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The removal of copper ions, from synthetic solutions, using walnut shell and olive pomace waste as biosorbents was studied. Synthetic copper solutions were used, and the contact time, initial pH, biosorbent dose, and initial concentration of copper ions were evaluated. The used particle size of both biosorbents was inferior to 600 µm. In the elimination of copper ions, the walnut shell reached 88% (30 min), and the olive pomace 86.5% (40 min). The maximum removal of copper ions was at pH 5 with both biosorbents. The elimination of copper ions was constant with increasing doses of bio-sorbent; however, a decrease close to 90% in the biosorption capacity was determined, when the dose of biosorbent increased from 1 to 10 g/L. The effect of the biosorption capacity increased proportionally with the initial concentration of copper ions; achieving biosorption of 8.3 and 12.9 mg of Cu+2/g of biosorbent, with walnut shell and olive pomace, respectively. Both biosorbent allowed copper ions removal close to 90%; however, to the olive pomace was not necessary a size reduction and had a higher copper ions biosorption capacity than the walnut shell.

RESUMEN: Se estudió la remoción de iones cobre desde solución sintética, usando cáscara de nuez y orujo de oliva como biosorbentes; se evaluó el tiempo de contacto, pH inicial, dosis de biosorbente y concentración inicial de iones cobre. El tamaño de partícula usado de ambos biosorbentes fue inferior a 600 µm. En la eliminación de iones cobre, la cáscara de nuez alcanzó 88 % (30 min) y el orujo de oliva 86,5 % (40 min). La máxima remoción de iones cobre fue a pH 5 con ambos biosorbentes. La eliminación de iones cobre fue constante con dosis crecientes de biosorbente; pero, se determinó una disminución cercana al 90 % en la capacidad de biosorción, cuando la dosis de biosorbente incrementó de 1 a 10 g/L. El efecto de la capacidad de biosorción aumentó proporcionalmente con la concentración inicial de iones cobre; obteniéndose biosorción de 8,3 y 12,9 mg de Cu+2/g de biosorbente, con cáscara de nuez y orujo de oliva, respectivamente. Ambos biosorbentes permitieron una remoción de iones cobre cercana al 90%; sin embargo, el orujo de oliva no necesitó reducción de tamaño y tuvo mejor capacidad de biosorción de iones cobre que la cáscara de nuez.

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The by-product of walnut oil (Juglans regia L.) extraction is a press cake rich in polyunsaturated fatty acids and other bioactive compounds. From this cake, walnut flour is obtained by a milling process. The composition and a physicochemical characterization of walnut flour was performed: proximal composition, mineral content, and fatty acid and amino acid profiles were measured. Besides, antioxidant capacity and water and oil holding capacities were determined. Walnut flour has 55% of lipids with an optimum w6/w3 ratio, a good lysine/arginine ratio, and high levels of antioxidants that contribute to its oxidative stability, the estimated shelf life being 16 months. In regards to interaction with other ingredients, walnut flour retained 258 and 70% (w/w) of water and oil, respectively. Therefore, these results show that walnut flour is a good source of micro- and macronutrients, compared to flours commonly used in breadmaking. Also, walnut flour has good technofunctional properties and thus its incorporation could improve the nutritional and technological characteristics of new bakery products.

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Walnut kernels contain high amounts of polyunsaturated fatty acids that determine a limited shelf life on these nuts. The application of walnut phenolics as antioxidants through a walnut protein-based coating, obtained from walnut oil cake residue, can help to increase the shelf life of walnuts. The objective was to evaluate the preservative effect of walnut polyphenols included in a walnut-proteic edible coating on walnut kernels. Three treatments of walnuts coated with walnut flour were prepared: without the addition of antioxidants (control); with the addition of a walnut phenolic extract; and with the addition of butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT). On the last storage day, the sample with the addition of walnut phenolics presented a lower peroxide (3.64 meq 02 /kg oil) and anisidine value (1.11), conjugated diene (15.92), and hexanal content (19.67 × 106 e.c.) than the control sample (6.23, 1.81, 24.65, and 122.37 × 106 e.c., respectively). Also, on the last day, the control sample showed the highest deterioration of polyunsaturated fatty acids (from 74.83 to 71.08 g/100g), carotenoid (from 3.43 to 1.90 mg/kg), and γ-tocopherol content (from 349.66 to 298.42 mg/kg). In addition, this sample exhibited the highest oxidized (20.33) and the lowest walnut flavor intensity (64.67) on day 84. Regarding consumer acceptance, the phenolic-added sample displayed a greater flavor acceptance score. Walnut phenolics, implemented through a walnut protein-based coating, improve the preservation of walnuts. PRACTICAL APPLICATION: The combination of walnut-phenolic extracts and walnut-based edible coating applied on walnuts by food industries allows to prolong their shelf life, by preserving their nutritional, sensory, and quality properties. Considering the practical feasibility, the procedure used to prepare these products is simple and requires machineries already present in food industries. In addition, the utilization of this coating with walnut-phenolics exerts benefits like, the prevention of allergen cross-contamination in the chain of production, the utilization of an industry's residue, the replacement of synthetic antioxidants and, and the diminishment of the amount and thickness of plastic needed for walnuts' packaging.

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Clonal rootstocks are one alternative used by the walnut industry to control damage caused by Phytophthora species, traditionally using plants grafted on susceptible Juglans regia rootstock. Vlach, VX211, and RX1 are clonal rootstocks with a degree of resistance to Phytophthora species. The resistance to pathogens in these rootstocks depends on the resistance mechanisms activated by the presence of the pathogen and subsequent development of responses in the host. In this work, we analyzed how plants of J. regia, Vlach, VX211, and RX1 responded to inoculation with Phytophthora cinnamomi or Phytophthora citrophthora isolates obtained from diseased English walnut plants from Chilean orchards. After inoculation, plants of Vlach, VX211, and RX1 showed canopy and root damage indexes that did not differ from noninoculated control plants. In contrast, plants of J. regia, which is susceptible to P. cinnamomi and P. citrophthora, died after inoculation. Vlach, VX211, and RX1 plants inoculated with P. cinnamomi or P. citrophthora showed greater root weight and volume and greater root growth rates than their respective controls. These results suggest that short-term carbohydrate dynamics may be related to the defense mechanisms of plants; they are immediately activated after inoculation through the production of phenolic compounds, which support the further growth and development of roots in walnut clonal rootstocks. To our knowledge, this is the first study that comprehensively characterizes vegetative and radicular growth and the dynamics of sugars and phenols in response to infection with P. cinnamomi or P. citrophthora in walnut rootstocks.

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A resistência antimicrobiana atingiu proporções alarmantes em todo o mundo, sendo que na Europa mortes causadas por micro-organismos multirresistentes superam os índices de mortalidade da AIDS, tuberculose e a gripe. Assim a fitoterapia desponta no combate a esta problemática, com as diversas atividades biológicas de plantas e seus derivados. Portanto os objetivos do presente estudo foram avaliar a ação antimicrobiana, anti-inflamatória, citotoxicidade, genotoxicidade e constituição fitoquímica dos extratos glicólicos de P. paniculata e J. regia. A ação sobre bactérias anaeróbias (Porphyromonas gingivalis, P. endodontalis, Parvimonas micra e Fusobacterium nucleatum) foi realizada por meio dos testes de microdiluição em caldo (Protocolo M11-A8 - CLSI) e sobre biofilmes monotípicos. Já a ação sobre aeróbios foi realizada sobre 3 cepas de Klebsiella pneumoniae multirresistente, com testes sobre culturas planctônicas (Protocolo M7-A9) e biofilmes; Foi realizada a verificação da atividade antimicrobiana sobre biofilmes heterotípicos de Candida albicans associada a Staphylococcus aureus, Enterococcus faecalis, Streptococcus mutans ou Pseudomonas aeruginosa. A citotoxicidade e a genotoxicdade dos extratos foram avaliadas sobre macrófagos de camundongos (RAW 264.7) e queratinócitos humanos (HaCat) pelos testes de MTT e micronúcleos, respectivamente. O potencial antiinflamatório foi verificado dosando os níveis de TNF-⍺, IL-10 e IL-1ß pelo teste de ELISA. Os dados obtiveram distribuição normal sendo a análise estatística realizada por ANOVA e Tukey (p<0,05%). Os extratos de P. paniculata e J. regia promoveram CMM de 50 mg/mL para as anaeróbias. Os biofilmes de P. gingivalis e P. micra foram eliminados com 100 e 200 mg/mL dos extratos (5 min) e com as concentrações de 50 e 100 mg/mL por 24 h; F. nucleatum e P. endodontalis obtiveram reduções variando de 80 a 90%. Os biofilmes heterotípicos de C. albicans e S. mutans obtiveram reduções de até 80% após contato por 5 min. com J. regia e 71% para P. paniculata. Os biofilmes multirresistentes de K. pneumoniae obtiveram reduções na atividade metabólica de até 67,9%. P. paniculata promoveu viabilidade celular variando de 61,1% a 133,8% sobre queratinócitos humanos após 24 h de contato com as concentrações de 12,5 a 0,39 mg/mL, enquanto J. regia obteve 43,9 a 128,4% de viabilidade. Os macrófagos de camundongo obtiveram viabilidade de 18,1 a 101,9% com P. paniculata e 35,4 a 60,6% para J. regia. P. paniculata promoveu a redução nos níveis da citocina pró-inflamatória IL-1ß e aumento nos níveis da citocina antiinflamatória IL-10. Já J. regia promoveu a redução da citocina pró-inflamatória TNF-⍺. Ambos os extratos não promoveram genotoxicidade frente as linhagens celulares. A análise fitoquímica evidenciou a presença de benzofenonas e ácido cafeoilquínico nos extratos de P. paniculata e J. regia, respectivamente. Em conclusão, os extratos de P. paniculata e J. regia demonstraram ação antimicrobiana sobre bactérias aeróbias e anaeróbias e multirresistentes com destaque a eliminação dos biofilmes de P. gingivalis, P. endodontalis, P. micra e K. pneumoniae (multirresistentes). Os extratos demonstraram a ausência de toxicidade e genotoxicidade conforme tempo de aplicação e concentração utilizada, além de possuírem potencial anti-inflamatório(AU)

Antimicrobial resistance has reached alarming proportions worldwide, with deaths in Europe caused by multi-resistant microorganisms exceeding the mortality rates from AIDS, tuberculosis and influenza. Thus phytotherapy emerges in the fight against this problem, with the various biological activities of plants and their derivatives. Therefore, the objectives of the present study were to evaluate the antimicrobial, antiinflammatory, cytotoxicity, genotoxicity and phytochemical constitution of the glycolic extracts of P. paniculata and J. regia. The action on anaerobic bacteria (Porphyromonas gingivalis, P. endodontalis, Parvimonas micra and Fusobacterium nucleatum) was carried out by means of broth microdilution tests (Protocol M11-A8 - CLSI) and on monotypic biofilms. The action on aerobes was performed on 3 strains of multi-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae, with tests on planktonic cultures (Protocol M7-A9) and biofilms; The verification of antimicrobial activity on heterotypic biofilms of Candida albicans associated with Staphylococcus aureus, Enterococcus faecalis, Streptococcus mutans or Pseudomonas aeruginosa was also performed. The cytotoxicity and genotoxicity of the extracts were evaluated on mouse macrophages (RAW 264.7) and human keratinocytes (HaCat) by MTT and micronucleus tests, respectively. The anti-inflammatory potential was assessed by the ELISA test, TNF-⍺, IL-10 and IL-1ß levels were measured. The data obtained a normal distribution and the statistical analysis was performed by ANOVA and Tukey (p <0.05%). The extracts of P. paniculata and J. regia promoted CMM of 50 mg / mL for anaerobes. The biofilms of P. gingivalis and P. micra were eradicated with 100 and 200 mg / mL of the extracts (5 min) and with the concentrations of 50 and 100 mg / mL (24 hours); F. nucleatum and P. endodontalis obtained reductions ranging from 80 to 90%. The heterotypic biofilms of C. albicans and S. mutans obtained reductions of up to 80% after contact for 5 minutes with J. regia and 71% for P. paniculata. The multidrug-resistant strains of K. pneumoniae obtained reductions in metabolic activity of up to 67.9%. The P. paniculata extract promoted cell viability ranging from 61.1% to 133.8% on human keratinocytes after 24 h of contact with concentrations of 12.5 to 0.39 mg / mL, while J. regia obtained 43, 9 to 128.4% viability. Mouse macrophages obtained viability from 18.1 to 101.9% with P. paniculata and 35.4 to 60.6% for J. regia. P. paniculata promoted a reduction in the levels of the pro-inflammatory cytokine IL-1ß and an increase in the levels of the anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10. J. regia promoted the reduction of the pro-inflammatory cytokine TNF-⍺. Both extracts did not promote genotoxicity against cell lines. Phytochemical analysis showed the presence of benzophenones and caffeoylquinic acid in the extracts of P. paniculata and J. regia, respectively. In conclusion, the extracts of P. paniculata and J. regia demonstrated antimicrobial action on aerobic and anaerobic and multiresistant bacteria, with emphasis on the elimination of the biofilms of P. gingivalis, P. endodontalis and P. micra, as well as the reductions of the biofilms of K. pneumoniae multidrug-resistant. The extracts demonstrated the absence of toxicity and genotoxicity according to the time of application and concentration used, in addition to having anti-inflammatory potential(AU)

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BACKGROUND: Juglone is a naphthoquinone currently obtained by chemical synthesis with biological activities including antitumor activity. Additionally, juglone is present in the green husk of walnut, which suggests evaluating the effect of GH extracts on carcinogenic cell lines. RESULTS: Walnut green husk ethanolic extract was obtained as 169.1 mg juglone/100 g Green Husk and antioxidant activity (ORAC) of 44,920 µmol Trolox Equivalent/100 g DW Green Husk. At 1 µM juglone in HL-60 cell culture, green husk extract showed an antiproliferative effect, but pure juglone did not; under these conditions, normal fibroblast cells were not affected. A dose-dependent effect on mitochondrial membrane potential loss was observed. Apoptosis of HL-60 was detected at 10 µM juglone. Despite high ORAC values, neither purified juglone nor the extract showed protective effects on HL-60 cells under oxidative conditions. CONCLUSIONS: Green husk extract generates an antiproliferative effect in HL-60 cells, which is related to an induction of the early stages of apoptosis and a loss of mitochondrial membrane potential. The normal cells were not affected when juglone is present at concentrations of 1 µM, while at higher concentrations, there is loss of viability of both cancerous and healthy cells.

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O objetivo do trabalho foi investigar se os extratos de Pfaffia paniculata K. e Juglans regia L. possuem ação antifúngica, antibacteriana e toxicidade celular, com testes in vitro. Para os testes antifúngicos foram utilizadas cepas ATCC de Candida spp., e para os testes antibacterianos foram utilizadas cepas ATCC de Enterococcus faecalis, Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus epidermidis, Streptococcus mutans e Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Para a atividade antimicrobiana primeiramente foram determinados os valores da Concentração Inibitória Mínima (CIM) e da Concentração Microbicida Mínima (CMM) dos extratos pelo método de microdiluição em caldo, segundo Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI). Os micro-organismos que apresentaram CMM foram selecionados para os testes em biofilme, no qual foi preparado em fundo de placa com 96 poços, por 48 h. Após os biofilmes foram tratados por 5 min. utilizando as concentrações de 200, 100 e 50 mg dos extratos. Para mensuração da biomassa foi utilizado o teste de Cristal violeta (CV), e para avaliar a atividade metabólica foi utilizado o teste de MTT. A citotoxicidade foi avaliada sobre fibroblastos gengivais humanos (FMM-1) utilizando os mesmos parâmetros de tratamento utilizados para os testes em biofilmes. Foram avaliadas a viabilidade celular pelos testes de MTT, vermelho neutro e cristal violeta. Os dados obtiveram distribuição normal e foram analisados por ANOVA e teste de Tukey, com significância de 5% (p<0.05%). O extrato de P. paniculata demostrou ação antifúngica em biofilmes, com reduções médias de 29,4 e 42,7% nos testes de CV e MTT. Já a ação antibacteriana foi restrita a S. mutans e P. aeruginosa com reduções médias de 15,7 e 28,6% nos respectivos testes. O extrato de J. regia também demostrou ação antifúngica com redução média de 22,2% na biomassa e 31,4% na atividade metabólica. A ação antimicrobiana ficou restrita a P. aeruginosa com reduções médias de 17,7 e 15,6%, indicados pelos testes de CV e MTT. Quanto a citotoxicidade, a média entre os três testes realizados, indicou que após exposição ao extrato de P. paniculata 58,8% das células continuaram viáveis e para J. regia a viabilidade foi de 65,1%. Conclui-se queo extrato de P. paniculata demostrou ação antifúngica sobre todas as cepas de Candida spp. testadas e demostrou ação antibacteriana para P. aeruginosa e S. mutans. As concentrações de 200, 100 e 50 mg do extrato demostraram ser citotóxicas conforme nova diretriz de 11 toxicidade. J. regia demostrou ação antifúngica sobre todas as cepas de Candida spp. testadas e demostrou ação antibacteriana sobre P. aeruginosa. Apenas a concentração de 200 mg do extrato se mostrou tóxica a FMM-1(AU)

The aim of this study was to investigate whether extracts of Pfaffia paniculata K. and Juglans regia L. have antifungal, antibacterial and cellular toxicity, with in vitro tests. ATCC strains of Candida spp. Were used for antifungal tests, and ATCC strains of Enterococcus faecalis, Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus epidermidis, Streptococcus mutans and Pseudomonas aeruginosa were used for the antibacterial tests. For the antimicrobial activity, the values of the Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) and the Minimal Microbicidal Concentration (CMM) of the extracts were determined by the microdilution method in broth, according to Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI). The microorganisms that presented CMM were selected for the biofilm tests, in which it was prepared on a 96-well plate bottom for 48 h. After the biofilms were treated for 5 min. Using the concentrations of 200, 100 and 50 mg of the extracts. To measure the biomass, the Violet Crystal test (CV) was used, and the MTT test was used to evaluate the metabolic activity. Cytotoxicity was assessed on human gingival fibroblasts (FMM-1) using the same treatment parameters used for biofilm tests. Cell viability was evaluated by the MTT, neutral red and violet crystal tests. The data obtained normal distribution and were analyzed by ANOVA and Tukey test, with significance of 5%. The extract of P. paniculata showed antifungal action in biofilms, with average reductions of 29.4 and 42.7% in CV and MTT tests; The antibacterial action was restricted to S. mutans and P. aeruginosa with mean reductions of 15.7 and 28.6% in the respective tests. The extract of J. regia also demonstrated antifungal action with an average reduction of 22.2% in biomass and 31.4% in metabolic activity. The antimicrobial action was restricted to P. aeruginosa with mean reductions of 17.7 and 15.6%, indicated by CV and MTT tests. As for cytotoxicity, the mean of the three tests carried out indicated that after exposure to P. paniculata extract 58.8% of the cells remained viable and for viability the viability was 65.1%. In conclusion the extract of P. paniculata showed antifungal action on all strains of Candida spp. Tested and demonstrated antibacterial action for P. aeruginosa and S. mutans. The concentrations of 200, 100 and 50 mg of the extract proved to be cytotoxic according to the new toxicity guideline. J. regia demonstrated antifungal action on all strains of Candida spp. Tested and demonstrated antibacterial action on P. aeruginosa. Only the 200 mg concentration of the extract was shown to be toxic to FMM-1 (AU)

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The proximate composition of eleven walnut (Juglans regia L.) genotypes (28 ŞK 010, 28 ŞK 055, 28 ŞK 041, 28 ŞK 601, 28 ŞK 925, 28 ŞK 028, 28 ŞK 118, 28 ŞK 350, 28 ŞK 930, 28 ŞK 850, 28 ŞK 036) and three walnut cultivars (Şebin, Bilecik, Kaman 1) produced in Turkey were determined. The oil content of the samples ranged from 61.32 to 69.35%, corresponding to an energy value of approximately 710 kcal per 100 g of kernel. The protein content ranged from 10.58 to 18.19%, and the carbohydrate composition was between 9.05 and 18.92%. The ash content ranged from 1.53 to 1.99%, and the moisture content of the kernels was between 1.91 and 4.48% the oleic acid content of the oils ranged from 17.90 to 33.35% of the total fatty acids. The linoleic acid content ranged from 43.15 to 60.20%. The linolenic acid content ranged from 9.98 to 13.00%. The palmitic acid content was between 5.21 and 8.40%. Stearic acid ranged from 2.36 to 4.25%. Potassium was the major mineral in all the samples, ranging from 359.73 to 482.97 mg/100 g. Calcium was the next most abundant mineral, ranging from 109.45 to 335.97 mg/100 g, followed by magnesium, ranging from 126.01 to 165.15 mg/100 g.

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Antidepressant, anti-inflammatory, antihypoxic and antioxidant activities of methanol extract of Juglans regia L., Juglandaceae, flower were investigated. Antidepressant activity was examined by forced swimming test and tail suspension test in mice. Antihypoxic activity was investigated in haemic and circulatory models. The effects were pronounced in both models. It produced statistically significant anti-inflammatory activity in carrageenan induced edema at nearly all doses, compared to control groups. IC50 for DPPH radical-scavenging activity was 674±27.6 µg mL-1. Extract showed good Fe2+ chelating ability (IC50 43±1.5 µg mL-1). It exhibited low antioxidant activity in linoleic acid peroxidation test. Its pharmacological effects may be attributed, in part, to the presence of phenols and ISSN 0102-695X flavonoids in the extract.

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The aim of this work was to study the influence of a walnut (Juglans regia) extract on the growth of Escherichia coli (E. coli) AB1157, on the plasmid DNA topology and on the labeling of blood constituents with technetium-99m (99mTc). An E. coli AB1157 culture, in stationary phase, was incubated with walnut and the growth of the culture was evaluated by optical density at 600 nm for 7 hours. Plasmid DNA samples were incubated with SnCl2 in presence or absence of walnut for 40 minutes, 0.8 percent agarose gel electrophoresis was performed, the gel was stained and the plasmid topological forms were visualized. Blood samples from Wistar rats were incubated with walnut extract and an assay of labeling of blood constituents with technetium-99m (99mTc) was performed. Blood cells and plasma were separated. The radioactivity in each fraction was counted and percentage of incorporated radioactivity ( percentATI) was determined. The results presented an inhibitory action of the growth of the E. coli AB1157 culture, no protective action of the walnut extract in plasmid DNA treated with SnCl2. Moreover, walnut was also not capable to induce modifications in the DNA mobility in agarose gel but walnut was capable to decrease the distribution of 99mTc on the blood cell compartment. In conclusion, our experimental data suggest that in the walnut extract has substances with an effect on the growth of E. coli culture, a potential action to increase the SnCl2 effect on plasmid DNA and also is capable to alter the distribution of 99mTc on the blood cell compartment probably due to redoxi properties.

O objetivo desse trabalho foi estudar a influência de um extrato de nogueira (Juglans regia) no crescimento de Escherichia coli (E. coli) AB1157, na topologia do DNA plasmidial e na marcação de constituintes sanguíneos com tecnécio-99m (99mTc). Uma cultura de E. coli AB1157, em faseestacionária, foi incubada com nogueira e o crescimento da cultura foi avaliado por densidade óptica a 600nm por 7 horas. Amostras de DNA plasmidial foram incubadas com SnCl2 napresença ou ausência de nogueira por 40 minutos, a eletroforese em agarose 0.8% foi realizada, o gel foi corado e as formas topológicas do plasmídioforam visualizadas. Amostras de sangue de ratos Wistar foram incubadas com extrato de nogueira e um ensaio de marcação de constituintes sanguíneos com tecnécio-99m (99mTc) foirealizado. Células sanguíneas e plasma foram separadas. A radioatividade em cada fração foi contada e a percentagem de radioatividade incorporada (%ATI) foi determinada. Os resultados apresentaram uma ação inibitória docrescimento da cultura de E. coli AB1157, nenhuma ação protetora do extrato de nogueira em DNA plasmidial tratado com SnCl2. Além disso,na nogueira também não foi capaz de induzir modificações na mobilidade do DNA em gel de agarose, mas a nogueira foi capaz de diminuir a distribuição de 99mTc no compartimento sanguíneocelular. Concluindo, nosso resultado experimental sugere que no extrato de nogueira existem substâncias com um efeito no crescimento de cultura de E. coli, uma ação capaz de aumentar oefeito do SnCl2 no DNA plasmidial e também ser capaz de alterar a distribuição de 99mTc no compartimento sanguíneo celular provavelmentedevido a propriedades redoxi.