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Patients with chronic pancreatitis are at risk of developing malabsorption and malnutrition. Exocrine pancreatic insufficiency is accompanied by decreased serum micronutrient levels and low vitamin D levels are a frequent finding in up to 60-80% of patients. The aim of our prospective study was to investigate vitamin D in the blood serum of subjects with chronic pancreatitis with the possibility of influencing the reduced vitamin D levels with supplementation therapy. MATERIAL AND METHODOLOGY: Fifty patients with chronic pancreatitis and 20 subjects in the control group without gastrointestinal tract diseases, including pancreatic disease, were examined. The vitamin D level in blood serum was determined. The results were evaluated according to the age distribution of subjects with pancreatic disease and according to gender. Patients with low vitamin D levels were treated for 24 weeks with a dose of 1.500.000 IU of vitamin D3 per day, and then blood serum vitamin D levels were determined. RESULTS: In people with chronic pancreatitis, vitamin D levels were statistically significantly reduced compared to the control group. There was no statistically significant relationship of vitamin D with gender and age. Supplementation with vitamin D3 achieved an adjustment of vitamin D level to the level of the control group. CONCLUSION: Blood serum vitamin D levels are significantly reduced in people with chronic pancreatitis. Its correction by oral vitamin D supplementation was effective. Whether this adjustment of levels will be effective also in terms of e.g. beneficial effect on fibrogenesis will require further representative studies, because the limitation of the interpretation of the results of our study is the smaller number of subjects with chronic pancreatitis (Tab. 4, Ref. 29).

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Objectif : Le but de cette étude était de déterminer une association entre la carence en vitamine D et le cancer du sein avancé chez une population de femmes maliennes. Méthodes : Il s'agit d'une étude prospective transversale, menée pendant 4 mois, d'Août à novembre 2021. Les dosages ont été réalisés au laboratoire Rodolphe Mérieux. Résultats : Nous avons inclus 77 femmes diagnostiquées pour un cancer du sein avancé. L'âge moyen de la population étudiée était de 48,51 ± 13,02 ans. Les concentrations plasmatiques moyennes de 25(OH)D étaient respectivement de 20,65 ± 6,76 et 18,89 ± 6,12 ng/ml (p=0,274) dans les groupes III et IV. Le stade III était majoritaire avec 67,5% et il n'y avait pas de différences significatives avec le stade IV pour les marqueurs biologiques phospho-calciques. Nos résultats ont montré une carence en vitamine D plus importante au stade III qu'au stade IV, avec p=0.782. Le modèle de régression logistique a montré une diminution significative du risque relatif de cancer du sein avancé selon les quartiles de vitamine D (p=0.039). Il n'y avait pas d'association avec la calcémie, la phosphatémie, la créatinine plasmatique et le débit de filtration glomérulaire (DFG) (p>0,05). Conclusions : Nos résultats suggèrent une association entre la vitamine D et le risque de cancer du sein avancé aux stades III et IV. Cependant, d'autres études sont nécessaires pour confirmer le rôle de la vitamine D dans l'évolution du cancer du sein féminin aux stades avancés

Aims: The aim of this study was to determine the association between vitamin D deficiency and advanced BC in a Malian women population. Methods: This is a prospective cross-sectional study, conducted during 4 months, from August 2021 to November 2021. The assays were performed on immunodiagnostic and biochemistry devices in Rodolphe Merieux Laboratory. Results: We included 77 women diagnosed with advanced breast cancer. The mean age of the study population was 48.51 ± 13.02 years. The mean plasma concentrations of 25(OH)D were 20.65 ± 6.76 ng/ml and 18.89 ± 6.12 ng/ml (p=0.274) in groups III and IV, respectively. Stage III was predominant, comprising 67.5% of the cases, and there were no significant differences between stages III and IV regarding phospho-calcium biological markers. Our results showed a greater deficiency in vitamin D at stage III compared to stage IV, with p=0.782. The logistic regression model demonstrated a significant decrease in the relative risk of advanced breast cancer across the quartiles of vitamin D (p=0.039). There was no association with serum calcium, phosphate, plasma creatinine, and glomerular filtration rate (GFR) (p>0.05). Conclusions: Our findings show an decrease of the risk of breast cancer about vitamin D levels in our population. These results suggest an association between vitamin D and the risk of advanced breast cancer. Further studies are needed to determine the mechanism of vitamin D deficiency in advanced breast cancer.

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The beneficial effects of vitamin D3 treatment are known, and its side effects are documented. In connection with the case presentation, we would like to sum up the dangers of excessive vitamin D supplementation, and to draw attention to the shortcomings experienced in everyday medical practice. We discuss the tests required to create a diagnosis of vitamin D intoxication, the differential diagnosis, and present the possible treatment strategies. A 57-year-old female patient was admitted to hospital in November 2020 due to complaints of nausea, vomiting, diarrhea and general weakness. Upon admission, laboratory tests confirmed new-onset kidney damage (eGFR 38 mL/min/1.73 m2), calcium metabolism was not checked. During non-invasive investigations, urinary sediment results showed leukocyturia and non-nephrotic proteinuria, but no clear underlying cause was found. Nephrology consultation suggested acute tubular injury, kidney biopsy was performed, immune serology and serum protein electrophoresis tests were ordered. Despite conservative treatment, her kidney function deteriorated further (eGFR 32 mL/d/1.73 m2). The patient arrived at our department in December 2020 with histological results in progress. Laboratory tests taken on arrival confirmed severe hypercalcemia (tCa 3.22 mmol/L, iCa 1.74 mmol/L), and kidney function was stable (eGFR 33 mL/p/1.73 m2). Intact parathyroid hormone level was below the normal range (0.54 pmol/L), 25-OH-vitamin D level was extremely high (1106.2 nmol/L). The patient then admitted that in October 2020, she received a course of "megadose" parenteral vitamin D, but she could not recall the exact dosage nor wanted to mention the department administering the treatment. We diagnosed vitamin D intoxication. Intravenous saline, furosemide and calcitonin treatment was started. The result of the treatment: serum calcium level normalized (2.52 mmol/L), and kidney functions improved (eGFR 54 mL/p/1.73 m2). Vitamin D treatment was stopped. The patients' serum tCa and vitamin D levels normalized by February 2021, and her kidney functions improved (tCa 2.54 mmol/L, 25-OH-vitamin D 125.0 ng/mL, eGFR 72 mL/p/1.73 m2). Kidney biopsy confirmed the presence of acute tubular necrosis. Granulomatous diseases and multiple myeloma were excluded. The symptoms of vitamin D intoxication are non-specific and varied, each case presents a differential diagnostic challenge. Orv Hetil. 2023; 164(47): 1871-1876.

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OBJECTIVE: To evaluate children with suspected or definite hypervitaminosis D with respect to prevalence, clinical manifestations and pharmacological aspects. METHODS: The retrospective cross-sectional study was conducted at the Aga Khan University Hospital, Karachi, and comprised medical records from January 1 to December 31, 2018, of children aged <18 years with 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels >50ng/ml. Clinical and pharmacological data was retrieved. Data was analysed using SPSS 23. RESULTS: Of the 118,149 subjects visiting the clinical laboratory during the study period, children tested for serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels were 16,316(13.8%) who had a median age of 9.78 years (interquartile range: 10.2 years). Children who registered for consultation were 2720(16.6%), and, out of them, 602(22%) had serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D >50ng/ml. The median 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels and age were 70.1ng/ml (interquartile range: 100ng/ml) and 3.1 years (interquartile range: 17.93 years), respectively, and 345(57.3%) of them were boys. Children supplemented with vitamin D were 197(33.1%) and 193(97.9%) of them were prescribed by physicians. Mega-doses were taken by 68(34.17%), while the remaining had used various combinations in syrup or tablet forms. Commonly prescribed mega-doses were 600,000IU 30((44.1%) and 200,000IU 31(45.5%) injections of vitamin D. The primary indications were pains/aches in 51(25.8%) cases, developmental delay 50(25.3%), and vitamin D deficiency 49(24.8%). The main symptoms of hypervitaminosis D or toxicity were abdominal pain 27(13.7%) and constipation 31(15.7%). CONCLUSIONS: Children should be given vitamin D supplements with caution as prolonged supplementation and repeated mega-doses can result in toxicity which may cause serious consequences.

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PURPOSE: To compare serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH)D) levels of patients with dermatochalasis who underwent upper lid blepharoplasty and healthy controls. METHODS: This retrospective comparative study included dermatochalasis patients who underwent upper lid blepharoplasty and age-and sex-matched controls from January 2019 to January 2021. The data, including comprehensive ophthalmological examination, internal medicine outpatient examination, and laboratory results of the dermatochalasis patients and healthy controls, were collected from the electronic patient records. Serum 25(OH)D, creatinine, calcium (Ca), phosphate (P), triglyceride (TG), low-density lipoprotein (LDL), and high-density lipoprotein (HDL) levels were evaluated and compared between the dermatochalasis patients and healthy controls. RESULT: Of our participants, consisting of 46 patients with dermatochalasis and 52 healthy controls, 54 (55.10%) were female and 44 (44.90%) were male. A statistically significant difference was observed in vitamin D levels between the healthy and dermatochalasis groups (p ≤ 0.001). The percentage of individuals with vitamin D deficiency (< 20 ng/mL) was significantly higher in the dermatochalasis group (p = 0.001). In addition, the percentage of individuals with severe vitamin D deficiency (< 10 ng/mL) was again significantly higher in the dermatochalasis group (p = 0.001). The risk of dermatochalasis incidence was found to increase in cases of low vitamin D (OR = 1.210; p = 0.017). CONCLUSION: Low serum 25(OH)D levels may play a role in the etiopathogenesis of dermatochalasis. Future research should include longitudinal studies and prospective clinical studies to investigate the mechanism responsible for the low vitamin D observed in dermatochalasis patients.

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Primary dysmenorrhea is the most commonly encountered menstrual issue among adolescents, often leading to significant school absenteeism. This study aimed to detect the impact of primary dysmenorrhea on adolescents' activities and school attendance. We conducted a cross-sectional comparative study involving 180 adolescents aged 12 to 18 who experienced primary dysmenorrhea. A comprehensive trans-abdominal pelvic sonography was performed to rule out any underlying pelvic conditions. The severity of dysmenorrhea was evaluated using the visual analog scale (VAS), categorizing adolescents into groups with mild dysmenorrhea (VAS ≥1 to ≤3), moderate dysmenorrhea (VAS >3 to ≤7), and severe dysmenorrhea (VAS >7 to ≤10). Adolescents were surveyed to determine whether the severity of dysmenorrhea had an adverse effect on their physical and social activities as well as their school attendance. We used one-way ANOVA to compare the groups. There was a significant positive relation between the severity of dysmenorrhea and its negative impact on adolescents' physical activities (r=0.395; p<0.00001) and social activities (r=0.658; p<0.00001). Additionally, there was a significant positive relation between the severity of dysmenorrhea and its negative impact on adolescents' school attendance (r=0.416; p<0.00001). The odds of a negative impact on adolescents' physical and social activities and school attendance were significantly higher in adolescents experiencing moderate and severe dysmenorrhea than in adolescents with mild dysmenorrhea.

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Dysmenorrhea, affecting approximately 80% of adolescents, significantly impairs quality of life, disrupts sleep patterns, and induces mood changes. Furthermore, its economic impact is substantial, accounting for an estimated $200 billion in the United States and $4.2 million in Japan annually. This review aimed to identify the effects of vitamin D and calcium on primary dysmenorrhea. We conducted a comprehensive literature search across Web of Science, PubMed, Scopus, and Science Direct, focusing on studies published from 2010 to 2020. Keywords included 'primary dysmenorrhea', 'vitamin D', '25-OH vitamin D3', 'cholecalciferol', and 'calcium'. The quality assessment of the articles was done using the Consolidated Standards of Reporting Trials (CONSORT) and the Strengthening the Reporting of Observational Studies in Epidemiology (STROBE) checklists, and the risk bias was assessed using the Cochrane assessment tool. Abnormal low Vit. D levels increased the severity of primary dysmenorrhea through increased prostaglandins and decreased calcium absorption. Vitamin D and calcium supplements could reduce the severity of primary dysmenorrhea and the need for analgesics. This systematic review found an inverse relation between the severity of dysmenorrhea and low serum Vit. D and calcium.. Vitamin D and calcium supplements could reduce the severity of primary dysmenorrhea and the need for analgesics.

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Vitamin D receptor (VDR) expression in the female reproductive tract explains the regulatory role of vitamin D on inflammatory cytokine and prostaglandin (PGD) synthesis. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of vitamin D on adolescents' primary dysmenorrhea and the relationship between Vit. D and adolescents' primary dysmenorrhea. Eighty-five adolescents were included in the current study. After a detailed evaluation, pelvic sonography was performed for all participants to rule out any pelvic pathology. Blood samples were collected to measure thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH), prolactin, glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1C), and 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25[OH]D). Participants were administered vitamin D (50,000 IU weekly for five months), and their dysmenorrhea symptoms were evaluated before and after this period using the Visual Analog Scale (VAS) and the Verbal Multidimensional Scoring (VMS). The mean VAS and VMS scores of dysmenorrhea statistically decreased from 8.7±0.91 and 2.65±0.93 to 4.8±0.75 and 0.80±0.75, respectively, after vitamin D intake (p=0.03 and 0.025, respectively). Significant negative associations between 25(OH)D and VAS (R = -0.886; p<0.00001) and VMS of dysmenorrhea (R = -0.885; p<0.00001) were detected in this study. Vit. D could be a useful therapeutic option to reduce the severity of primary dysmenorrhea and could limit the use of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs.

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Our objective was to describe the serum vitamin D concentrations of children and adolescents with food allergy (FA) and to verify the association between the number of food allergens involved, length of sun exposure, and nutritional status. Through a cross-sectional study, 79 patients with FA, from ages 2 to 15 years, were assessed and followed up in a reference outpatient clinic, in Sao Paulo, Brazil. Clinical and biochemical data were collected for analysis of 25(OH)D, calcium, phosphorus, phosphatase, parathyroid hormone (PTH), and high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP). The cut-off point used for vitamin D deficiency was 25(OH)D ≤ 20 ng/mL. Vitamin D deficiency was detected in 45.6% of patients with a median age of 6.9 years (Interquartile range [IQR] 4.7; 10.2). The median serum 25(OH)D concentration was 21.1 ng/mL (IQR 17.8; 26.0). Multivariate linear regression was performed considering serum vitamin D level as a dependent variable. Allergy to multiple foods (inverse) and length of sun exposure (direct), but not nutritional status, were independently associated with serum 25(OH)D levels (P = 0.034 and P = 0.014, respectively). Patients with cow’s milk allergy also showed lower vitamin D concentrations in comparison with other FA (19.1 ng/mL [IQR 16.6; 24.4] vs 22.2 ng/mL [IQR 18.1; 27.1] [P = 0.056]). Vitamin D deficiency affected about half of individuals with FA. Multiple food allergy was associated with lower vitamin D concentrations, reinforcing the importance of monitoring vitamin D status in patients with FA (AU)

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Our objective was to describe the serum vitamin D concentrations of children and adolescents with food allergy (FA) and to verify the association between the number of food allergens involved, length of sun exposure, and nutritional status. Through a cross-sectional study, 79 patients with FA, from ages 2 to 15 years, were assessed and followed up in a reference outpatient clinic, in Sao Paulo, Brazil. Clinical and biochemical data were collected for analysis of 25(OH)D, calcium, phosphorus, phosphatase, parathyroid hormone (PTH), and high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP). The cut-off point used for vitamin D deficiency was 25(OH)D ≤ 20 ng/mL. Vitamin D deficiency was detected in 45.6% of patients with a median age of 6.9 years (Interquartile range [IQR] 4.7; 10.2). The median serum 25(OH)D concentration was 21.1 ng/mL (IQR 17.8; 26.0). Multivariate linear regression was performed considering serum vitamin D level as a dependent variable. Allergy to multiple foods (inverse) and length of sun exposure (direct), but not nutritional status, were independently associated with serum 25(OH)D levels (P = 0.034 and P = 0.014, respectively). Patients with cow's milk allergy also showed lower vitamin D concentrations in comparison with other FA (19.1 ng/mL [IQR 16.6; 24.4] vs 22.2 ng/mL [IQR 18.1; 27.1] [P = 0.056]). Vitamin D deficiency affected about half of individuals with FA. Multiple food allergy was associated with lower vitamin D concentrations, reinforcing the importance of monitoring vitamin D status in patients with FA.

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Background: Under-nutrition is a major public health problem worldwide. Several studies have documented the effects of vitamin D and calcium supplements in healthy children and in children with bone abnormalities but the effects of multiple micronutrients supplementation in underweight children is limited in literature. Methods: In this randomized controlled trial 38 participants were recruited and divided into two groups of 19 subjects. On the first day of experimental trial, in fasting state 5cc blood samples were collected from all subjects followed by their anthropometric measurements, and serum levels of calcium and vitamin D. All subjects of one group were given Lipid-based nutritional supplement (LNS) and whereas the other group was given the placebo. After one month of compliance the same measurements were repeated and compared. Results: After one month of supplementation mid-upper arm circumference (p=0.005), weight (p<0.001), height (p=0.000), and BMI-Z score (p=0.002) the energy intake (p<0.001), were significantly increased in LNS as compared to Placebo. However, no improvement was observed in the plasma vitamin D (p=0.44) and calcium levels (p=0.46) of underweight children in both groups. Conclusion: Multi micronutrient supplementations are effective in improving anthropometry in the short duration of time. They also improve the energy intake of underweight children. However, no improvement is observed in levels of vitamin D and calcium in LNS group even after a one-month use.

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The prevalence of obesity has risen in the last decades, and it has caused massive health burdens on people's health, especially metabolic and cardiovascular issues. The risk of vitamin D insufficiency is increased by obesity, because adipose tissue alters both the requirements for and bioavailability of vitamin D. Exercise training is acknowledged as having a significant and long-term influence on body weight control; the favorable impact of exercise on obesity and obesity-related co-morbidities has been demonstrated via various mechanisms. The current work illustrated the effects of vitamin D supplementation and exercise on obesity induced by a high-fat diet (HFD) and hepatic steatosis in rats and explored how fatty acid transport protein-4 (FATP4) and Toll-like receptor-4 antibodies (TLR4) might be contributing factors to obesity and related hepatic steatosis. Thirty male albino rats were divided into five groups: group 1 was fed a normal-fat diet, group 2 was fed an HFD, group 3 was fed an HFD and given vitamin D supplementation, group 4 was fed an HFD and kept on exercise, and group 5 was fed an HFD, given vitamin D, and kept on exercise. The serum lipid profile adipokines, interleukin-6 (IL-6), and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) were analyzed, and the pathological changes in adipose and liver tissues were examined. In addition, the messenger-ribonucleic acid (mRNA) expression of FATP4 and immunohistochemical expression of TLR4 in adipose and liver tissues were evaluated. Vitamin D supplementation and exercise improved HFD-induced weight gain and attenuated hepatic steatosis, along with improving the serum lipid profile, degree of inflammation, and serum adipokine levels. The expression of FATP4 and TLR4 in both adipose tissue and the liver was downregulated; it was noteworthy that the group that received vitamin D and was kept on exercise showed also improvement in the histopathological picture of this group. According to the findings of this research, the protective effect of vitamin D and exercise against obesity and HFD-induced hepatic steatosis is associated with the downregulation of FATP4 and TLR4, as well as a reduction in inflammation.

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BACKGROUND/AIM: The effect of vitamin D on skin carcinogenesis is unclear. Vitamin D derivatives may protect against ultraviolet radiation (UVR)-induced DNA damage, immune suppression, and skin carcinogenesis. However, some epidemiological studies have reported an increased incidence of skin cancer associated with high serum vitamin D levels. We investigated the effect of vitamin D supplementation on serum, skin, and tumor vitamin D levels and on skin cancer development in hairless immunocompetent mice. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Female C3.Cg-Hrhr/TifBomTac immunocompetent mice (n=125) were randomly separated into five groups. Two groups received a high vitamin D3 diet (4.5 µg/day/mouse). One group received a medium vitamin D3 diet (2.3 µg/day/mouse). Two groups received a standard diet (0.045 µg/day/mouse). Three standard erythema doses of UVR were given three times per week to three groups. RESULTS: Animals on a high vitamin D3 diet had ~150-fold higher serum vitamin D3 levels (p=0.00016) and 3-fold higher serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 [25(OH)D3] levels (p=0.00016) than those on a standard diet. For mice on the medium vitamin D3 diet, serum vitamin D3 and 25(OH)D3 levels were 18-fold and 2.3-fold higher than for the standard diet, respectively (p=0.00016). All UVR-exposed mice developed tumors. Vitamin D3 levels were lower in the tumor than the skin (p<0.0001). High and medium supplementation with vitamin D3 did not affect tumor development (p>0.05). CONCLUSION: In mice, vitamin D levels in the serum, skin, and tumors were augmented by supplementation, but this did not affect the development of UVR-induced skin tumors.

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The content ofММР-9 and ММР-2 in oral fluid of 105 individuals between the ages of 19 and 23 has been researched.Of these, 42 people are individuals with dental caries and normal level of the active form of vitamin Din serum (25(OH)D >30ng/mL) and 42 people - with 25(OH)D <30 ng/mL level.The control group was composed of 21 individuals with low DMFt index (1,5) and a normal level of 25(OH)D in blood. It has been established that the level of ММР-9 in mixed salivaincreases against the background of dental caries,while the content of ММР-9 and ММР-2 increasessignificantlyamidthe lack and deficiency of25(OH)Din the body. Inverse correlations between the 25(OH)D level in serum and the value ofmatrix metalloproteinasesin saliva have been revealed: noticeable - with the amount of MMP-9 and moderate- with the concentration of MMP-2.

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OBJECTIVE: To investigate the correlation of Adenine-1012-Guanine (rs4516035) promoter region polymorphism of vitamin-D receptor gene with serum levels of omentin-1, vitamin-D and vitamin-D receptor protein in patients with coronary artery disease. METHODS: The case-control study was conducted from January to June 2020 at the cardiac unit of Civil hospital Karachi (CHK), and comprised coronary artery disease patients and controls. The tetra-primer amplification refractory mutation system polymerase chain reaction method was used to genotype Adenine-1210Guanine polymorphism in the vitamin D receptor gene. Serum levels of omentin-1, vitamin-D, and vitamin-D receptor protein were measured in both the groups using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Data was analysed using SPSS 17. RESULTS: Of the 1,000 subjects, there were 500(50%) cases; males 306(61.2%) and 194(38.8%) females with overall mean age of 51.08±9.55 years. The remaining 500(50%) were controls; 290(58%) males and 210(42%) females with overall mean age of 50.9±10.78 years. The mutant Guanine allele was more prevalent in controls 261(52.2%), and had a non-significant correlation with coronary artery disease (p=0.45). Among the cases, the wild Adenine-Adenine genotype had a higher prevalence 402(80.4%) and had a significant correlation with coronary artery disease (p<0.001). The heterozygous genotype Adenine-Guanine was significantly more predominant among the controls 346(69.2%) compared to the cases 66(13.2) (p=0.002). CONCLUSIONS: Adenine-1012-Guanine polymorphism in the vitamin-D receptor gene was found to be a protective polymorphism for coronary artery disease in the recessive model.

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BACKGROUND: FokI (rs2228570 T>C) and BsmI (rs1544410 A>G) polymorphisms of the vitamin D receptor (VDR) have been associated to abnormal glucose metabolism and could be inversely associated with ß-cell function (BCF) and vitamin D status. There is a lack of information about this topic in the Mexican population. AIM OF THE STUDY: To evaluate the relationship between VDR gene polymorphisms FokI and BsmI with BCF and vitamin D status in a population of non-obese Mexican adults. METHODS: A sample of 192 participants were enrolled during 2016-2018. Blood samples were collected to determine fasting concentrations of glucose, insulin, and vitamin D. Genomic DNA was isolated from leucocytes and the polymorphic variants of FokI and BsmI were analyzed. The Homeostasis Model Assessment Calculator was used to estimate the BCF (HOMA2-B). RESULTS: FokI polymorphism showed a frequency of 20.1% for homozygous TT carriers and 7.8% for the BsmI GG. The recessive model of FokI (TT genotype) showed a lower mean value of BCF compared to the combination of CC + CT (99.2 vs. 109.6%, p = 0.045). Likewise, significantly lower mean values of HOMA2-B and insulin were observed for BsmI (GG genotype, p = 0.016 and p = 0.039, respectively). After covariates adjustment, only FokI polymorphism remained as an independent predictor of BCF. CONCLUSIONS: the TT and GG variants of the FokI and BsmI polymorphisms are related to a decrease in FCB. In the case of FokI, this decrement was independent of insulin sensitivity, vitamin D levels, percentage of body fat, gender, and age.

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Nine Hungarian medical societies have developed a consensus recommendation on the preferred normal range of vitamin D, the dose of vitamin D supplementation and the method of administration. They summarized the clinical conditions and diseases the development of which may be associated with vitamin D deficiency (VDD). VDD is extremely common in Hungary, especially in late winter. The lower limit of the recommended normal range is 75 nmol/l, although the clinical significance of deficiency is evident mainly at values below 50 nmol/l, but since vitamin D supplementation at the recommended dose is safe, it is worthwhile for everyone to reduce the health risk associated with VDD. The aim of vitamin D supplementation is to prevent deficiency. The recommended normal range is 75­125 nmol/l, above which there is no clear benefit of vitamin D supplementation. To maintain the normal range, a daily intake of 2000 IU in adults is recommended during the UV-B radiation-free period. Vitamin D supplementation is also recommended for children during the same periods and conditions as for adults, but the dose varies with age. In adults, vitamin D3 supplementation at daily, weekly and monthly intervals is equally effective and safe. In severe deficiency, a loading dose is recommended, followed by maintenance supplementation. In addition to the wellknown skeletal, immunological and oncological effects of VDD, more and more data support unfavorable gyneco- logical and obstetric effects. The process of building the consensus has met the requirements of the latest Delphi criteria.

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Bone remodeling and orthodontic tooth movement (OTM) are controlled by certain essential molecules, one of which is vitamin D. Increased levels of vitamin D have been associated with increased rates of OTM. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of vitamin D deficiency on the rate of OTM, and to determine their association after applying orthodontic forces. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Wistar rats were divided into two groups: control group with average vitamin D levels and experimental group with induced vitamin D deficiency. Orthodontic appliances were fixed to initiate tooth movement. Distance between the reference teeth were measured in millimeters on day zero, and repeated every 7 days, till day 21. RESULTS: A significant difference within the experimental group was found; as well as within the control group, there was also no significant interaction between time and the type of group. CONCLUSION: The rate of Orthodontic tooth movement was not affected by induced vitamin D deficiency in rats.

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INTRODUCTION: Supplementation with high doses of vitamin D, known as mega-dose or "stoss therapy," refers to administering high doses of vitamin D by oral or intramuscular route in short periods of time. In this sense, conducting a review to organize this knowledge in a single article will generate a helpful instrument for researchers working in this area and for health professionals who use this therapeutic tool. OBJECTIVE: To carry out a literature review on safety and efficacy (normalization of serum vitamin D level, and changes in the clinical picture) of vitamin D mega-dose use. METHODOLOGY: This is a systematic review of the literature searching data through the electronic banks of PubMed, Scielo, and LILACS, using the following keywords: "vitamin D," "mega-dose," "stoss therapy," "cholecalciferol," in different combinations. CONSORT questionnaire was used to assess the quality of the included studies. RESULTS: Of the 59 articles screened for this review, 10 were included in the review, studying patients with rickets, osteoporosis, and critically ill patients. Two studies compared the exact dosage of vitamin D by different routes of administration, and three studies compared different doses by the same route. All others studied vitamin D mega-dose versus placebo. Adverse effects were observed through the presence of hypercalcemia/hypercalciuria. Serum vitamin D levels were normalized between 70 and 100% of patients, and adverse effects ranged between 1.9 and 18.5%. CONCLUSION: The study demonstrated that vitamin D mega-dose therapy is effective in normalizing serum vitamin levels, and the toxicity assessed through adverse effects was low, with no expressive clinical significance. Despite this, there is still a need for further studies in the area to confirm the results found.

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