RESUMEN

There is increasing interest in the discovery and application of molecular flasks - supramolecular host structures capable of catalyzing organic reactions. Reminiscent of enzymes due to possessing a host cavity akin to an active site, molecular flasks can exhibit complex catalytic mechanisms and in many cases provide selectivity not achievable in bulk solvent. In this Review, we aim to organize the increasingly diverse examples through a two-part structure. In part one, we provide an overview of the different acceleration modes that operate within molecular flasks, while in part two we showcase, through selected examples, the different types of selectivity that are obtainable through the use of molecular flasks. Particular attention is given to examples that are relevant to current challenges in synthetic organic chemistry. We believe that this structure makes the field more approachable and thus will stimulate the development of novel applications of molecular flasks.

RESUMEN

Shake flask cultivation, a cornerstone in bioprocess research encounters limitations in supplying sufficient oxygen and exchanging gases, restricting its accuracy in assessing microbial growth and metabolic activity. In this communication, we introduce an innovative gas supply apparatus that harnesses the rotational motion of a shaking incubator to facilitate continuous air delivery, effectively overcoming these limitations. We measured the mass transfer coefficient (kLa) and conducted batch cultures of Corynebacterium glutamicum H36LsGAD using various working volumes to assess its performance. Results demonstrated that the gas supply apparatus significantly outperforms conventional silicone stoppers regarding oxygen delivery, with kLa values of 2531.7 h-1 compared to 20.25 h-1 at 230 rpm. Moreover, in batch cultures, the gas supply apparatus enabled substantial improvements in microbial growth, maintaining exponential growth even at larger working volumes. Compared to the existing system, an increase in final cell mass by a factor of 3.4-fold was observed when utilizing 20% of the flask's volume, and a remarkable 9-fold increase was achieved when using 60%. Furthermore, the gas supply apparatus ensured consistent oxygen supply and efficient gas exchange within the flask, overcoming challenges associated with low working volumes. This approach offers a simple yet effective solution to enhance gas transfer in shake flask cultivation, bridging the gap between laboratory-scale experiments and industrial fermenters. Its broad applicability holds promise for advancing research in bioprocess optimization and scale-up endeavors.

RESUMEN

OBJECTIVES: Developing a simplified flask fermentation strategy utilizing magnetotactic bacterium AMB-1 and optimized iron supplementation for high-yield magnetosome production to address the challenges associated with magnetosome acquisition. RESULTS: A reliable processing for the pure culture of AMB-1 was established using standard laboratory consumables and equipment. Subsequently, the medium and iron supplementation were optimized to enhance the yield of AMB-1 magnetosomes. The mSLM supported higher biomass accumulation in flask fermentation, reaching an OD565 of ~ 0.7. The premixed solution of ferric quinate and EDTA-Fe (at a ratio of 0.5:0.5 and a concentration of 0.4 mmol/L) stabilized Fe3+ and significantly increased the reductase activity of AMB-1. Flask fermentations with an initial volume of 15 L were then conducted employing the optimized fermentation strategy. After two rounds of iron and nutrient supplementation, the magnetosome yield reached 185.7 ± 9.5 mg/batch (approximately 12 mg/L), representing the highest AMB-1 flask fermentation yield to our knowledge. CONCLUSION: A flask fermentation strategy for high-yield magnetsome production was developed, eliminating the need for bioreactors and greatly simplifying the process of magnetosome acquisition.

RESUMEN

Cultivating cells in shake flasks is a routine operation that is largely unchanged since its inception. A glass or plastic Erlenmeyer vessel with the primary gas exchange taking place across various porous plugs is used with media volumes typically ranging from 100 mL to 2 L. Oxygen limitation and carbon dioxide accumulation in the vessel is a major concern for studies involving shake flask cultures. In this study, we enhance mass transfer in a conventional shake flask by replacing the body wall with a permeable membrane. Naturally occurring concentration gradient across the permeable membrane walls facilitates the movement of oxygen and carbon dioxide between the flask and the external environment. The modified flask called the breathable flask, has shown a 40% improvement in mass transfer coefficient (kLa) determined using the static diffusion method. The prokaryotic cell culture studies performed with Escherichia coli showed an improvement of 28%-66% in biomass and 41%-56% in recombinant product yield. The eukaryotic cell culture study performed with Pichia pastoris expressing proinsulin exhibited a 40% improvement in biomass and 115% improvement in protein yield. The study demonstrates a novel approach to addressing the mass transfer limitations in conventional shake flask cultures. The proposed flask amplifies its value by providing a membrane-diffusion-based sensing platform for the integration of low-cost, noninvasive sensing capabilities for real-time monitoring of critical cell culture parameters like dissolved oxygen and dissolved carbon dioxide.

Asunto(s)

RESUMEN

PURPOSE: Simultaneous membrane-based feeding and monitoring of the oxygen transfer rate shall be introduced to the newly established perforated ring flask, which consists of a cylindrical glass flask with an additional perforated inner glass ring, for rapid bioprocess development. METHODS: A 3D-printed adapter was constructed to enable monitoring of the oxygen transfer rate in the perforated ring flasks. Escherichia coli experiments in batch were performed to validate the adapter. Fed-batch experiments with different diffusion rates and feed solutions were performed. RESULTS: The adapter and the performed experiments allowed a direct comparison of the perforated ring flasks with Erlenmeyer flasks. In batch cultivations, maximum oxygen transfer capacities of 80 mmol L-1 h-1 were reached with perforated ring flasks, corresponding to a 3.5 times higher capacity than in Erlenmeyer flasks. Fed-batch experiments with a feed reservoir concentration of 500 g glucose L-1 were successfully conducted. Based on the oxygen transfer rate, an ammonium limitation could be observed. By adding 40 g ammonium sulfate L-1 to the feed reservoir, the limitation could be prevented. CONCLUSION: The membrane-based feeding, an online monitoring technique, and the perforated ring flask were successfully combined and offer a new and promising tool for screening and process development in biotechnology.

Asunto(s)

RESUMEN

Osteopetrosis encompasses rare inherited metabolic bone disorders with defect in the osteoclast activity. Severe forms of presentation such as malignant infantile osteopetrosis are seen in infants and milder forms in older children. The clinical presentation includes failure to thrive, severe pallor, optic atrophy and hepatosplenomegaly. The disorder is characterised by dense bone on radiography, hence the name marble bone disease. A 10-month-old boy who presented with developmental delay, failure to thrive, nystagmus (which the mother described as wandering eye movements), splenomegaly of 16 cm and hepatomegaly of 8 cm. Investigations demonstrated severe anaemia (5.7 g/dL) and thrombocytopenia (34 x 109/L). Radiological signs which help in the diagnosis include diffuse sclerosis, bone within bone appearance, sandwich vertebrae and Erlenmeyer flask deformity. Plain radiography is an easily available and cost effective tool which can aid in the diagnosis of osteopetrosis.

Asunto(s)

RESUMEN

Pathogens detected by metagenomic next-generation sequencing (mNGS) and the laboratory blood culture flask method were compared to understand the advantages and clinical significance of mNGS assays in the etiological diagnosis of peritoneal dialysis-associated peritonitis (PDAP). The study involved a total of 37 patients from the hospital's peritoneal dialysis centre, six of whom were patients with non-peritoneal dialysis-associated peritonitis. Peritoneal dialysis samples were collected from the 37 patients, who were divided into two groups. One group's samples were cultured using conventional blood culture flasks, and the other samples underwent pathogen testing using mNGS. The results showed that the positive rate of mNGS was 96.77%, while that of the blood culture flask method was 70.97% (p < 0.05). A total of 29 pathogens were detected by mNGS, namely 24 bacteria, one fungus, and four viruses. A total of 10 pathogens were detected using the bacterial blood culture method, namely nine bacteria and one fungus. The final judgment of the PDAP's causative pathogenic microorganism was made by combining the clinical condition, response to therapy, and the whole-genome sequencing findings. For mNGS, the sensitivity was 96.77%, the specificity was 83.33%, the positive predictive value was 96.77%, and the negative predictive value was 83.33%. For the blood culture flask method, the sensitivity was 70.97%, the specificity was 100%, the positive predictive value was 100%, and the negative predictive value was 0%. In conclusion, mNGS had a shorter detection time for diagnosing peritoneal dialysis-related peritonitis pathogens, with a higher positive rate than traditional bacterial cultures, providing significant advantages in diagnosing rare pathogens.

RESUMEN

INTRODUCTION: Osteopetrosis is a rare hereditary disease that can be transmitted in an autosomal recessive or autosomal dominant. CASE REPORT: Here, we report a case of trochanteric fracture in an 18-year-old boy with an anatomical plate. At the last follow-up, 24 months after surgery, the fracture had healed well, and the patient was not restricted in his activities. DISCUSSION: Osteopetrosis is a rare bone disease that is mainly caused by osteoclast dysfunction. It results from a remodelling defect that leads to hypermineralization of the skeleton, resulting in bone fragility. Both surgical and nonsurgical management have advantages and disadvantages. Thus, open reduction and anatomic plate fixation remain effective management modalities for trochanteric fractures in osteopetrosis patients. CONCLUSION: For our patient and as described in the literature, the complication rate decreases as some principles are respected with better consolidation of the osteoporotic fracture.

RESUMEN

The severe acute respiratory syndrome-coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) pandemic highlighted the importance of vaccine innovation in public health. Hundreds of vaccines built on numerous technology platforms have been rapidly developed against SARS-CoV-2 since 2020. Like all vaccine platforms, an important bottleneck to viral-vectored vaccine development is manufacturing. Here, we describe a scalable manufacturing protocol for replication-competent SARS-CoV-2 Spike-pseudotyped vesicular stomatitis virus (S-VSV)-vectored vaccines using Vero cells grown on microcarriers in a stirred-tank bioreactor. Using Cytodex 1 microcarriers over 6 days of fed-batch culture, Vero cells grew to a density of 3.95 ± 0.42 ×106 cells/mL in 1-L stirred-tank bioreactors. Ancestral strain S-VSV reached a peak titer of 2.05 ± 0.58 ×108 plaque-forming units (PFUs)/mL at 3 days postinfection. When compared to growth in plate-based cultures, this was a 29-fold increase in virus production, meaning a 1-L bioreactor produces the same amount of virus as 1,284 plates of 15 cm. In addition, the omicron BA.1 S-VSV reached a peak titer of 5.58 ± 0.35 × 106 PFU/mL. Quality control testing showed plate- and bioreactor-produced S-VSV had similar particle-to-PFU ratios and elicited comparable levels of neutralizing antibodies in immunized hamsters. This method should enhance preclinical and clinical development of pseudotyped VSV-vectored vaccines in future pandemics.

RESUMEN

BACKGROUND: More and more genetic and metabolic abnormalities are now known to cause cancer, which is typically deadly. Any bodily part may become infected by cancerous cells, which can be fatal. Skin cancer is one of the most prevalent types of cancer, and its prevalence is rising across the globe. Squamous and basal cell carcinomas, as well as melanoma, which is clinically aggressive and causes the majority of deaths, are the primary subtypes of skin cancer. Screening for skin cancer is therefore essential. METHODS: The best way to quickly and precisely detect skin cancer is by using deep learning techniques. In this research deep learning techniques like MobileNetv2 and Dense net will be used for detecting or identifying two main kinds of tumors malignant and benign. For this research HAM10000 dataset is considered. This dataset consists of 10,000 skin lesion images and the disease comprises nonmelanocytic and melanocytic tumors. These two techniques can be used for detecting the malignant and benign. All these methods are compared and then a result can be inferred from their performance. RESULTS: After the model evaluation, the accuracy for the MobileNetV2 was 85% and customized CNN was 95%. A web application has been developed with the Python framework that provides a graphical user interface with the best-trained model. The graphical user interface allows the user to enter the patient details and upload the lesion image. The image will be classified with the appropriate trained model which can predict whether the uploaded image is cancerous or non-cancerous. This web application also displays the percentage of cancer affected. CONCLUSION: As per the comparisons between the two techniques customized CNN gives higher accuracy for the detection of melanoma.

Asunto(s)

RESUMEN

@#Objective To develop a shake-flask stage culture process for E.coli with higher biomass and higher bacterial viability based on Quality by Design(QbD)concept.Methods Using different shake-flask configurations as the investigation factors,and A600value of the bacterial suspension,wet weight of the culture and viability value of the bacteria as the indicators for investigation of the culture results,ANOVA was used for the analysis of culture results to obtain the third amplification flask configurations with high biomass and high bacterial viability.The two-factor two-level full-factor test was carried out with the shaker temperature and shaker speed as the test factors,the A value of bacterial suspension as the response value,the culture accumulation time as a variable factor,and the real-time online temperature and self-test speed of the shaker as the supplemented variable factors.The functional principal component analysis(FPCA)method was used to perform a generalized regression model to model the quasi-growth curve,and the optimized culture stop time and culture process were obtained by the growth curve model.The design space of the shaker culture process was optimized again using Monte Carlo simulation(MCS)with random noise added to the response value.The worst condition in the design space was selected as the setting condition for verification test,and serial 10 batch verification tests were performed in stages with different culture stop time.Results The third amplification shake-flask configurations:5 L disposable high-efficiency shakeflask and large area breathable film cover.The culture process design space:shaker temperature of 36.5-37.5 ℃,shaker speed of 220-230 r/min,and the design culture stop time of 18 h.The worst condition verification test showed that when the culture was stopped for 16 h,the culture results of higher cell viability value and lower biomass could be obtained,and when the culture was stopped for 18 h,the results of higher biomass and bacterial viability value could be obtained.Conclusion The shake-flask stage culture process for E.coli designed in this study has the characteristics of high biomass and high bacterial viability,and can be adjusted according to the adaptability of this culture process to meet different culture needs.

RESUMEN

The International Classification of Diseases (ICD) serves as a global healthcare administration standard, with one of its editions being ICD-10-CM, an enhanced diagnostic classification system featuring numerous new codes for specific anatomic sites, co-morbidities, and causes. These additions facilitate conveying the complexities of various diseases. Currently, ICD-10 coding is widely adopted worldwide. However, public hospitals in Pakistan have yet to implement it and automate the coding process. In this research, we implemented ICD-10-CM coding for a private database and named it Clinical Pool of Liver Transplant (CPLT). Additionally, we proposed a novel deep learning model called Deep Recurrent-Convolution Neural Network with a lambda-scaled Attention module (DRCNN-ATT) using the CPLT database to achieve automatic ICD-10-CM coding. DRCNN-ATT combines a bi-directional long short-term memory network (bi-LSTM), a multi-scale convolutional neural network (MS-CNN), and a lambda-scaled attention module. Experimental results demonstrate that deep recurrent convolutional neural network (DRCNN) faces attention score vanishing problem with a standard attention module for automatic ICD coding. However, adding a lambda-scaled attention module resolves this issue. We evaluated DRCNN-ATT model using two distinct datasets: a private CPLT dataset and a public MIMIC III top 50 dataset. The results indicate that the DRCNN-ATT model outperformed various baselines by generating 0.862 micro F1 and 0.25 macro F1 scores on CPLT dataset and 0.705 micro F1 and 0.655 macro F1 scores on MIMIC III top 50 dataset. Furthermore, we also deployed our model for automatic ICD-10-CM coding using ngrok and the Flask APIs, which receives input, processes it, and then returns the results.

Asunto(s)

RESUMEN

The role of microorganisms in effectively terminating harmful algal blooms (HABs) is crucial for maintaining environmental stability. Recent studies have placed increased emphasis on bio-agents capable of inhibiting HABs. The bacterium Pseudoalteromonas sp. strain FDHY-MZ2 has exhibited impressive algicidal abilities against Karenia mikimotoi, a notorious global HAB-forming species. To augment this capability, cultures were progressively scaled from shake flask conditions to small-scale (5 L) and pilot-scale (50 L) fermentation. By employing a specifically tailored culture medium (2216E basal medium with 1.5% soluble starch and 0.5% peptone), under precise conditions (66 h, 20 °C, 450 rpm, 30 L/min ventilation, 3% seeding, and constant starch flow), a notable increase in algicidal bacterial biomass was observed; the bacterial dosage required to entirely wipe out K. mikimotoi within a day decreased from 1% to 0.025%. Compared to an unoptimized shake flask group, the optimized fermentation culture caused significant reductions in algal chlorophyll and protein levels (21.85% and 78.3%, respectively). Co-culturing induced increases in algal malondialdehyde and H2O2 by 5.98 and 5.38 times, respectively, leading to further disruption of algal photosynthesis. This study underscores the unexplored potential of systematically utilized microbial agents in mitigating HABs, providing a pathway for their wider application.

RESUMEN

Drug solubility is of central importance to the pharmaceutical sciences, but reported values often show discrepancies. Various factors have been discussed in the literature to account for such differences, but the influence of manual testing in comparison to a robotic system has not been studied adequately before. In this study, four expert researchers were asked to measure the solubility of four drugs with various solubility behaviors (i.e., paracetamol, mesalazine, lamotrigine, and ketoconazole) in the same laboratory with the same instruments, method, and material sources and repeated their measurements after a time interval. In addition, the same solubility data were determined using an automated laser-based setup. The results suggest that manual testing leads to a handling influence on measured solubility values, and the results were discussed in more detail as compared to the automated laser-based system. Within the framework of unavoidable uncertainties of solubility testing, it is a possibility to combine minimal experimental testing that is preferably automated with mathematical modeling. That is a practical suggestion to support future pharmaceutical development in a more efficient way.

Asunto(s)

RESUMEN

In biotechnological processes, filamentous microorganisms are known for their broad product spectrum and complex cellular morphology. Product formation and cellular morphology are often closely linked, requiring a well-defined level of mechanical stress to achieve high product concentrations. Macroparticles were added to shake flask cultures of the filamentous actinomycete Lentzea aerocolonigenes to find these optimal cultivation conditions. However, there is currently no model concept for the dependence of the strength and frequency of the bead-induced stress on the process parameters. Therefore, shake flask simulations were performed for combinations of bead size, bead concentration, bead density and shaking frequency. Contact analysis showed that the highest shear stresses were caused by bead-bottom contacts. Based on this, a newly generated characteristic parameter, the stress area ratio (SAR), was defined, which relates the bead wall shear and normal stresses to the total shear area. Comparison of the SAR with previous cultivation results revealed an optimum pattern for product concentration and mean product-to-biomass related yield coefficient. Thus, this model is a suitable tool for future optimization, comparison and scaling up of shear-sensitive microorganism cultivation. Finally, the simulation results were validated using high-speed recordings of the bead motion on the bottom of the shake flask.

Asunto(s)

RESUMEN

Impression making in compromised residual alveolar ridge is a regular challenge in rehabilitating patients with conventional removable complete dentures. In patients who cannot afford implant-supported dentures, specialized impression technique is a viable and justified option for fabrication of complete dentures. More often, the stability of denture in such patients becomes a deciding factor between failure and success. Furthermore, increased interarch space may result in increased height of maxillary and/or mandibular dentures with corresponding increase in weight, which further compromises the retention and stability of the prosthesis. This article describes an amalgamation of Hobkirk's impression technique in a case of resorbed maxillary residual alveolar ridge with a flabby anterior segment and fabrication of hollow maxillary dentures using a "three-dimensional printed dental spacer" with a "double-flask technique." The weight of the final prosthesis was reduced therefore contributing to improved retention and stability of the final prosthesis.

RESUMEN

Since natural resources for the bioproduction of commodity chemicals are scarce, waste animal fats (WAF) are an interesting alternative biogenic residual feedstock. They appear as by-product from meat production, but several challenges are related to their application: first, the high melting points (up to 60 °C); and second, the insolubility in the polar water phase of cultivations. This leads to film and clump formation in shake flasks and microwell plates, which inhibits microbial consumption. In this study, different flask and well designs were investigated to identify the most suitable experimental set-up and further to create an appropriate workflow to achieve the required reproducibility of growth and product synthesis. The dissolved oxygen concentration was measured in-line throughout experiments. It became obvious that the gas mass transfer differed strongly among the shake flask design variants in cultivations with the polyhydroxyalkanoate (PHA) accumulating organism Ralstonia eutropha. A high reproducibility was achieved for certain flask or well plate design variants together with tailored cultivation conditions. Best results were achieved with bottom baffled glass and bottom baffled single-use shake flasks with flat membranes, namely, >6 g L-1 of cell dry weight (CDW) with >80 wt% polyhydroxybutyrate (PHB) from 1 wt% WAF. Improved pre-emulsification conditions for round microwell plates resulted in a production of 14 g L-1 CDW with a PHA content of 70 wt% PHB from 3 wt% WAF. The proposed workflow allows the rapid examination of fat material as feedstock, in the microwell plate and shake flask scale, also beyond PHA production. KEY POINTS: • Evaluation of shake flask designs for cultivating with hydrophobic raw materials • Development of a workflow for microwell plate cultivations with hydrophobic raw materials • Production of polyhydroxyalkanoate in small scale experiments from waste animal fat.

Asunto(s)

RESUMEN

Moyamoya angiopathy (MMA) is a progressive vasculopathy characterized by slowly progressive stenosis involving the proximal portions of the major intracranial arteries, resulting in strokes and intracranial hemorrhages. If it occurs secondary to a known cause, it is called Moyamoya syndrome (MMS). Here, we describe the case of a five-year-old male child who presented to us with symptoms of stroke and, upon evaluation, revealed Moyamoya angiopathy. He was further evaluated, and it was found that MMA occurred as a complication of undetected beta-thalassemia. Thalassemia is an autosomal recessive blood disorder where there is a defect in hemoglobin production. It affects 100 to 150 thousand children in the Indian subcontinent. It is classified into two main types: alpha thalassemia and beta thalassemia, depending on which globin chain is affected. It primarily presents with symptoms of anemia such as easy fatiguability, dizziness, jaundice, or breathlessness. The occurrence of Moyamoya syndrome in beta-thalassemia is extremely rare, and it is extremely important to identify MMS at the earliest as it can cause long-term disabilities. We describe the imaging findings in MMS and the various classical skeletal radiographic findings in thalassemia that were seen in our patient.

RESUMEN

Bioreactor systems, for example, spinner flask and perfusion bioreactors, and cell-seeded three-dimensional (3D)-printed scaffolds are used in bone tissue engineering strategies to stimulate cells and produce bone tissue suitable for implantation into the patient. The construction of functional and clinically relevant bone graft using cell-seeded 3D-printed scaffolds within bioreactor systems is still a challenge. Bioreactor parameters, for example, fluid shear stress and nutrient transport, will crucially affect cell function on 3D-printed scaffolds. Therefore, fluid shear stress induced by spinner flask and perfusion bioreactors might differentially affect osteogenic responsiveness of pre-osteoblasts inside 3D-printed scaffolds. We designed and fabricated surface-modified 3D-printed poly-ɛ-caprolactone (PCL) scaffolds, as well as static, spinner flask, and perfusion bioreactors to determine fluid shear stress and osteogenic responsiveness of MC3T3-E1 pre-osteoblasts seeded on the scaffolds in the bioreactors using finite element (FE)-modeling and experiments. FE-modeling was used to quantify wall shear stress (WSS) distribution and magnitude inside 3D-printed PCL scaffolds within spinner flask and perfusion bioreactors. MC3T3-E1 pre-osteoblasts were seeded on NaOH surface-modified 3D-printed PCL scaffolds, and cultured in customized static, spinner flask, and perfusion bioreactors up to 7 days. The scaffolds' physicochemical properties and pre-osteoblast function were assessed experimentally. FE-modeling showed that spinner flask and perfusion bioreactors locally affected WSS distribution and magnitude inside the scaffolds. The WSS distribution was more homogeneous inside scaffolds in perfusion than in spinner flask bioreactors. The average WSS on scaffold-strand surfaces ranged from 0 to 6.5 mPa for spinner flask bioreactors, and from 0 to 4.1 mPa for perfusion bioreactors. Surface modification of scaffolds by NaOH resulted in a surface with a honeycomb-like pattern and increased surface roughness (1.6-fold), but decreased water contact angle (0.3-fold). Both spinner flask and perfusion bioreactors increased cell spreading, proliferation, and distribution throughout the scaffolds. Perfusion, but not spinner flask bioreactors more strongly enhanced collagen (2.2-fold) and calcium deposition (2.1-fold) throughout the scaffolds after 7 days compared with static bioreactors, likely due to uniform WSS-induced mechanical stimulation of the cells revealed by FE-modeling. In conclusion, our findings indicate the importance of using accurate FE models to estimate WSS and determine experimental conditions for designing cell-seeded 3D-printed scaffolds in bioreactor systems. Impact Statement The success of cell-seeded three-dimensional (3D)-printed scaffolds depends on cell stimulation by biomechanical/biochemical factors to produce bone tissue suitable for implantation into the patient. We designed and fabricated surface-modified 3D-printed poly-ɛ-caprolactone (PCL) scaffolds, as well as static, spinner flask, and perfusion bioreactors to determine wall shear stress (WSS) and osteogenic responsiveness of pre-osteoblasts seeded on the scaffolds using finite element (FE)-modeling and experiments. We found that cell-seeded 3D-printed PCL scaffolds within perfusion bioreactors more strongly enhanced osteogenic activity than within spinner flask bioreactors. Our results indicate the importance of using accurate FE-models to estimate WSS and determine experimental conditions for designing cell-seeded 3D-printed scaffolds in bioreactor systems.

Asunto(s)