RESUMEN
Gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) is a non-protein amino acid that possesses various physiological functions. Our previous study has shown that ultrasound increased GABA accumulation in coffee leaves. In this study, we aimed to uncover the GABA enrichment mechanism by investigating the surface microstructure, cellular permeability, enzyme activities, and metabolomics of coffee leaves under ultrasound treatment. The results showed that ultrasound increased the electrical conductivity and the activities of glutamate decarboxylase, γ-aminoaldehyde dehydrogenase, and diamine oxidase by 12.0%, 265.9%, 124.1%, 46.8%, respectively. Environmental scanning electron microscope analysis demonstrated an increased opening of stomata and the rougher surface in the leaves after ultrasound treatment. UPLC-qTOF-MS/MS-based untargeted metabolomics analysis identified 82 differential metabolites involved in various metabolism pathways. Our results indicated that ultrasound changed the surface microstructure of coffee leaves, thereby accelerating the migration of glutamate into the cells; activated related enzymes; regulated C/N metabolism pathways, which led to an increase of GABA.
Asunto(s)
Café , Espectrometría de Masas en Tándem , Café/química , Metabolómica , Hojas de la Planta/química , Ácido gamma-Aminobutírico/análisisRESUMEN
Studies of 54 antioxidants revealed that 27 of them, mainly polyphenols, generated hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) when added to Dulbecco's modified Eagle's medium (DMEM), other media used for culture of mammalian and yeast cells and phosphate-buffered saline. The most active antioxidants were: propyl gallate (PG), (-)-epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG) and quercetin (Q). Chelex treatment and iron chelators decreased H2O2 generation suggesting that transition metal ions catalyze antioxidant autoxidation and H2O2 production. Green tea also generated H2O2; tea prepared on tap water generated significantly more H2O2 than tea prepared on deionized water. Ascorbic acid decreased H2O2 production although it generated H2O2 itself, in the absence of other additives. Lemon added to the tea significantly reduced generation of H2O2. Hydrogen peroxide generated in the medium contributed to the cytotoxicity of PG, EGCG and Q to human prostate carcinoma DU-145 cells, since catalase increased the survival of the cells subjected to these compounds in vitro.
Asunto(s)
Antioxidantes/química , Peróxido de Hidrógeno/química , Catalasa/metabolismo , Catequina/análogos & derivados , Catequina/química , Catequina/farmacología , Línea Celular Tumoral , Supervivencia Celular/efectos de los fármacos , Humanos , Peróxido de Hidrógeno/metabolismo , Oxidación-Reducción , Polifenoles/química , Galato de Propilo/química , Galato de Propilo/farmacología , Quercetina/química , Quercetina/farmacología , Té/química , Té/metabolismo , Elementos de Transición/químicaRESUMEN
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE: In traditional medicine from West Africa, the fruit decoction of Xylopia aethiopica (Dunal) A. Rich. is widely used for the treatment of diabetes mellitus (DM) either alone or in combination with other plants. The present study is designed to investigate the anti-diabetic effects of X. aethiopica acetone fraction (XAAF) from fruit ethanolic extract in a type 2 diabetes (T2D) model of rats. MATERIALS AND METHODS: T2D was induced in rats by feeding a 10% fructose solution ad libitum for 2 weeks followed by a single intraperitoneal injection of streptozotocin (40 mg/kg body weight) and the animals were orally treated with 150 or 300 mg/kg body weight (bw) of the XAAF once daily for four weeks. RESULTS: After 4 weeks study period, diabetic untreated animals (DBC) exhibited significantly higher serum glucose, serum fructosamine, LDH, CK-MB, serum lipids, liver glycogen, insulin resistance (HOMA-IR), AI, CRI and lower serum insulin, ß-cell function (HOMA-ß) and glucose tolerance ability compared to the normal animals. Histopathological examination of their pancreas revealed corresponding pathological changes in the islets and ß-cells. These alterations were reverted to near-normal after the treatment of XAAF at 150 (DXAL) and 300 (DXAH) mg/kg bw with the effects being more pronounced in the DXAH group compared to the DXAL group. Moreover, the effects in the animals of DXAH group were comparable to the diabetic metformin (DMF) treated animals. In addition, no significant alterations were observed in non-diabetic animals treated with 300 mg/kg bw of XAAF (NXAH). CONCLUSION: The results of our study suggest that XAAF treatment showed excellent anti-diabetic effects in a T2D model of rats.
Asunto(s)
Diabetes Mellitus Experimental/tratamiento farmacológico , Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 2/tratamiento farmacológico , Hipoglucemiantes/uso terapéutico , Extractos Vegetales/uso terapéutico , Xylopia , Acetona/química , Animales , Glucemia/análisis , Diabetes Mellitus Experimental/sangre , Diabetes Mellitus Experimental/patología , Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 2/sangre , Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 2/patología , Frutas , Hipoglucemiantes/farmacología , Lípidos/sangre , Masculino , Páncreas/efectos de los fármacos , Páncreas/patología , Fitoterapia , Extractos Vegetales/farmacología , Ratas Sprague-Dawley , Solventes/químicaRESUMEN
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE: In West Africa, various preparations of the fruit, seed and leaf of Aframomum melegueta K. Schum. are reputably used for the management of diabetes mellitus (DM) and other metabolic disorders. The present study evaluated the anti-diabetic effects of A. melegueta ethyl acetate fraction (AMEF) from fruit ethanolic extract in a type 2 diabetes (T2D) model of rats. MATERIALS AND METHODS: T2D was induced in rats by feeding a 10% fructose solution ad libitum for two weeks followed by a single intraperitoneal injection of streptozotocin (40 mg/kg body weight) and the animals were orally treated with 150 or 300 mg/kg body weight (bw) of the AMEF once daily for four weeks. RESULTS: At the end of the intervention, diabetic untreated animals showed significantly higher serum glucose, serum fructosamine, LDH, CK-MB, serum lipids, liver glycogen, insulin resistance (HOMA-IR), AI, CRI and lower serum insulin, pancreatic ß-cell function (HOMA- ß) and glucose tolerance ability compared to the normal animals. Histopathological examination of their pancreas revealed corresponding pathological changes in the islets and ß-cells. These alterations were reverted to near-normal after the treatment of AMEF at 150 and 300 mg/kg bw when, the effects were more pronounced at 300 mg/kg bw compared to the 150 mg/kg bw. CONCLUSION: The results of our study suggest that AMEF treatment at 300 mg/kg bw showed potent anti-diabetic effect in a T2D model of rats.