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This study investigated the regulation effect of magnetic field combined with low temperature storage on postharvest quality and cell wall pectic-polysaccharide degradation of wampee stored for 15 d at 4 °C and 15 °C. Results showed that magnetic field combined with low temperature storage reduced browning rate of fruit after 15 d storage, but its effect on weight loss rate and total soluble solids (TSS) did not surpass that of storage temperature. Interestingly, contents of flavonoid, total phenols and malondialdehyde (MDA) were also lowered at varying degrees by combined treatment. Furthermore, molecular weight distribution and monosaccharide compositions of cell wall pectic-polysaccharides were also affected, which resulted from the coordinated action of cell wall pectin-degrading enzymes. The activities of these enzymes during storage, including polygalacturonase (PG), pectin methylesterase (PME) and ß-galactosidase (ß-Gal) in treated wampee decreased. These findings suggested that magnetic field combined with low temperature storage was an effective technology and had great potential in preservation of postharvest wampee in future.

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This study aimed to develop a suitable dosage form of volatile oil from wampee leaves and to explore its antibacterial mechanism in vitro. The chemical composition of the volatile oil from wampee leaves was determined by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Different microemulsion ratios were tested and their stabilities were investigated to determine the optimal ratio. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) of the wampee leaves volatile oil emulsion (WVOE) against Salmonella typhimurium (S. typhimurium) and Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) were determined using double-dilution and plate-counting methods, respectively. Morphological changes in these two bacteria were observed using scanning electron microscopy. Death, ultrastructural morphology, and biofilm formation were also assessed for S. aureus. Finally, we established an S. aureus-infected Lewis lung carcinoma (LLC) cell model to evaluate the protective effects of the volatile oil emulsion and the associated mechanisms. The volatile oil extracted from wampee leaves contained 37 compounds, of which 96.49% were aromatic hydrocarbons, terpenoids, and their oxygen-containing derivatives. The emulsion was most stable at 1:1 in the oil phase and 1:9 in the water phase. WVOE had poor antibacterial activity against S. typhimurium, but the MIC and MBC against S. aureus were 312.5 and 2,500 µg/mL, respectively. S. aureus survival rates were 84.6%, 14.5%, and 12.8% in the 1/2, 1, and 4 × MIC groups, respectively, compared with 97.2% in the control group. S. typhimurium survival was not affected by WVOE treatment. WVOE administration induced cavity formation and abnormal binary fission, and significantly inhibited biofilm formation in S. aureus cells. The WVOE notably reduced the number of S. aureus and inhibited TLR4, NLRP3, NF-κB, IL-6, IL-18, and TNF-α gene expression in S. aureus-infected LLC cells. The WVOE had a significant inhibitory effect on S. aureus and altered its cell membrane permeability. Moreover, it alleviated inflammation by inhibiting the NF-κB-NLRP3 pathway in S. aureus-infected LLC cells.

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From the 95% ethanol aqueous extract of the roots of Clausena lansium, six previously undescribed alkaloids (1, 2a, 2b, 15, 24a, 24b), a pair of prenylated phenylpropenols (26a, 26b), two coumarins (27, 28), and two undescribed sesquiterpenes (37, 38) were isolated and identified using spectroscopic and electron circular dichroism data, together with thirty-two known compounds. The absolute configurations of three alkaloids (3a, 3b, 4a) were determined for the first time. In vitro assay showed that alkaloids 7, 10, 12, 19, and furanocoumarins 34, 35 displayed inhibitory effects on the production of nitric oxide in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced BV-2 microglial cells, which were stronger than that of the minocycline (positive control). RT-PCR results indicated that indizoline (7) could inhibit the expression of pro-inflammatory factors (IL-1ß, TNF-α, and IL-6) in LPS-treated BV-2 cells.

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Infections caused by Candida albicans (C. albicans) and increasing resistance to commonly used drugs lead to a variety of mucosal diseases and systemic infectious diseases. We previously confirmed that the essential oil of Clausena lansium (Lour.) Skeels seeds (CSEO) had antifungal activity against C. albicans, but the detailed mechanism between the chemical components and antifungal activity is unclear. In this study, a quantitative analysis of five volatile components of CSEO, including sabinene, α-phellandrene, ß-phellandrene, 4-terpineol, and ß-caryophyllene, was carried out using the gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) method. Both the broth dilution and kinetic growth methods proved that the antifungal activity of CSEO against fluconazole-resistant C. albicans was better than that of its main components (sabinene and 4-terpineol). To further investigate the inhibitory mechanism, the transcriptional responses of C. albicans to CSEO, sabinene, and 4-terpineol treatment were determined based on RNA-seq. The Venn diagram and clustering analysis pattern of differential expression genes showed the mechanism of CSEO and 4-terpineol's anti-C. albicans activity might be similar from the perspective of the genes. Functional enrichment analysis suggested that CSEO regulated adherence-, hyphae-, and biofilm-formation-related genes, which may be CSEO's active mechanism of inhibiting the growth of fluconazole-resistant C. albicans. Overall, we preliminarily revealed the molecular mechanism between the chemical components and the antifungal activity of CSEO against C. albicans. This study provides new insights to overcome the azole resistance of C. albicans and promote the development and application of C. lansium (Lour.) Skeels seeds.

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Wampee (Clausena lansium [Lour.] Skeels) is a tropical fruit. In July 2022, leaf spot symptom was observed in wampee (cv. JIXIN) in a field ((21°25'N, 110°10'E, about 100 ha ), Guangdong Province, China. Disease incidence was around 70% (n = 100 investigated plants from about 2 ha). Leaf spots were round or irregular with a clear yellow halo around a brown, necrotic lesion. Ten symptomatic leaves from 10 plants were sampled. The margins of the samples were cut into 2 mm × 2 mm pieces. The surfaces were disinfected with 75% ethanol for 30 s and 2% sodium hypochlorite for 60 s. Thereafter, the samples were rinsed thrice in sterile water, placed on potato dextrose agar (PDA), and incubated at 28 °C in the dark for 3 days. Pure cultures were obtained by transferring hyphal tips to new PDA plates. Twenty isolates were obtained. Three representative single-spore isolates (CLCT-1, CLCT-2, and CLCT-3) from the twenty isolates were confirmed to be identical based on morphological characteristics and ITS analysis and used for further study. The colonies on PDA were gray white at first, subsequently turning grayish to dark gray, with numerous black microsclerotia and setae. Conidia were hyaline, aseptate, falcate with pointed ends, and 16.5 to 22.3 × 2.5 to 3.2 µm (n = 30). Morphological characteristics of the isolates were consistent with the description of Colletotrichum truncatum (Schwein.) Andrus & W. D. Moore (Sawant et al. 2012). For molecular identification, the colony PCR method (Lu et al., 2012) was used to amplify the internal transcribed spacer (ITS), glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH), and actin (ACT) loci of the isolates using primer pairs ITS1/ITS4, GDF1/GDR1, and ACT-512F/ACT-783R, respectively (Weir et al. 2012). The sequences were submitted to GenBank under accession numbers OP740964 to OP740966 (ITS), OP800837 to OP800839 (GAPDH), and OP800843 to OP800845 (ACT). The sequences of the three isolates were 100% identical (ITS, 547/547 bp; GAPDH, 290/290 bp; and ACT, 266/266 bp) with those of C. truncatum (accession nos. GU227869, GU228261, and GU227967) through BLAST analysis.. In addition, a phylogenetic tree was generated on the basis of the concatenated data from sequences of ITS, GAPDH, and ACT that nested within the clade containing C. truncatum (the type strain CBS 112998) by the maximum likelihood method. From the combination of the morphological and molecular characteristics, the isolates were determined to be C. truncatum. A pathogenicity test was performed in a greenhouse at 24 to 30°C with 80% relative humidity. Wampee plants (cv. JIXIN, n =5, 1-month-old) were inoculated with a spore solution (1 × 105 per mL) until it run-off. Whereas control plants were sprayed with sterile distilled water. Leaf spots were observed on the inoculated plants after 10 days while the control ones remained healthy. The pathogen re-isolated from all the symptomatic leaves was identical to the inoculation isolates in terms of morphology and just ITS analysis, but unsuccessful from the control plants. C. truncatum has also been reported to be the causal agent of anthracnose disease in multiple crops (Diao et al. 2014; Villafana et al. 2018; Stella de et al. 2021), thus, this is the first to report C. truncatum causing leaf spot on C. lansium in China. This study provides an important reference for the control of the disease due to the high host range of C. truncatum.

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Wampee (Clausena lansium [Lour.] Skeels) is a tropical fruit. In July 2022, shoot rot symptom was observed in wampee (cv. JIXIN) in a field ((21°25'N, 110°10'E, about 100 ha ), Guangdong Province, China. The most obvious symptom of the disease was the rotting and withering of the tops. Disease incidence was approximately 90% (n = 500). Twenty diseased samples were randomly collected from the field and cut into 2 mm × 2 mm pieces next to the margins of diseased tissues. These pieces were then sterilized with 75% alcohol for 30 s and 2% sodium hypochlorite for 3 min and subsequently washed with sterile water three times. Tissue pieces were placed onto potato dextrose agar (PDA) and incubated at 25℃ for 3 days. Pure cultures were obtained by transferring hyphal tips to new PDA plates. Sixty isolates of Fusarium ssp. (60/80 = 75%) were obtained. Three representative single-spore isolates (CLFP-1, CLFP-2, and CLFP-3) were used for further study. Colonies were white to pink on PDA. Conidiogenous cells were monophialidic or polyphialidic. Macroconidia were slightly curved, tapering apically with 3 to 5 septa, and measured from 31.7 to 55.5 µm × 2.5 to 5.0 µm in size (n=50). The morphological features of these fungi were analogous to F. proliferatum (Leslie and Summerell 2006). For molecular identification, a colony PCR method (Lu et al. 2012) was used to amplify the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) and portions of elongation factor 1-α (EF1-α), RNA polymerase II largest subunit (RPB1), and RNA polymerase II second largest subunit (RPB2) genes using primers ITS1/ITS4, EF1-728F/EF1-986R, RPB1-R8/RPB1-F5, and RPB2-7CF/fRPB2-11aR, respectively (O'Donnell et al. 1998; 2010). The sequences were submitted to GenBank under accession numbers OP740961 to OP740963 (ITS), and OP800846 to OP800854 (RPB1, RPB2, EF1-α). The BLAST comparison of the sequences showed the three isolates were 100% similar to F. proliferatum (ITS: MT378328; TEF1: MH582344; RPB1: MN193921; RPB2: MN892349). The sequences of the three isolates were 100% identical (ITS, 537/537 bp; RPB1, 1606/1606 bp; RPB2, 770/770 bp and EF1-α, 683/683 bp) with those of F. proliferatum (accession nos. MT378328, MN193921, MH582196, and MH582344) through BLAST analysis. Analysis of the concatenated sequences revealed a 99.87 to 100% identity with the isolates of the F. proliferatum (F. fujikuroi species complex, Asian clade) by polyphasic identification using the FUSARIUM-ID database (Yilmaz et al. 2021). The sequences were also concatenated for phylogenetic analysis by the maximum likelihood method. The isolates clustered with F. proliferatum. Pathogenicity was tested through in vivo experiments. The inoculated and control plants (n = 5, 3 months old, cv. JIXIN) were sprayed with a spore suspension (1 × 105 per mL) of the three isolates and sterile distilled water, respectively, until run-off (Feng and Li. 2019). The test was performed three times. The plants were grown in pots in a greenhouse at 25℃ to 28℃, with relative humidity of approximately 80%. Symptoms were observed on the inoculated plants with disease incidence 100% after 2 weeks, while the control plants remained healthy. The pathogen re-isolated from all the inoculated plants was identical to the inoculated isolates in morphology and ITS sequences. No pathogen were isolated from the control plants. To the best of our knowledge, this study is the first to report F. proliferatum causing shoot blight symptom in wampee (cv. JIXIN). This disease has caused severe losses and will provide the foundation for management strategies.

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BACKGROUND: The rational utilization of botanical secondary metabolites is one of the strategies to reduce the application of chemical fungicides. The extensive biological activities of Clausena lansium indicate that it has the potential to develop botanical fungicides. RESULTS: A systematic investigation on the antifungal alkaloids from C. lansium branch-leaves following bioassay-guided isolation was implemented. Sixteen alkaloids, including two new and nine known carbazole alkaloids, one known quinoline alkaloid and four known amides, were isolated. Compounds 4, 7, 12 and 14 showed strong antifungal activity on Phytophthora capsiciwith EC50 values ranging from 50.67 to 70.82 µg mL-1 . Compounds 1, 3, 8, 10, 11, 12 and 16 displayed different degrees of antifungal activity against Botryosphaeria dothidea with EC50 values ranging from 54.18 to 129.83 µg mL-1 . It was reported for the first time that these alkaloids had antifungal effects on P. capsici or B. dothidea, and their structure-activity relationships were further discussed systematically. Additionally, among all alkaloids, dictamine (12) had the strongest antifungal activities against P. capsici (EC50  = 50.67 µg mL-1 ) and B. dothidea (EC50  = 54.18 µg mL-1 ), and its physiological effects on P. capsici and B. dothidea also were further evaluated. CONCLUSION: Capsicum lansium is a potential source of antifungal alkaloids, and C. lansium alkaloids had the potential as lead compounds of botanical fungicides in the development of new fungicides with novel action mechanism. © 2023 Society of Chemical Industry.

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Two novel amides, named clauphenamides A and B, and twelve other known compounds were isolated from the twigs and leaves of Clausena lansium Lour. Skeels (Rutaceae). Their structures were elucidated on the basis of extensive spectroscopic analysis and comparison with data reported in the literature. Clauphenamide A (1) featured in the unit of N-2-(4,8-dimethoxyfuro [2,3-b]quinolin-7-yl)vinyl, and clauphenamide B (2) was a unprecedented N-phenethyl cinnamide dimer. Other known compounds belong to pyrrolidone amides (3 and 4), furacoumarins (7-10), simple coumarins (11-14), lignan (5) and sesquiterpene (6). Compounds 5, 6, 10 and 12 were separated from the genus (Clausena) for the first time, while 13 was isolated in the species (C. lansium) for the first time. The antifungal activities of the isolated compounds were assayed. As a result, at the concentration of 100 µg/ml, compared with the control (chlorothalonil, inhibition rate of 83.67%), compounds 1 and 2 were found to exhibit moderate antifungal activity against B. dothidea with inhibition rates of 68.39% and 52.05%, respectively. Compounds 11-14 also exhibited moderate activity against B. dothidea and F. oxysporum, with inhibition rates greater than 40%. In addition, compared with the control (chlorothalonil, inhibition rate of 69.02%), compounds 11-14 showed strong antifungal activity to P. oryzae, with inhibition rates greater than 55%. Among them, compound 14 has the strongest antifungal activity against P. oryzae, and the inhibition rate (65.44%) is close to that of the control chlorothalonil. Additionally, the structure-activity relationships of the separated compounds are also discussed preliminarily in this paper.

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In this work, we isolated a new benzofuran glycoside, 6-ß-d-glucosyl-6,7-dihydroxy-5-benzofuranpropanoic acid methyl ester (1), together with six known compounds (2-7) from the fruits of Clausena lansium (Lour.) Skeels. Extensive spectroscopic methods were employed to elucidate their structures. Herein, compounds 2, 3, 5 and 6 were reported from Clausena lansium (Lour.) Skeels for the first time. Moreover, compounds 1, 2, 4 and 6 showed comparable 2,2'-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzthiazoline-6-sulphonic acid) (ABTS) radical scavenging activity to l-ascorbic acid, and compound 4 also exhibited potent 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging activity and ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP). All of the compounds showed oxygen radical absorbance capacity (ORAC) values ranging from 0.3 to 3.6 µmol trolex equivalent/µmol. In addition, compounds 3 and 5 also demonstrated good α-amylase inhibitory activity.

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Clausena lansium (Lour.) Skeels (Rutaceae) is a natural bioactive plant. Its roots, stems, leaves, and seeds are widely used in Chinese traditional and folk medicine. Although the characterization and functional analysis of bioactive components in Clausena lansium (Lour.) Skeels has been widely reported, the spatial distribution of these compounds within the main plant tissues remains undefined. Here, we adopted matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization-mass spectrometry imaging (MALDI-MSI) to reveal the spatial distribution of active alkaloids, coumarins, sugars and organic acids in C. lansium. Using a combined wet and dry matrix covering method to enhance sensitivity, we detected alkaloids throughout the fruit including 3-methylcarbazole and murrastinine which were especially rich in the kernel tissues but were restricted to the stem xylem and medulla and in the leaf epidermal region. Interestingly, murrayanine and heptaphylline were mainly found in pulp tissues with very low content in the stems and leaves while girinimbine was only distributed within the outer kernel skin. Coumarins were mainly distributed in the fruit pericarp and leaf vein tissues but with no clear spatial specificity in stems. Lastly, hexoses were mainly evident in the fruit pulp, although sucrose was also found in the pericarp, pulp, and pulp fibers with citric acid being distributed throughout the fruit. The accurate spatial and chemical information obtained provides new insights into the specific accumulation of metabolites in individual tissues.

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Five unreported alkaloids including four amide alkaloids (1a, 2a, 3a, and 3b) and one carbazole alkaloid (4) with two known compounds (1b, 2b) were obtained from the stems of Clausena lansium. Their structures were demonstrated by spectroscopic experiments. And the absolute configurations of compounds 1a, 1b, 2b, and 3b were determined by single X-ray diffraction analysis. The neuroprotection assay showed that compound 4 had moderate inhibition effect on PC12 cells induced by serum withdrawal at the concentration of 10 µM. And compounds 1a and 4 had weak protective effects on primary neurons against oxygen glucose deprivation injury at the concentration of 10 µM.

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Chronic stress exposure is now accepted as a problem that can produce deleterious effects on both brain structure and function. Numerous studies have proposed the potential of fruit peels as vital sources for acetylcholinesterase (AChE) inhibitors and antioxidants. Clausena lansium (Lour.) or wampee (WP) fruit peel is a rich source of antioxidants and flavonoids that could prove beneficial for human health. Currently, there has been no scientific evidence supporting the potency of WP peel extract to combat or reverse the memory impairment induced by chronic restraint stress (CRS). Therefore, we aimed to investigate the AChE-inhibiting and neuroprotective effects of WP peel extracts against CRS-mediated oxidative stress and cognitive dysfunction in rats. Initial assessment of the extract revealed antioxidant capacity and high concentrations of polyphenols. Further, Wistar rats were dosed orally with the WP peel extract (200, 400, and 600 mg/kg daily) and kept in a restrainer for 4 h a day for 28 consecutive days. The object recognition and Morris water maze tests were used to determine cognitive functions. After sacrifice, biomarkers of oxidative stress and AChE inhibitory activity in brain homogenates of rats were also investigated. CRS exposure produced oxidative stress and increased AChE activity, changes that led to learning and memory impairment in the cognition tests. Improved memory, reduced AChE activity, and a decreased oxidative stress status were seen in rats treated with WP peel extract. Overall, supplementation with WP peel extract may exert cognitive-enhancing effects through antioxidative neuroprotection and inhibition of AChE activity against CRS-induced oxidative stress.

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Two new C13-norsesquiterpenes claulanterpene A (1) and B (2), together with two known sesquiterpenes (3-4), were isolated from methanol extract of the stem and leaf of Clausena lansium collected from Qingyuan county, Guangdong Province, China. Their structures were elucidated on the base of extensive spectroscopic analysis and comparison with data reported in the literature. Among them, compound 4 showed antibacterial activity against Bacillus cereus.

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BACKGROUND: Clausena lansium (Lour.) Skeels, belonging to the genus Clausena of the family Rutaceae, has a wide range of medical and agricultural activities. Previous studies on agricultural activities have shown that C. lansium extracts and some components have obvious herbicidal activities. In order to study systematically herbicidal activity of this plant, we studied the herbicidal effect of ethyl acetate (EtOAc) extract from the stems and leaves of this plant and further isolated the active compounds. RESULTS: The EtOAc extract inhibited the growth of roots and shoots of Echinochloa crus-galli (L.) Beauv., and the inhibitory effect of the EtOAc extract on roots were stronger than those on shoots with half maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50 ) values of 420.45 and 585.05 mg L-1 , respectively. Fifteen compounds were subsequently isolated and identified from the stems and leaves of C. lansium, including nine O-monoterpenoid furanocoumarins and six cinnamamides. Our results showed that most compounds exhibited varying degrees of herbicidal activities to E. crus-galli. Among them, compounds 3, 8, and 13-15 showed the best inhibitory activities on the growth of E. crus-galli roots, with inhibition rate values ranging from 70% to 83% at a concentration of 300 mg L-1 . Compounds 1 and 2 are two new compounds, and their structures were established as 5-O-monoterpenoid furanocoumarin and 8-O-monoterpenoid furanocoumarin, and named as claulansicoumarin-A and -B, respectively. CONCLUSION: The EtOAc extract and pure compounds showed noticeable herbicidal activities against E. crus-galli and indicated a great potential for these natural compounds to be developed as a herbicide. © 2020 Society of Chemical Industry.

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In this study, the non-targeted large-scale plant metabolomics (UPLC-Q-Orbitrap-MS) was performed for the comparison of chemical profiling of the leaves, barks, flowers, peels, pulps, and seeds of Clausena lansium (Lour.) Skeels (called "wampee"). A total of 364 metabolites were identified, and 62 potential biomarkers were selected by the multivariate statistical analysis. Hierarchical cluster analysis suggested that the selected biomarkers were significant differential metabolites among various parts of wampee. Metabolic pathway analysis showed a significant enrichment of the "Flavone and flavonol synthesis" and "Isoquinoline alkaloid biosynthesis" pathway. This study provides important information for the isolation and identification of functional components from different tissues of wampee and the metabolic biosynthesis pathway elucidation in detail.

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Nanotechnology is an emerged field to develop the plant mediated metal based nanodrugs by green method. In this current study, the zinc oxide metal based nanoparticles were developed using (Clausena lansium (Lour.) Skeels) Peel aqueous extracts and zinc nitrate. The C.L extract zinc nanoparticleswere indicated by the sharp peak seen at 350 nm utilizing the Ultraviolet-Visible spectroscopy (UV-Vis). The high peaks indicate the presence of phytochemicals and its functional groups in ZnONPs were studied by the Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FT-IR). The X-Ray Diffraction analysis (XRD) explores the pattern and structure of ZnONPs as spherical and base-centered monoclinic crystalline shapes. The C.L extract with Zn nanoparticles were spherical in nature and the size of the synthesized particles were about 28.42 nm respectively. The autophagy (Beclin-1, LC3-I, LC3-II and ATG4B) and apoptotic (Bax, Bcl-2 and Caspase-3) proteins were regulated by the treatment with ZnONPs in SH-SY5Y neuroblastoma cells. The DNA loss or damage was occurred in the ZnONPs treatment and it was performed using Comet assay. The ZnONPs treatment generates the ROS in the cells and decreased its stability and viability. Addition of NAC prevents ROS in the cultured SH-SY5Y cells and prevents the cells from the apoptosis. We concluded that the ZnONPs potentially kills the neuroblastoma cells by producing the intracellular ROS.

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A new carbazole alkaloid was isolated from the aqueous extract of the stems of Clausena lansium (Lour.) Skeels by various chromatographic methods, including HPD-100, PRP-512A, silica gel, and reverse phase C18. Its structure was determined by spectroscopic and chemical methods, including UV, IR, HR-ESI-MS, 1D/2DNMR and ECD. Compound 1, named as Claulamine F, showed no antimicrobial activity on Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli or Pseudomonas aeruginosa. In addition, compound 1 exhibited no cytotoxicity on five kinds of cancer cells through MTT methods.

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Clausena lansium (Lour.) Skeels is an evergreen small tree or shrub with great economic value, which belongs to the genus Clausena of the Rutaceae family. C. lansium is indigenous to Southern China, while currently widely cultivated in subtropical and tropical regions not only for the nutritional value and pharmacological uses of its fruits but also as a medicinal and ornamental plant. In this study, a systematic phytochemical study on the stems and leaves of C. lansium caused the separation and identification of two new geranylated carbazole alkaloids, clauselansiumines A (1) and B (2), as well as 10 known geranylated carbazole alkaloids (3-12). The chemical structures of these isolated geranylated carbazole alkaloids (1-12) were unambiguously determined based on comprehensive spectral data analyses. All these isolated geranylated carbazole alkaloids were tested for their neuroprotective effects against 6-hydroxydopamine induced cell death in human neuroblastoma SH-SY5Y cells in vitro. Compounds 1-12 displayed remarkable neuroprotective effects holding the EC50 values ranging from 0.48 ±â€¯0.04 to 12.36 ±â€¯0.16 µM. These research results disclosed that the separation and purification of these geranylated carbazole alkaloids possessing remarkable neuroprotective effects separated from C. lansium could be extremely important to the discovery of new agents for the treatment and prevention for Parkinson's disease.

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Clausena lansium Lour. Skeels (Rutaceae) is widely distributed in South China and has historically been used as a traditional medicine in local healthcare systems. Although the characteristic components (carbazole alkaloids and coumarins) of C. lansium have been found to possess a wide variety of biological activities, little attention has been paid toward the other components of this plant. In the current study, phytochemical analysis of isolates from a water-soluble stem and leaf extract of C. lansium led to the identification of 12 compounds, including five aromatic glycosides, four sesquiterpene glycosides, two dihydrofuranocoumarin glycosides, and one adenosine. All compounds were isolated for the first time from the genus Clausena, including a new aromatic glycoside (1), a new dihydrofuranocoumarin glycoside (6), and two new sesquiterpene glycosides (8 and 9). The phytochemical structures of the isolates were elucidated using spectroscopic analyses including NMR and MS. The existence of these compounds demonstrates the taxonomic significance of C. lansium in the genus Clausena and suggests that some glycosides from this plant probably play a role in the anticancer activity of C. lansium to some extent.

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Essential oils (EOs) have been shown to have a diversity of beneficial human health effects. Clausena is a large and highly diverse genus of plants with medicinal and cosmetic significance. The aim of this study was to analyze the composition of Clausena lansium EOs and to investigate their potential antifungal effects. The chemical compositions of Clausena lansium EOs obtained by hydrodistillation were analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). A total of 101 compounds were identified among the diverse extracts of C. lansium. EOs of leaves and pericarps from different cultivars (Hainan local wampee and chicken heart wampee) collected in Hainan (China) were classified into four clusters based on their compositions. These clusters showed different antifungal activities against five Candida species (C. albicans, C. tropicalis, C. glabrata, C. krusei and C. parapsilosis) using the disc diffusion method. Clausena lansium EOs of pericarps displayed noteworthy antifungal activitives against all the tested Candida strains with inhibition zone diameters in the range of 11.1­23.1 mm. EOs of leaves showed relatively low antifungal activities with inhibition zone diameters in the range of 6.5­22.2 mm. The rank order of antifungal activities among the four EO clusters was as follows: Cluster IV> Cluster III > Cluster I ≥ Cluster II. These results represent the first report about the correlation between chemical composition of C. lansium EOs and antifungal activity. Higher contents of ß-phellandrene, ß-sesquiphellandrene and ß-bisabolene in EOs of pericarps were likely responsible for the high antifungal activity of Cluster IV EOs. Taken together, our results demonstrate the chemical diversity of Clausena lansium EOs and their potential as novel antifungal agents for candidiasis caused by Candida spp. Furthermore, the obtained results showing a wide spectrum of antifungal activities provide scientific evidence for the traditional use of these plants.

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