the maxillary and mandibular teeth are proportional in size. Any deviation from the ideal patient in terms of tooth size, number, shape, or arch must be considered in the pre-therapeutic treatment plan in combination with the existing dysgnathia in order to be able to achieve a stable anterior and posterior occlusion with appropriate adjustments to the therapy post-therapeutically.
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Imagenología Tridimensional , Maloclusión Clase II de Angle , Maloclusión , Odontometría , Diente , Humanos , Masculino , Femenino , Odontometría/métodos , Maloclusión/patología , Maloclusión/terapia , Imagenología Tridimensional/métodos , Diente/anatomía & histología , Factores Sexuales , Maloclusión Clase II de Angle/patología , Maloclusión Clase II de Angle/diagnóstico por imagen , Mandíbula/anatomía & histología , Maloclusión de Angle Clase III/patología , Adolescente , Arco Dental/anatomía & histología , Maloclusión Clase I de Angle/patología , Maloclusión Clase I de Angle/diagnóstico por imagen , Sobremordida/patología , Maxilar/anatomía & histología , Adulto Joven , Adulto , Modelos Dentales , Programas Informáticos , Oclusión DentalRESUMEN
Arthropods harbor complex microbiota that play a pivotal role in host fitness. While multiple factors, like host species and diet, shape microbiota in arthropods, their impact on community assembly in wild insects remains largely unknown. In this study, we surveyed bacterial and fungal community assembly in nine sympatric wild insect species that share a common citrus fruit diet. Source tracking analysis suggested that these insects acquire some bacteria and fungi from the citrus fruit with varying degrees. Although sharing a common diet led to microbiota convergence, the diversity, composition, and network of both bacterial and fungal communities varied significantly among surveyed insect groups. Null model analysis indicated that stochastic processes, particularly dispersal limitation and drift, are primary drivers of structuring insect bacterial and fungal communities. Importantly, the influence of each community assembly process varied strongly depending on the host species. Thus, we proposed a speculative view that the host specificity of the microbiome and mycobiome assembly is widespread in wild insects despite sharing the same regional species pool. Overall, this research solidifies the importance of host species in shaping microbiomes and mycobiomes, providing novel insights into their assembly mechanisms in wild insects. IMPORTANCE: Since the microbiome has been shown to impact insect fitness, a mechanistic understanding of community assembly has potentially significant applications but remains largely unexplored. In this paper, we investigate bacterial and fungal community assembly in nine sympatric wild insect species that share a common diet. The main findings indicate that stochastic processes drive the divergence of microbiomes and mycobiomes in nine sympatric wild insect species. These findings offer novel insights into the assembly mechanisms of microbiomes and mycobiomes in wild insects.
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Bacterias , Dieta , Hongos , Insectos , Microbiota , Procesos Estocásticos , Simpatría , Animales , Insectos/microbiología , Hongos/clasificación , Hongos/genética , Bacterias/clasificación , Bacterias/genética , Bacterias/aislamiento & purificación , Micobioma , Citrus/microbiologíaRESUMEN
Our ability to identify an object is often impaired by the presence of preceding and/or succeeding task-irrelevant items. Understanding this temporal interference is critical for any theoretical account of interference across time and for minimizing its detrimental effects. Therefore, we used the same sequences of 3 orientation items, orientation estimation task, and computational models, to examine temporal interference over both short (<150 ms; visual masking) and long (175-475 ms; temporal crowding) intervals. We further examined how inter-item similarity modifies these different instances of temporal interference. Qualitatively different results emerged for interference of different scales. Interference over long intervals mainly degraded the precision of the target encoding while interference over short intervals mainly affected the signal-to-noise ratio. Although both interference instances modulated substitution errors (reporting a wrong item) and were alleviated with dissimilar items, their characteristics were markedly disparate. These findings suggest that different mechanisms mediate temporal interference of different scales.
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BACKGROUND: Many indices have been suggested to help orthodontists in predicting the ideal dental arch width. One of these was Pont's index which was established by Pont. He suggested equations to predict the ideal maxillary dental arch width (interpremolar and intermolar) from the combined mesiodistal width of the maxillary incisors. This study aimed to test the applicability of Pont's index as an orthodontic diagnostic tool in Egyptian population and to compare the results with those obtained from studies of different ethnic subjects. METHODS: This study was performed using dental casts of 184 Egyptian individuals (82 males and 102 females; age range, 19-24 years). The casts were divided into 46 casts with normal occlusion, 46 casts with class I, 46 casts with class II and 46 casts with class III malocclusion, according to Angle's classification. Alginate impressions were taken for all patients and poured immediately using dental plaster. The real models were transformed into digital models using three-dimensional laser scanner to allow digital model analysis. Predicted arch widths were calculated using Pont's equations. The predicted values were compared to the measured values. RESULTS: Intra class correlation coefficient (ICC) (absolute agreement) between measured and predicted arch widths was determined. Poor absolute agreement was found between measured arch width values and the corresponding values calculated according to Pont's index. CONCLUSION: According to the results of this study, Pont's index is not a reliable method for predicting the ideal dental arch widths in Egyptian populations.
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Arco Dental , Incisivo , Maxilar , Modelos Dentales , Humanos , Masculino , Femenino , Egipto , Arco Dental/anatomía & histología , Arco Dental/patología , Adulto Joven , Incisivo/anatomía & histología , Incisivo/patología , Maxilar/anatomía & histología , Maloclusión Clase II de Angle/patología , Maloclusión Clase II de Angle/diagnóstico por imagen , Maloclusión de Angle Clase III/patología , Maloclusión Clase I de Angle/patología , Maloclusión Clase I de Angle/diagnóstico por imagen , Imagenología Tridimensional/métodos , Cefalometría , Reproducibilidad de los Resultados , Predicción , Rayos Láser , Maloclusión/patología , Diente Molar/anatomía & histología , Diente Molar/patología , Procesamiento de Imagen Asistido por Computador/métodosRESUMEN
Comprising the largest population cohort on this planet, Gen Z presents a future-oriented consumer segment driven by climate change and food. This study sought to investigate Gen Z's perceptions toward plant-based foods and diets and explore the relationship that attitude components, meal preparation involvement, personal and lifestyle factors, and perceived barriers in adopting a plant-based diet have with willingness to adopt green-eating practices. Using cross-sectional data from university students in Greece, India, and the UK, various tools were employed to determine the factors influencing youths' consumer behavior toward animal-protein substitutes. PCA indicated the underlying dimensions of students' viewpoints on plant-based foods, whereas hierarchical and k-means clustering provided the cluster structure. An ordered probit model was estimated to delineate Gen Z's willingness to adopt plant-based diets and distinguish among mostly unwilling, somewhat willing, and mostly willing youths. Our findings identified two consumer segments, namely proponents and opponents of plant-based foods and diets, with statistically significant differences in the perceived health benefits of plant-based diets, attachment to animal-based proteins, perceived exclusion of animal-based foods, dissatisfaction with plant-based foods' attributes, and demand for ensuring adequate protein intake. The ordered probit model estimates showed that there is a "homogeneity" in the factors influencing youths' intention to adopt plant-based diets, with attitude components, meal preparation indicators, perceived barriers to eating "green", and personal factors, such as self-assessed knowledge of healthy eating and physical activity, being strongly associated with students' willingness to switch to plant-based diets in all three countries. Mapping potential obstacles and enablers in terms of shifting to more green-eating behaviors, our findings could add information to better understand the factors affecting food choice and youths' transition to a more sustainable lifestyle.
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Water resource management, as a foundation for supporting sustainable urban development, has garnered increasing attention from scholars. Developing effective water resource management plans is a major challenge faced by countries worldwide. This study uses the 2015 Water Pollution Control and Prevention Action Plan (WPCAP) in China as a natural experiment and employs a Difference-in-Differences (DID) model to estimate the relationship between WPCAP and urban water pollution from 2010 to 2021. The findings are as follows: 1) WPCAP reduces water pollution. 2) WPCAP decreases water pollution in high-policy-pressure cities but increases water pollution in low-policy-pressure cities within a 60 km radius, particularly having a significantly negative impact on water pollution in low-policy-pressure cities with low altitude. 3) optimizing industrial and domestic water use, as well as enhancing sewage treatment capabilities, are crucial pathways through which WPCAP reduces water pollution. Additionally, WPCAP significantly improves water pollution control capabilities in cities with abundant water resources, large cities, and industrialized cities. 4) although WPCAP's ability to control water pollution increases management costs, it also raises residential income and promotes population growth. These findings have important implications for the sustainable development of water resources in emerging countries, including China.
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Ciudades , Contaminación del Agua , Recursos Hídricos , China , Contaminación del Agua/prevención & control , Conservación de los Recursos Naturales , Abastecimiento de AguaRESUMEN
INTRODUCTION: Despite prior research on the association between sarcopenia and cognitive impairment in the elderly, a comprehensive model that integrates various brain pathologies is still lacking. METHODS: We used data from 528 non-demented older adults with or without sarcopenia in the Catholic Aging Brain Imaging (CABI) database, containing magnetic resonance imaging scans, positron emission tomography scans, and clinical data. We also measured three key components of sarcopenia: skeletal muscle index (SMI), hand grip strength (HGS), and the five times sit-to-stand test (5STS). RESULTS: All components of sarcopenia were significantly correlated with global cognitive function, but cortical thickness and amyloid-beta (Aß) retention had distinctive relationships with each measure. In the path model, brain atrophy resulting in cognitive impairment was mediated by Aß retention for SMI and periventricular white matter hyperintensity for HGS, but directly affected by the 5STS. DISCUSSION: Treatments targeting each sub-domain of sarcopenia should be considered to prevent cognitive decline. HIGHLIGHTS: We identified distinct impacts of three sarcopenia measures on brain structure and Aß. Muscle mass is mainly associated with Aß and has an influence on the brain atrophy. Muscle strength linked with periventricular WMH and brain atrophy. Muscle function associated with cortical thinning in specific brain regions. Interventions on sarcopenia may be important to ease cognitive decline in the elderly.
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Encéfalo , Disfunción Cognitiva , Fuerza de la Mano , Imagen por Resonancia Magnética , Neuroimagen , Sarcopenia , Humanos , Sarcopenia/diagnóstico por imagen , Sarcopenia/patología , Disfunción Cognitiva/diagnóstico por imagen , Masculino , Anciano , Femenino , Encéfalo/diagnóstico por imagen , Encéfalo/patología , Fuerza de la Mano/fisiología , Tomografía de Emisión de Positrones , Anciano de 80 o más Años , Músculo Esquelético/diagnóstico por imagen , Músculo Esquelético/patología , Péptidos beta-Amiloides/metabolismo , Imagen Multimodal , Envejecimiento/patologíaRESUMEN
OBJECTIVE: To identify the genetic mutation of coagulation factor â ¦ ( F7) gene in a pedigree with coagulation factor â ¦ (Fâ ¦) deficiency and explore the molecular pathogenesis. METHODS: The prothrombin time (PT), activated partial thromboplastin time (APTT), thrombin time (TT), D-dimer (DD), fibrin degradation products (FDP) and coagulation factor â ¦ activity (Fâ ¦:C) of the proband and her family members were detected by Sysmex-CS5100 analyzer. All exons and exon-intron boundaries of the F7 gene were amplified by PCR followed by direct sequencing. The detected mutation was confirmed by reverse sequencing. The ClustalW software was used to analyze the conservatism of the mutant site. Pathogenicity of the mutation was assessed with Mutation Taster and PolyPhen-2 online bioinformatics software. Structure of the mutant protein was analyzed using Swiss-PdbViewer software. RESULTS: The results of routine coagulation tests showed that PT of the proband was markedly extended to 42.5 s, and her Fâ ¦:C significantly reduced to 2%. The Fâ ¦:C of her grandmother, mother and sister had slightly reduced to 49%, 51%, and 42%, respectively. These coagulant parameters of her father were within the normal range. Genetic analysis reveled a heterozygous G>A change at cDNA 646 in exon 6 of F7 gene in the proband, resulting in a replacement of glycine at 156 of Fâ ¦ catalytic region with serine (p.Gly156Ser). The sequencing results of other exons and exon-intron boundaries of her F7 gene were normal. The proband's grandmother, mother and sister were all the carriers of this missense mutation except her father. Bioinformatics analysis showed that the p.Gly156Ser mutation caused polarity change of the amino acid at this site and formation of side chains, leading to increase of protein instability, which may affect catalytic activity of structural domain. Meanwhile, both Mutation Taster and PolyPhen-2 online bioinformatics software also predicted the pathogenicity of this missense mutation with high scores. CONCLUSION: The heterozygous p.Gly156Ser mutation is the direct cause of the reduced Fâ ¦ in this proband.
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Deficiencia del Factor VII , Factor VII , Mutación , Linaje , Humanos , Femenino , Factor VII/genética , Deficiencia del Factor VII/genética , Exones , Heterocigoto , MasculinoRESUMEN
Purpose: To investigate the associations between anxiety symptoms in midlife women and sleep features later in life, the aim is to test the hypothesis that poor sleep, as measured by each of six individual dimensions (4 objective actigraphy measures, 2 self-reports) of sleep health, is associated with higher levels of anxiety symptoms in midlife women. Participants and Methods: The participants in this longitudinal analysis included women from the SWAN Sleep I Study, a subcohort of the community-dwelling midlife women participating in the core Study of Women's Health Across the Nation (SWAN), which was initiated in 1996. Of the 370 participants enrolled in the Sleep Study, 270 were included in the analytic sample, and 100 who did not meet the inclusion criteria were excluded. Baseline measures of six dimensions of multidimensional sleep health (actigraphy measures: efficiency, duration, mid-sleep timing, regularity; self-report measures: alertness, satisfaction) were obtained between 2003 and 2005, corresponding to SWAN core annual/biennial assessments 5-8. Associations of each dimension with self-reported anxiety symptoms (Generalized Anxiety Disorder - 7-item scale; GAD-7), collected during visits 12 (2009-2011), 13 (2011-2013), and 15 (2015-2017), were examined using mixed models. The GAD-7 outcome was measured both continuously and as a categorical variable due to its skewed distribution. Results: No statistically significant associations were found between any of the six baseline sleep health dimensions and the GAD-7 score after adjustment for covariates. Conclusion: The reasons for the lack of support for our hypothesis, despite previous evidence supporting an association between sleep and anxiety, are unclear. There is considerable overlap between anxiety and sleep symptoms, which may complicate the interpretation of our the findings. Thus, the failure to identify associations is likely multifactorial, and more studies with shorter follow-up intervals are warranted to better understand these relationships.
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Given the extremely high inter-patient heterogeneity of acute myeloid leukemia (AML), the identification of biomarkers for prognostic assessment and therapeutic guidance is critical. Cell surface markers (CSMs) have been shown to play an important role in AML leukemogenesis and progression. In the current study, we evaluated the prognostic potential of all human CSMs in 130 AML patients from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) based on differential gene expression analysis and univariable Cox proportional hazards regression analysis. By using multi-model analysis, including Adaptive LASSO regression, LASSO regression, and Elastic Net, we constructed a 9-CSMs prognostic model for risk stratification of the AML patients. The predictive value of the 9-CSMs risk score was further validated at the transcriptome and proteome levels. Multivariable Cox regression analysis showed that the risk score was an independent prognostic factor for the AML patients. The AML patients with high 9-CSMs risk scores had a shorter overall and event-free survival time than those with low scores. Notably, single-cell RNA-sequencing analysis indicated that patients with high 9-CSMs risk scores exhibited chemotherapy resistance. Furthermore, PI3K inhibitors were identified as potential treatments for these high-risk patients. In conclusion, we constructed a 9-CSMs prognostic model that served as an independent prognostic factor for the survival of AML patients and held the potential for guiding drug therapy.
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BACKGROUND: Interstitial lung disease frequently coincides with pneumonia in clinical settings, and both conditions are closely associated with immunoinflammation. The Systemic Immune Inflammatory Index (SII) is a recently identified marker, and its connection to the prognosis of individuals suffering from interstitial lung disease and concurrent pneumonia remains unclear. The objective of this study was to scrutinize the correlation between varying SII levels and unfavorable outcomes in patients grappling with interstitial lung disease complicated by pneumonia. METHODS: This study encompassed a retrospective multicenter cohort of 324 patients diagnosed with interstitial lung disease and pneumonia, all receiving glucocorticoid treatment during their hospitalization. We initially conducted ROC analysis to determine the optimal SII threshold. Subsequently, we examined disparities in clinical symptoms, physical signs, clinical test data, and other clinical attributes among patients with differing SII levels. Later, we employed the Kaplan-Meier survival curve method to assess the association between distinct SII levels and the 30-day and 90-day mortality rates in patients dealing with interstitial lung disease complicated by pneumonia. Finally, a Cox regression model was employed to identify factors influencing adverse prognosis in these patients. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION: The findings demonstrated that the optimal SII threshold for predicting 30-day mortality was 1416.97, with an AUC of 0.633 (95% CI: 0.559-0.708) and a P value of <0.001. For 90-day mortality, the optimal SII threshold was 994.59, yielding an AUC of 0.628 (95% CI: 0.56-0.697) and a P value of <0.001. Noteworthy statistical distinctions emerged in dyspnea, cyanosis, and oxygenation index among patients with varying SII levels. Additionally, invasive mechanical ventilation, non-invasive ventilation, and extended infection duration independently constituted 30-day and 90-day mortality risk factors. Elevated heart rate and higher SII levels emerged as independent risk factors for 90-day mortality. CONCLUSION: To some extent, SII levels exhibit correlations with the clinical manifestations in patients grappling with interstitial lung disease complicated by pneumonia. Notably, a high SII level is an independent predictor for an unfavorable prognosis in these patients. Nevertheless, these findings warrant further validation through prospective cohort studies.
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As an eco-friendly and sustainable energy, solar energy has great application potential in water treatment. Herein, simulated sunlight was for the first time utilized to activate monochloramine for the degradation of environmental organic microcontaminants. Various microcontaminants could be efficiently degraded in the simulated sunlight/monochloramine system. The average innate quantum yield of monochloramine over the wavelength range of simulated sunlight was determined to be 0.068 mol/Einstein. With the determined quantum yield, a kinetic model was established. Based on the good agreement between the simulated and measured photolysis and radical contributions to the degradation of ibuprofen and carbamazepine, the major mechanism of monochloramine activation by simulated sunlight was proposed. Chlorine radical (Clâ) and hydroxyl radical (HOâ) were major radicals responsible for microcontaminant degradation in the system. Moreover, the model facilitated a deep investigation into the effects of different reaction conditions (pH, monochloramine concentration, and water matrix components) on the degradation of ibuprofen and carbamazepine, as well as the roles of the involved radicals. The differences between simulated and measured degradation data of each microcontaminant under all conditions were less than 10â¯%, indicating the strong reliability of the model. The model could also make good prediction for microcontaminant degradation in the natural sunlight/monochloramine system. Furthermore, the formation of disinfection byproducts (DBPs) was evaluated at different oxidation time in simulated sunlight/monochloramine with and without post-chloramination treatment. In real waters, organic components showed more pronounced suppression on microcontaminant degradation efficiency than inorganic ions. This study provided a systematic investigation into the novel sunlight-induced monochloramine activation system for efficient microcontaminant degradation, and demonstrated the potential of the system in practical applications.
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Cloraminas , Luz Solar , Purificación del Agua , Cloraminas/química , Cinética , Contaminantes Químicos del Agua/química , Fotólisis , Ibuprofeno/química , Carbamazepina/químicaRESUMEN
Research objective: To explore the spatial correlation network characteristics and formation mechanisms of tourism resource conversion efficiency, and provide reference for the collaborative improvement of tourism resource conversion efficiency at the provincial level in China. Research methods: Non parametric SBM efficiency measurement method and social network analysis method. Research hypothesis: The spatial network correlation characteristics of tourism resource conversion efficiency are obvious, and regional connections are close. Research findings: (i) during the research period, the spatial connection strength of China's tourism resource conversion efficiency continued to increase and the spatial network structure of tourism resource conversion efficiency tended to become more complex and significantly more stable. (ii) A spatially linked network with a stable tourism resource conversion efficiency structure formed in China. The number of network relations and density of the network fluctuated and increased, while the network efficiency continued to decrease; however, a strong small-world nature was observed. (iii) The economic development level difference matrix, tourism industry agglomeration difference matrix, human capital difference matrix, and marketization degree difference matrix significantly and positively affected spatial association relationship establishment, while the provincial adjacency matrix significantly and negatively affected such relationships.
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The effective purification of phosphate-containing wastewater is considered as increasingly important. In this study, a highly effective LC-CNT film was developed for efficient phosphate removal. Kinetic results showed that the adsorbent exhibited an improved mass transfer efficiency and a fast adsorption rate during adsorption (reaching 80% and 100% equilibrium adsorption capacity within 175 and 270 min, respectively). Kinetic model analysis suggested that the adsorption was a combined chemical physical process. Isotherm study revealed that the LC-CNT film showed a superior adsorption capacity (178.6 mg/g, estimated from the Langmuir model) with multiple adsorption mechanisms. pH study suggested that surface complexation and ligand exchange played important roles during adsorption, and the adsorbent worked well within the pH range of 3-7 with little La leakage. The ionic strength and competing anions showed little influence on the adsorbent effectiveness except for the carbonate and sulfate ions. The characterization and mechanism study revealed that the phosphate adsorption of the LC-CNT film was controlled by inner-sphere complexation, outer-sphere complexation and surface precipitation. The LC-CNT film also showed excellent regenerability and stability in cycling runs, further demonstrating its potential in industrial applications.
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Lantano , Nanotubos de Carbono , Fosfatos , Contaminantes Químicos del Agua , Fosfatos/química , Lantano/química , Adsorción , Nanotubos de Carbono/química , Cinética , Contaminantes Químicos del Agua/química , Purificación del Agua/métodos , Aguas Residuales/química , Concentración de Iones de Hidrógeno , Concentración OsmolarRESUMEN
In this research, a method was developed for fabricating Au-Au nanorod array substrates through the deposition of large-area Au nanostructures on an Au nanorod array using a galvanic cell reaction. The incorporation of a granular structure enhanced both the number and intensity of surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) hot spots on the substrate, thereby elevating the SERS performance beyond that of substrates composed solely of an Au nanorod. Calculations using the finite difference time domain method confirmed the generation of a strong electromagnetic field around the nanoparticles. Motivated by the electromotive force, Au ions in the chloroauric acid solution were reduced to form nanostructures on the nanorod array. The size and distribution density of these granular nanostructures could be modulated by varying the reaction time and the concentration of chloroauric acid. The resulting Au-Au nanorod array substrate exhibited an active, uniform, and reproducible SERS effect. With 1,2-bis(4-pyridyl)ethylene as the probe molecule, the detection sensitivity of the Au-Au nanorod array substrate was enhanced to 10-11 M, improving by five orders of magnitude over the substrate consisting only of an Au nanorod array. For a practical application, this substrate was utilized for the detection of pesticides, including thiram, thiabendazole, carbendazim, and phosmet, within the concentration range of 10-4 to 5 × 10-7 M. An analytical model combining a random forest and a one-dimensional convolutional neural network, referring to the important variable-one-dimensional convolutional neural network model, was developed for the precise identification of thiram. This approach demonstrated significant potential for biochemical sensing and rapid on-site identification.
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WHAT IS KNOWN ABOUT THE SUBJECT?: Psychotic symptoms and depression are common problems in people diagnosed with schizophrenia. Psychological flexibility is a skill that facilitates coping with difficulties. There is limited research on the role of psychological flexibility in the relationship between psychotic symptoms and depression in people diagnosed with schizophrenia. WHAT DOES THE ARTICLE ADD TO EXISTING KNOWLEDGE?: This article investigates the role of psychological flexibility in the link between psychotic symptom severity and depression in people diagnosed with schizophrenia. The article shows that psychological flexibility partially mediates the relationship between psychotic symptom severity and depression. The article suggests that interventions aimed at improving psychological flexibility may be beneficial in reducing depressive symptoms in people diagnosed with schizophrenia. WHAT ARE THE IMPLICATIONS FOR PRACTICE?: Mental health nurses should consider psychotic symptom severity and psychological flexibility when assessing and intervening for depressive symptoms in people diagnosed with schizophrenia. Mental health nurses should receive training to improve psychological flexibility and pass this skill on to their patients. Mental health nurses should continue to research the effectiveness and outcomes of interventions aimed at improving psychological flexibility. ABSTRACT: INTRODUCTION: Psychological flexibility may help people diagnosed with schizophrenia (PWS) cope with their psychotic symptoms and reduce their depressive symptoms, but the mechanism of this effect is unclear. AIM: To investigate whether psychological flexibility mediates the relationship between psychotic symptom severity and depression in PWS. METHOD: A cross-sectional study was conducted, in which a total of 111 PWS were assessed with DSM-5 Clinician-Rated Dimensions of Psychosis Symptom Severity, Calgary Depression Scale for Schizophrenia and Acceptance and Action Questionnaire. Data analysis was performed using SPSS 25 and PROCESS macro. RESULTS: Significant correlations were found between psychotic symptoms, depression and psychological flexibility. Psychological flexibility partially mediated the relationship between psychotic symptom severity and depression. DISCUSSION: Psychological flexibility could weaken the impact of psychotic symptom severity on depression in PWS. Higher psychotic symptoms were associated with lower psychological flexibility and higher depression. IMPLICATIONS FOR PRACTICE: Interventions to improve psychological flexibility may prevent depressive symptoms in PWS. Psychiatric nurses can use psychological flexibility as a goal for evaluation and intervention.
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Depresión , Esquizofrenia , Humanos , Adulto , Masculino , Femenino , Esquizofrenia/complicaciones , Estudios Transversales , Persona de Mediana Edad , Trastornos Psicóticos , Adaptación Psicológica , Índice de Severidad de la Enfermedad , Adulto JovenRESUMEN
BACKGROUND: The study's objective was to assess the dimensional accuracy and reliability of dental digital models prepared by direct intraoral scanning and indirect scanning of the plaster models compared to the plaster models as the gold standard. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This study included 20 patients. Nine had a class I malocclusion, seven had a class II malocclusion, and four had a class III malocclusion. Intraoral scanning was done for the upper and lower arches of all the patients enrolled in this study using an intraoral scanner (i700; Medit, Seoul, Korea). The next step was preparing the plaster model for the control group. Addition-silicone impressions were taken for each patient's arches. The impressions were poured according to American Board of Orthodontics (ABO) standards. Finally, the digital models of the indirect scanning group were prepared using a 3D desktop scanner (T710; Medit). In total, 26 measurements were made on the plaster and digital models. Paired t-tests were used to test for significant differences between the studied groups. The reliability of the studied techniques was tested using intraclass correlation coefficients (ICCs). Because of the multiple comparisons, the É level was adjusted and set at 0.002. RESULTS: No significant differences were found between the intraoral scanning group (20 patients) and the plaster models group (20 patients; P>0.002). The ICCs ranged from 0.814 to 0.993, indicating excellent agreement between the direct digital and traditional plaster models. There were no significant differences between the digital and original plaster models (P>0.002). ICCs ranged from 0.834 to 0.995, indicating excellent agreement between the indirect digital and original plaster models. No significant differences were detected between the direct and indirect digital models (P>0.002). ICCs ranged between 0.813 and 0.999, indicating excellent agreement between direct and indirect digital models. CONCLUSION: Both direct and indirect scanning techniques are accurate and reliable for digital model preparation and can be considered an alternative to traditional plaster models used in clinical orthodontics diagnostic applications. The intraoral scanning technique can be considered a valid alternative for indirect scanning of the plaster models to prepare digital working models during the digital design and fabrication of orthodontic appliances such as clear aligners.
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The diagnosis of schizophrenia (SZ) can be challenging due to its diverse symptom presentation. As such, many studies have sought to identify diagnostic biomarkers of SZ using explainable machine learning methods. However, the generalizability of identified biomarkers in many machine learning-based studies is highly questionable given that most studies only analyze explanations from a small number of models. In this study, we present (1) a novel feature interaction-based explainability approach and (2) several new approaches for summarizing multi-model explanations. We implement our approach within the context of electroencephalogram (EEG) spectral power data. We further analyze both training and test set explanations with the goal of extracting generalizable insights from the models. Importantly, our analyses identify effects of SZ upon the α, ß, and θ frequency bands, the left hemisphere of the brain, and interhemispheric interactions across a majority of folds. We hope that our analysis will provide helpful insights into SZ and inspire the development of robust approaches for identifying neuropsychiatric disorder biomarkers from explainable machine learning models.
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Building on the seminal studies of Solomon Asch and Muzafer Sherif, recent research has advanced our understanding of the mechanisms underlying social influence by applying a diffusion model analysis. Here, we combined the social identity approach to social influence with a diffusion model analysis to unravel the mechanisms underlying social influence. In particular, we aimed to disentangle whether the difference between in-group and out-group influence on perceptual decision-making is driven by a judgmental bias (i.e., changes in decision criteria) or a perceptual bias (i.e., changes in the uptake of sensory information). Preregistered analyses indicated that in-groups exerted stronger social influence than out-groups because in-groups induced a stronger perceptual bias than out-groups. This finding is in line with the single process assumption of the social identity approach because it implicates that the single process driving social influence (i.e., self-categorisation) translates into a change in a single subprocess of decision-making (i.e., biased information uptake). In conclusion, our results highlight that our theoretical understanding of social influence can be expanded by integrating the social identity approach with a diffusion model analysis.
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Toma de Decisiones , Identificación Social , Humanos , Adulto , Masculino , Femenino , Adulto Joven , Modelos Psicológicos , Procesos de Grupo , JuicioRESUMEN
OBJECTIVE: While mixed dentition space analysis is a common practice in pediatric dentistry, digital models created using an intraoral scanner are not as widely used in clinical settings. This preliminary study used a very small sample size with one reference model and aimed to (1) compare the accuracy of mixed dentition space analysis using a digital model obtained from an optical impression with that of conventional plaster model-based analysis and (2) assess inter-examiner differences. RESULTS: The space required for the mandibular permanent canine and premolars and arch length discrepancy were calculated using each model. The largest significant difference between plaster- and digital model-based analyses was identified when the right arch length discrepancy was considered (-0.49 mm; 95% confidence interval: -0.95-0.03); however, the value was considered clinically insignificant. Significant inter-examiner differences were observed for six items of the plaster model; however, no such differences were observed when using the digital model. In conclusion, digital model space analysis may have the same level of accuracy as conventional plaster model analysis and likely results in smaller inter-examiner differences than plaster model analysis.