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The accumulation of body fat due to an imbalance between calorie intake and energy expenditure is called obesity. Metabolic syndrome increases the risk of heart disease, type 2 diabetes, and stroke. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of Jatropha tanjorensis (J.T.) and Fraxinus micrantha (F.M.) leaf extracts on high-fat diet-induced obesity in rats. Normal control, high-fat diet (HFD) control, orlistat standard, and test groups were created using male Albino Wistar rats (n = 6 per group) weighing 190 ± 15 g. Except for the control group, all regimens were administered orally and continued for 6 weeks while on HFD. Evaluation criteria included body weight, food intake, blood glucose, lipid profile, oxidative stress, and liver histology. High-Performance Thin Layer Chromatography (HPTLC) analysis was performed using a solvent system (7:3 hexane: ethyl acetate for sitosterol solution and Jatropha tanjorensis extracts and 6:4 hexane: ethyl acetate: 1 drop of acetic acid for esculetin and Fraxinus micrantha extracts). There were no deaths during the 14 days before the acute toxicity test, indicating that aqueous and ethanolic extracts of both J.T. and F.M. did not produce acute toxicity at any dose (5, 50, 300, and 2000 mg/kg). The ethanolic and aqueous extracts of J.T. and F.M. leaves at 200 and 400 mg/kg/orally showed a reduction in weight gain, feed intake, and significant decreases in serum glucose and lipid profile. As compared to inducer HFD animals, co-treatment of aqueous and ethanolic extract of both J.T. and F.M. and orlistat increased the levels of antioxidant enzymes and decreased lipid peroxidation. The liver's histological findings showed that the sample had some degree of protection. These results indicate that ethanolic samples of J.T. have antidiabetic potential in diabetic rats fed an HFD. The strong antioxidant potential and restoration of serum lipid levels may be related to this. Co-treatment of samples JTE, JTAQ, FME, FMAQ and orlistat resulted in an increase in antioxidant enzymes and reduction in lipid peroxidation as compared to inducer HFD animals. We report, for the first time, on using these leaves to combat obesity.

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A pre-diabetes syndrome induced by endocrine disruptors (ED) was recently demonstrated in the model amphibian Silurana (Xenopus) tropicalis and was suggested to be a potential cause of amphibian population decline. However, such effects have not been found in wild type frogs exposed to ED and the capacity of amphibians to physiologically develop diabetes under natural conditions has not been confirmed. This study showed that a high fat diet (HFD) model displaying the important characteristics of mammal HFD models including glucose intolerance, insulin resistance and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) can be developed with green frogs (Pelophylax spp.). Wild green frogs exposed to 10 µg L-1 benzo [a]pyrene (BaP) for 18 h also displayed several characteristics of the pre-diabetes phenotype previously observed in Xenopus including glucose intolerance, gluconeogenesis activation and insulin resistance. The study results confirmed that metabolic disorders induced by ED in wild green frogs are typical of the pre-diabetes phenotype and could serve as a starting point for field studies to determine the role of ED in the decline of amphibian populations. From an environmental perspective, the response of wild green frogs to different ED (10 µg L-1) suggests that a simple glucose-tolerance test could be used on wild anurans to identify bodies of water polluted with metabolic disruptors that could affect species fitness.

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A future sustainable dietary pattern for Japanese is yet undefined. This study aimed to explore more sustainable Japanese diets that are nutritious, affordable and with low greenhouse gas emissions (GHGE) and particular emphasis on cultural acceptability. A newly developed data envelopment analysis (DEA) diet model was applied to 4-d dietary record data among 184 healthy Japanese men and 185 women volunteers aged 21-69 years. Alternative diets were calculated as the linear combinations of observed diets. Firstly, for each individual, four modelled diets were calculated that maximised cultural acceptability (i.e. minimise dietary change from observed diet), maximised nutritional quality assessed by the Nutrient-Rich Food Index (NRF), minimised monetary diet costs or minimised diet-related GHGE. The final modelled diet combined all four indicators. In the first four models, the largest improvement was obtained for each targeted indicator separately, while relatively small improvements or unwanted changes were observed for other indicator. When all indicators were aimed to optimise, the NRF score and diet-related GHGE were improved by 8-13 % with the lower monetary cost than observed diets, although the percentage improvement was a bit smaller than the separate models. The final modelled diets demanded increased intakes for whole grains, fruits, milk/cream/yogurt, legumes/nuts, and decreased intakes for red and processed meat, sugar/confectioneries, alcoholic and sweetened beverages, and seasonings in both sexes. In conclusion, more sustainable dietary patterns considering several indicators are possible for Japanese, while total improvement is moderate due to trade-offs between indicators and methodological limitation of DEA diet model.

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High-fat diets lead to accumulation of body fat that is associated with the onset of insulin resistance and type II diabetes mellitus. On the other hand, photobiomodulation (PBM) is an electrophysical resource that interacts with cells, stimulating mitochondrial respiration, increasing ATP production, reducing key inflammatory mediators, inhibiting apoptosis, and stimulating angiogenesis. However, little is known about its therapeutic effectiveness on the development of diabetes in diet-induced obese mice. Thus, our aim was to evaluate the effect of PBM applied single point over the pancreas area on glucose homeostasis, insulin expression, and pancreatic morphometric parameters of mice submitted to high-fat diet for 12 weeks. Male mice C57BL6/J were divided into three groups: control group (C), diabetic group (D), and diabetic + PBM (D + PBM). The treatment with PBM started at 9th week and ended in the 12th week, applied 3 × /week. Body mass, fast blood glucose, and glucose and insulin tolerance were evaluated. Immunohistochemistry to detect insulin expression and pancreatic morphometry were also performed. At the end of 12th week, both groups submitted to high-fat diet showed an increase in body mass, adiposity, disturbances on glucose homeostasis, and high insulin expression when compared to the control group. However, mice treated with PBM had more discrete impairments on glucose homeostasis during the glucose tolerance test when compared to untreated D animals. Despite modest, the results were positive and encourage future investigations to explore different doses and duration of PBM to better elucidate its role in obesity-associated type 2 diabetes development.

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Optimal diet and functional response models are used to understand the evolution of primate foraging strategies. The predictions of these models can be tested by examining the geographic and seasonal variation in dietary diversity. Dietary diversity is a useful tool that allows dietary comparisons across differing sampling locations and time periods. Bonobos (Pan paniscus) are considered primarily frugivorous and consume fruits, leaves, insects, vertebrates, terrestrial herbaceous vegetation, and flowers. Frugivores, like bonobos, are valuable for examining dietary diversity and testing foraging models because they eat a variety of species and are subject to seasonal shifts in fruit availability. Frugivorous primate species thus allow for tests of how variation in dietary diversity is correlated with variation in ecological factors. We investigated measures of dietary diversity in bonobos at two research camps across field seasons within the same protected area (N'dele and Iyema) in Lomako Forest, Democratic Republic of the Congo. We compared the results of behavioral observation (1984/1985, 1991, 1995, 2014, and 2017) and fecal washing analysis (2007 and 2009) between seasons and study period using three diversity indices (Shannon's, Simpson's, and SW evenness). The average yearly dietary diversity indices at N'dele were Shannon's H' = 2.04, Simpson's D = 0.82, and SW evenness = 0.88 while at Iyema, the indices were Shannon's H' = 2.02, Simpson's D = 0.82, and SW evenness = 0.88. Behavioral observation data sets yielded significantly higher dietary diversity indices than fecal washing data sets. We found that food item (fruit, leaf, and flower) consumption was not associated with seasonal food availability for the 2017 behavioral observation data set. Shannon's index was lower during periods when fewer bonobo dietary items were available to consume and higher when fruit was abundant. Finally, we found that optimal diet models best-explained patterns of seasonal food availability and dietary diversity. Dietary diversity is an essential factor to consider when understanding primate diets and can be a tool in understanding variation in primate diets, particularly among frugivores. Dietary diversity varies across populations of the same species and across time, and it is critical in establishing a complete understanding of how primate diets change over time.

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OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to identify diets with improved nutrient quality and environmental impact within the boundaries of dietary practices. DESIGN: We used Data Envelopment Analysis to benchmark diets for improved adherence to food-based dietary guidelines (FBDG). We then optimised these diets for dietary preferences, nutrient quality and environmental impact. Diets were evaluated using the Nutrient Rich Diet score (NRD15.3), diet-related greenhouse gas emission (GHGE) and a diet similarity index that quantified the proportion of food intake that remained similar as compared with the observed diet. SETTING: National dietary surveys of four European countries (Denmark, Czech Republic, Italy and France). SUBJECTS: Approximately 6500 adults, aged 18-64 years. RESULTS: When dietary preferences were prioritised, NRD15·3 was ~6 % higher, GHGE was ~4 % lower and ~85 % of food intake remained similar. This diet had higher amounts of fruit, vegetables and whole grains than the observed diet. When nutrient quality was prioritised, NRD15·3 was ~16 % higher, GHGE was ~3 % lower and ~72 % of food intake remained similar. This diet had higher amounts of legumes and fish and lower amounts of sweetened and alcoholic beverages. Finally, when environmental impact was prioritised, NRD15·3 was ~9 % higher, GHGE was ~21 % lower and ~73 % of food intake remained similar. In this diet, red and processed meat partly shifted to either eggs, poultry, fish or dairy. CONCLUSIONS: Benchmark modelling can generate diets with improved adherence to FBDG within the boundaries of dietary practices, but fully maximising health and minimising GHGE cannot be achieved simultaneously.

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OBJECTIVE: The objective of this research is to propose methodology that can be used to benchmark current diets based on their nutrient intakes and to provide guidelines for improving less healthy diets in a way that is acceptable for the studied population. DESIGN: We discuss important limitations of current diet models that use optimisation techniques to design healthier and acceptable diets. We illustrate how data envelopment analysis could be used to overcome such limitations, and we describe mathematical models that can be used to calculate not only healthier but also acceptable diets. SETTING: We used data from the Nutrition Questionnaires plus dataset of habitual diets of a general population of adult men and women in The Netherlands (n 1735). PARTICIPANTS: Adult population. RESULTS: We calculated healthier diets with substantial higher intakes of protein, fibre, Fe, Ca, K, Mg and vitamins, and substantially lower intakes of Na, saturated fats and added sugars. The calculated diets are combinations of current diets of individuals that belong to the same age/gender group and comprise of food item intakes in proportions observed in the sample. CONCLUSIONS: The proposed methodology enables the benchmarking of existing diets and provides a framework for proposing healthier alternative diets that resemble the current diet in terms of foods intake as much as possible.

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BACKGROUND: Diet quality among federal food assistance program participants remains low, and little research has assessed the diet quality of food insecure non-participants. Further research is needed to assess the extent to which food substitutions can improve the nutritional status of these vulnerable populations. Substituting egg dishes for other commonly consumed dishes at certain eating occasions may be an effective strategy for improving the daily nutrient intake among these groups. Eggs are rich in many important nutrients, and are low-cost and part of a wide range of cultural food menus, which are important considerations for low-income and ethnically diverse populations. To help guide the focus of targeted nutrition interventions and education campaigns for vulnerable populations, the present work begins by 1) estimating the prevalence of nutrient inadequacy among these groups, and then models the effect of consuming egg dishes instead of commonly consumed dishes at each eating occasion on 2) the prevalence of nutrient inadequacy, and 3) the mean intake of nutrients. METHODS: Dietary data from 34,741 adults ≥ 20 y were acquired from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 2001-2014. Diet pattern modeling was used to substitute commonly consumed egg dishes for commonly consumed main dishes at breakfast, lunch, and dinner. National Cancer Institute usual intake methods were used to estimate the prevalence of inadequate intake of 31 nutrients pre- and post-substitution, and a novel index was used to estimate change in intake of all nutrients collectively. RESULTS: Substituting eggs for commonly consumed main dishes at lunch or dinner did not change total daily nutrient intake for each group (P > 0.05), but decreased the prevalence of vitamin D inadequacy by 1-4 percentage points (P < 0.01). Substituting eggs for commonly consumed foods at breakfast increased the prevalence of folate inadequacy by 8-12 percentage points among each group (P < 0.01). CONCLUSIONS: When making food substitutions to increase nutrient intake, eating occasion should be an important consideration. Further research is needed to better understand how food substitutions affect diet costs, which may be an important driver of food purchasing decisions among low income individuals with limited food budgets.

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Abstract The hypolipidemic activity of friedelin isolated from Azima tetracantha Lam., Salvadoraceae, was studied in Triton WR-1339 and high-fat diet-induced hyperlipidemic rats. In Triton WR-1339 induced hyperlipidemic rats, treatment with friedelin (50 and 70 mg/kg) showed a significant (p < 0.01) lipid-lowering effect as assessed by reversal of plasma levels of total cholesterol (TC), triacylglycerides (TG), high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C). In high-fat diet fed hyperlipidemic rats, treatment with friedelin (50 and 70 mg/kg) caused lowering of lipid levels in plasma and liver. The hypolipidemic activity of friedelin was compared with fenofibrate, a known lipid-lowering drug, in both models.

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The antihyperlipidemic activity of resinoids of guggul (Commiphora mukul/Commiphora wightii), belonging to family Burseraceae (Genus: Commiphora), collected from different parts of India (Gujarat, Madhya Pradesh and Rajasthan), was studied on cholesterol-rich high fat diet-induced model of hyperlipidemia in rats. The resinoids of these exudates were prepared in ethyl acetate and ethyl alcohol. The physicochemical characterization of these resinoids was carried out to determine their appearance, %yield, %moisture, %ash, acid value (mg/KOH/g), saponification value (mg/KOH/g), ester value and iodine value (g/g). Antihyperlipidemic study was carried out on all resinoids in high fat diet induced model of hyperlipidemia in Wistar albino rats. The result demonstrated that the resinoids of exudates of Commiphora wightii and Commiphora mukul, collected from Gujarat and extracted in ethyl acetate, and the resinoids of exudates of Commiphora mukul, collected from Madhya Pradesh and extracted in ethyl acetate, possessed significantly higher antihyperlipidemic activity compared with other resinoids, which may be due to regional/geographical variations.

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0.05) for the index of renal function(Cr-s,UA,UREA).The patients treated by general low protein diet had worse nutrition state and worse compliance than those before treatment.Better nutrition state and better compliance were found in personal diet group.Conclusion: The personal diet model should be used to the patients basing on the different conditions.