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Chalcones, secondary plant metabolites, exhibit various biological properties. The introduction of a chlorine and a glucosyl substituent to the chalcone could enhance its bioactivity and bioavailability. Such compounds can be obtained through a combination of chemical and biotechnological methods. Therefore, 4-chloro-2'-hydroxychalcone and 5'-chloro-2'-hydroxychalcone were obtained by synthesis and then glycosylated in two filamentous fungi strains cultures, i.e., Isaria fumosorosea KCH J2 and Beauveria bassiana KCH J1.5. The main site of the glycosylation of both compounds by I. fumosorosea KCH J2 was C-2' and C-3 when the second strain was utilized. The pharmacokinetics of these compounds were predicted using chemoinformatics tools. Furthermore, antimicrobial activity tests were performed. Compounds significantly inhibited the growth of the bacteria strains Escherichia coli 10536, Staphylococcus aureus DSM 799, and yeast Candida albicans DSM 1386. Nevertheless, the bacterial strain Pseudomonas aeruginosa DSM 939 exhibited significant resistance to their effects. The growth of lactic acid bacteria strain Lactococcus acidophilus KBiMZ 01 bacteria was moderately inhibited, but strains Lactococcus rhamnosus GG and Streptococcus thermophilus KBM-1 were completely inhibited. In summary, chalcones substituted with a chlorine demonstrated greater efficacy in inhibiting the microbial strains under examination compared to 2'-hydroxychalcone, while aglycones and their glycosides exhibited similar effectiveness.

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Mycoviruses can alter the biological characteristics of host fungi, including change virulence or pathogenicity of phytopathogens and entomopathogenic fungi (EPF). However, most studies on the mycoviruses found in EPF have focused on the effects of the viruses on the virulence of host fungi towards insect pests, with relatively few reports on the effects to the host fungi with regard to plant disease resistance in hosts. The present study investigated the effects of the mycovirus Beauveria bassiana chrysovirus 2 (BbCV2) virus infection on host biological characteristics, evaluated antagonistic activity of BbCV2 against two phytopathogenic fungi (Sclerotinia sclerotiorum and Botrytis cinerea), and transcriptome analysis was used to reveal the interactions between viruses and hosts. Our results showed that BbCV2 virus infection increased B. bassiana's growth rate, spore production, and biomass, it also enhanced the capacity of host fungi and their metabolic products to inhibit phytopathogenic fungi. BbCV2 virus infection reduced the contents of the two pathogens in tomato plants significantly, and transcriptome analysis revealed that the genes related to competition for ecological niches and nutrition, mycoparasitism and secondary metabolites in B. bassiana were significantly up-regulated after viral infection. These findings indicated that the mycovirus infection is an important factor to enhance the ability of B. bassiana against plant disease after endophytic colonization. We suggest that mycovirus infection causes a positive effect on B. bassiana against phytopathogens, which should be considered as a potential strategy to promote the plant disease resistance of EPF.

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Novel tactics for controlling insect pests in perennial fruit and nut crops are needed because target pests often display decreased susceptibility to chemical controls due to overreliance on a handful of active ingredients and regulatory issues. As an alternative to chemical controls, entomopathogenic fungi could be utilized as biological control agents to manage insect pest populations. However, development of field ready products is hampered by a lack of basic knowledge. Development of field ready products requires collecting, screening, and characterizing a greater variety of potential entomopathogenic fungal species and strains. Creation of a standardized research framework to study entomopathogenic fungi will aid in identifying the potential mechanisms of biological control activity that fungi could possess, including antibiotic metabolite production; strains and species best suited to survive in different climates and agroecosystems; and optimized combinations of entomopathogenic fungi and novel formulations. This mini review therefore discusses strategies to collect and characterize new entomopathogenic strains, test different potential mechanisms of biocontrol activity, examine ability of different species and strains to tolerate different climates, and lastly how to utilize this information to develop strains into products for growers.

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Background: The tomato, Solanum lycopersicum L., is one of the most important horticultural crops that can be consumed fresh or after being processed worldwide. The tomato leaf miner (Tuta absoluta) is one of the most devastating pest to tomato plants due to its mine-feeding nature in the mesophyll tissue of the plant. Fungal entomopathogens can exist naturally in plants as an asymptote. This study aimed to detect the endophytic colonization of Beauveria bassiana and Metarhizium robertsii within tomato plants via artificial inoculation and their virulence effects on Tuta absoluta. Methods: Isolates with the highest percent germination and virulence against T. absoluta were selected for endophytic evaluation within tomato plants by different artificial inoculation techniques. Results: This study revealed that, isolates with the highest percent germination and virulent to Tuta absoluta had the potential to colonize tomato plants. The result showed that, the maximum mortality rate (97.5%) of Tuta absoluta larvae was achieved by Metarhizium robertsii isolate K-61 at a concentration of 1x10 8conidial/ml at 7 days post inoculated. However, the highest cumulative mortality (100%) was recorded by Beauveria bassiana isolate APPRC-27 at 10 days post inoculated through the direct contact method. The highest endophytic colonization was registered by isolate APPRC-27 (76.67%) at 7 days post-inoculated using the leaf spray technique, but it declined to 11.67% after 28 days of inoculated. In the case of the seedling inoculation technique, the highest endophytic colonization was obtained in the root tissues of tomatoes at 28 days of inoculated by isolate K-61. Conclusions: This study revealed that the leaf spray inoculation technique was the most effective method, followed by seedling inoculation, for the deployment of Beauveria bassiana and Metarhizium robertsii endophytes in tomato plant tissues. Therefore, virulent Beauveria bassiana and Metarhizium robertsii, are promising bioagents for the control of Tuta absoluta if deployed as endophytes.

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The cryptic behavior that characterizes bed bugs (Cimex lectularius L.) makes them one of the most difficult indoor pests to control. Thus, the use of products with long residual efficacy is a key component of successful bed bug management. Aprehend is a biopesticide for bed bug control, whose active ingredient is the entomopathogenic fungus, Beauveria bassiana. This product shows promise for extended bed bug control against pyrethroid-resistant bed bugs, causing mortality days after contact with the treated surface. However, it is unclear how surface type and distance traveled by bed bugs over a treated surface impact efficacy. Therefore, we evaluated the efficacy of different Aprehend band widths applied to different substrates commonly encountered by bed bugs, looking specifically at average time to mortality and overall mortality. Our findings indicate that exposure to fresh applications of Aprehend resulted in high mortality when bed bugs traveled very short distances (1 cm) over some Aprehend-treated surfaces (vinyl tile and cotton jersey fabric), while exposure to other treated surfaces (unfinished pinewood and painted drywall) resulted in comparatively lower mortality even over longer distances (5 cm). Furthermore, we found that bed bugs crawling on cotton jersey fabric picked up a significantly higher number of spores compared to unfinished pinewood. These results indicate that applications of Aprehend as 5 cm (2 inches) bands according to label recommendations can be effective, although surface type is an important determinator of efficacy. This information will help guide pest management professionals in their use of B. bassiana for bed bug control.

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Non-insecticidal control strategies using entomopathogens, nematodes, and endophytes provide sustainable and safer alternatives for managing crop pests. This study investigated the potential of different fungal endophytes, specifically Beauveria bassiana strains, in colonizing cotton plants and their efficacy against tarnished plant bug, Lygus lineolaris. The effect of endophytes on plant growth parameters and cotton yield were measured during different plant growth stages. The entomopathogenicity of these fungi was studied in diet cup bioassays using L. lineolaris adults. The behavior of adult males and females toward endophytic cotton squares was analyzed using olfactometer assays. The experiments showed that the fungal endophytes colonized the plant structures of cotton plants, which resulted in an increase in the number of cotton squares, plant height, and weight compared to control plants. B. bassiana strains/isolates such as GHA, NI-8, and JG-1 caused significant mortality in Lygus adults compared to controls. Also, male and female Lygus adults exhibited repellence behavior towards endophytic cotton squares containing JG-1 isolate of B. bassiana and to other B. bassiana strains such as NI-8, GHA, and SPE-120. No differences were observed in the survival and development of L. lineolaris second-instar nymphs on endophytic cotton, and no yield differences were observed in the field experiments.

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AIMS: The Colorado potato beetle, Leptinotarsa decemlineata (Say) (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) is the most widespread insect pest that causes major economic losses, especially on potatoes. Due to heavy insecticide use, this species now resists most pesticides, posing a significant control challenge. Frequent pesticide application also harms non-target organisms, the environment, and human health. Hence, utilizing biocontrol agents like entomopathogenic fungi (EPF) offers a viable alternative for pest management. The aim of this study was to identify and characterize new EPF strains isolated from soil samples and evaluate their efficacy against adult L. decemlineata under laboratory conditions. METHODS AND RESULTS: Soil samples were collected in potato fields or uncultivated areas adjacent to the field in the Czech Republic and the EPF strains were isolated using a modified Tenebrio bait method. A total of 20 fungal strains were isolated and identified using morphological and molecular markers based on the 28S rRNA, ITS, and elongation factor 1-alpha gene sequences as Beauveria bassiana (Bals.-Criv.) Vuill., Beauveria brongniartii (Sacc.) Petch, and Cordyceps fumosorosea (Wize) Kepler, B. Shrestha & Spatafora (Hypocreales: Cordycipitaceae), Purpureocillium lilacinum (Thom.) Luangsa-ard, Houbraken, Hywel-Jones & Samson (Hypocreales: Ophiocordycipitaceae), Metarhizium brunneum (Petch), and Metarhizium robertsii Bisch., Rehner & Humber (Hypocreales: Clavicipitaceae). The bioassays revealed high variability among virulence of these strains against L. decemlineata with the shortest median time to death (LT50 = 5 days) in M. robertsii strain MAN3b. CONCLUSIONS: Results shown that some EPF strains, particularly those of genera Metarhizium, can be promising biocontrol agents against the Colorado potato beetle.

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Mesophotic coral ecosystems (MCEs), located at depths ranging from 30-150 m, host some of the most diverse yet least explored marine bioresources, particularly significant for the discovery of new bioactive molecules. The fungus Beauveria sp. NBUF147, associated with an Irciniidae sponge from the mesophotic zone at a depth of 82 m, underwent chemical investigation that led to the identification of one new sterol, beautoide A (1), and one reported sterol, 3ß,5α,9α-trihydroxy-(22E,24R)-ergosta-7,22-dien-6-one (2). Their structures were determined from analysis of spectroscopic data and X-ray crystallography. Evaluation of biological activity in prednisolone-induced osteoporotic zebrafish showed that 1 was anti-osteoclastogenic in vivo at 3.0 µM.

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In the last 2 decades, there has been an increase in the geographic range and frequency of vector-borne diseases. Management of mosquito populations has become challenging due to increasing rates of resistance to existing insecticidal products and formulations. Several alternative tools have emerged to suppress or replace mosquito populations. One of these tools is the In2Care Mosquito Station (In2Care station). This dual-action station contains the insect growth regulator pyriproxyfen which disrupts the development of immatures and the entomopathogenic fungus Beauveria bassiana (B. bassiana) strain GHA which kills exposed adult mosquitoes. The In2Care stations have previously been shown to effectively control Aedes aegypti in field settings at a density of 6 stations/acre rather than the label-recommended 10 stations/acre. To further test the efficacy of low station density deployment, we deployed In2Care stations in the Pleasant Street Historic District of Gainesville, Florida, at a density of 3 stations/acre over a period of 2 years in the presence or absence of ground larvicidal applications. The deployment of stations resulted in no measurable impact on Ae. aegypti and Culex quinquefasciatus adult or immature abundance suggesting that the low-density deployment of In2Care stations is insufficient to reduce Ae. aegypti and Cu. quinquefasciatus abundance within treatment areas.

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Beauveria bassiana is a popular and eco-friendly biopesticide. During its pathogen-pest interaction, both N-acetylglucosamine (GlcNAc) catabolism and anabolism are crucial for nutrient supply and cell-wall construction. The initiation of GlcNAc metabolism relies on the catalysis of GlcNAc kinase, which has been extensively studied in the human pathogen Candida albicans. However, the physiological function of GlcNAc kinase remains poorly understood in entomopathogenic fungi. In the present study, a GlcNAc kinase homolog was identified and designated as BbHxk1 in B. bassiana. Deletion of BbHxk1 resulted in viable but reduced vegetative growth on various carbon sources. ΔBbHxk1 mutants displayed severe defects in cell wall integrity, making them more susceptible to cell wall stress cues. Furthermore, the absence of BbHxk1 resulted in an increase in conidial yield and blastospore production, and a faster rate of germination and filamentation, potentially attributed to higher intracellular ATP levels. BbHxk1 deficiency led to a reduction in the activities of cuticle-degrading enzymes, which might contribute to the attenuated pathogenicity specifically through cuticle penetration rather than hemocoel infection towards Galleria mellonella larvae. Being different from C. albicans Hxk1, which facultatively acts as a catalyzing enzyme and transcriptional regulator, BbHxk1 primarily acts as a catalyzing enzyme and metabolic regulator. The altered metabolomic profiling correlated with the phenotypic defects in ΔBbHxk1 mutants, further implicating a potential metabolism-dependent mechanism of BbHxk1 in mediating physiologies of B. bassiana. These findings not only unveil a novel role for GlcNAc kinase in B. bassiana, but also provide a solid theoretical basis to guide metabolic reprogramming in order to maintain or even enhance the efficiency of fungi for practical applications.

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Beauveria bassiana (Bb) is a widespread entomopathogenic fungus widely used in agriculture for crop protection. Other than pest control, fungi belonging to the B. bassiana complex represent an important microbial resource in agroecosystems, considering their multiple interactions with other microorganisms as antagonists of phytopathogens, or with plants as endophytic colonizers and growth promoters. Here, we characterised field collected or commercial isolates of B. bassiana relative to the environmental factors that affect their growth. We further compared the metabolome, the entomopathogenic potential and biocontrol activity of the tested isolates respectively on the insect pest Spodoptera littoralis or against the fungal plant pathogen Fusarium oxysporum. Our analysis revealed that the B. bassiana complex is characterised by a high level of inter-isolate heterogeneity in terms of nutritional requirements, establishment of intra- or inter-kingdom interactions, and the nature of metabolites produced. Interestingly, certain B. bassiana isolates demonstrated a preference for low nutrient plant-derived media, which hints at their adaptation towards an endophytic lifestyle over a saprophytic one. In addition, there was a noticeable variation among different B. bassiana isolates in their capacity to kill S. littoralis larvae in a contact infection test, but not in an intrahaemocoelic injection experiment, suggesting a unique level of adaptability specific to the host. On the other hand, most B. bassiana isolates exhibited similar biocontrol efficacy against the soil-dwelling ascomycete F. oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici, a pathogen responsible for vascular wilt disease in tomato plants, effectively averting wilting. Overall, we show that the effectiveness of B. bassiana isolates can greatly vary, emphasising the importance of isolate selection and nutritional adaptability consideration for their use in sustainable agriculture.

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Entomopathogenic fungi capable of establishing mutualistic endophytic relationships with plants have a tremendous potential as biocontrol agents of insect pests. While fungi have long played an important and highly effective role in pest suppression, the utility of endophytic entomopathogenic fungi in pest management is a relatively new and emerging topic of biocontrol. Here we discuss the relevance of endophytic fungi to plant health in general, synthesize the current knowledge of the effectiveness of endophytic entomopathogenic fungi against diverse insect pests, discuss the indirect plant-mediated effects of endophytic entomopathogenic fungi on arthropods, and describe the diverse benefits of endophytic fungi to plants that are likely to affect herbivores and plant pathogens as well. Lastly, we consider major challenges to incorporating endophytic entomopathogenic fungi in biocontrol, such as their non-target effects and field efficacy, which can be variable and influenced by environmental factors. Continued research on endophyte-insect-plant-environment interactions is critical to advancing our knowledge of these fungi as a sustainable pest management tactic. © 2024 The Author(s). Pest Management Science published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of Society of Chemical Industry.

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In this study, the bioinsecticidal action of a commercial formulation with Beauveria bassiana was evaluated on the new sucking pest in Greece: Halyomorpha halys, of the kiwifruit. Additionally, the biostimulant potential of the same formulation was studied on kiwi growth. The application was performed in three different ways in a commercial field of kiwi crop A. deliciosa "Hayward" field in Arta, Greece: (i) trunk spray, (ii) root injection, and (iii) trunk inoculation. During the 2 years seasons of the experiment, weekly measurements of the H. halys population were determined. The insect is sucking plants nutrients; therefore, the total chlorophyll content in the leaves of the treatments was recorded weekly. In addition, the percentage of infested kiwifruits was estimated at the end of the experiment. Moreover, to study the biostimulant potential of the formulation, growth measurements on stems and leaves were performed during the experiment. Finally, at the kiwi harvest point, the fruit biomass, dimensions, and weight were obtained, and the leaves' proline content was evaluated. The results encourage us to further study this EPF formulation as the bioinsecticidal effect was noted by the reduction in H. halys population, and biostimulant action was perceived by the higher plant biomass.

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Spodoptera exigua (Hübner) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) is a highly dispersive, polyphagous insect pest that severely defoliates crops. Excessive reliance on synthetic insecticides leads to ecological pollution and resistance development, urging scientists to probe eco-friendly biopesticides. Here, we explore the virulence of an entomopathogenic fungus, Beauveria bassiana, against S. exigua, resulting in 88% larval mortality. Using an age-stage, two-sex life table, we evaluated the lethal and sublethal effects of B. bassiana on the demographic parameters of S. exigua, including survival, development, and reproduction. Sublethal (LC20) and lethal concentrations (LC50) of B. bassiana impacted the parental generation (F0), with these effects further influencing the demographic parameters of the first filial generation (F1). The infected F1 offsprings showed a reduced intrinsic rate of increase (r), mean generation time (T), and net reproduction rate (R0). Larval developmental duration varied significantly between the control (10.98 d) and treated groups (LC20: 10.42; LC50: 9.37 d). Adults in the treated groups had significantly reduced lifespans (M: 8.22; F: 7.32 d) than the control (M: 10.00; F: 8.22 d). Reduced fecundity was observed in the B. bassiana-infected groups (LC20: 313.45; LC50: 223.92 eggs/female) compared to the control (359.55 eggs/female). A biochemical assay revealed elevated levels of detoxification enzymes (esterases, glutathione S-transferases, and acetylcholinesterase) in the F0 generation after B. bassiana infection. However, the enzymatic activity remained non-significant in the F1 generation likely due to the lack of direct fungal exposure. Our findings highlight the enduring effects of B. bassiana on the biological parameters and population dynamics of S. exigua, stressing its use in eco-friendly management programs.

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Rhipicephalus microplus poses a significant economic threat due to its role in transmitting Babesia bigemina, B. bovis and Anaplasma marginale. Chemical control methods, commonly employed, encounter challenges like resistance, high costs, and environmental concerns. Emerging as an alternative, entomopathogenic fungi, particularly Beauveria bassiana, present a promising avenue for biological control. Molecular identification using the internal transcribed spacer (ITS1-5.8-ITS4) region ensures accurate species identification. This study investigated two B. bassiana strains, assessing their molecular characterization, impact on R. microplus mortality, and reproductive effects on adult females. The Reproductive Aptitude Index (RAI) is employed to evaluate tick egg viability post-treatment, providing insights into the potential of these fungi for tick control. Results indicate the BbLn2021-1 strain causes 96% mortality, and BbSf2021-1 induces 100% mortality. The commercial strain exhibited 28% mortality, while the control treatment showed 12%. Statistical analysis reveals a significant difference between treatments (p < 0.01). The Reproductive Efficiency Index (REI) underscores BbSf2021-1is superiority, yielding lower egg weights than other treatments. Regarding the RAI, BbLn2021-1 and BbSf2021-1 show no significant differences but differ significantly from the commercial and control (p < 0.01). These findings suggest that strains isolated and characterized from the natural environment could have potential applications in field trials, serving as a biocontrol alternative for R. microplus ticks.

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Chalcones are intermediate products in the biosynthesis of flavonoids, which possess a wide range of biological properties, including antimicrobial and anticancer activities. The introduction of a chlorine atom and the glucosyl moiety into their structure may increase their bioavailability, bioactivity, and pharmacological use. The combined chemical and biotechnological methods can be applied to obtain such compounds. Therefore, 2-chloro-2'-hydroxychalcone and 3-chloro-2'-hydroxychalcone were synthesized and biotransformed in cultures of two strains of filamentous fungi, i.e. Isaria fumosorosea KCH J2 and Beauveria bassiana KCH J1.5 to obtain their novel glycosylated derivatives. Pharmacokinetics, drug-likeness, and biological activity of them were predicted using cheminformatics tools. 2-Chloro-2'-hydroxychalcone, 3-chloro-2'-hydroxychalcone, their main glycosylation products, and 2'-hydrochychalcone were screened for antimicrobial activity against several microbial strains. The growth of Escherichia coli 10,536 was completely inhibited by chalcones with a chlorine atom and 3-chlorodihydrochalcone 2'-O-ß-D-(4″-O-methyl)-glucopyranoside. The strain Pseudomonas aeruginosa DSM 939 was the most resistant to the action of the tested compounds. However, chalcone aglycones and glycosides with a chlorine atom almost completely inhibited the growth of bacteria Staphylococcus aureus DSM 799 and yeast Candida albicans DSM 1386. The tested compounds had different effects on lactic acid bacteria depending on the tested species. In general, chlorinated chalcones were more effective in the inhibition of the tested microbial strains than their unchlorinated counterparts and aglycones were a little more effective than their glycosides.

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Carbon and nitrogen play a fundamental role in the architecture of fungal biofilm morphology and metabolite production. However, the regulatory mechanism of nutrients remains to be fully understood. In this study, the formation of Beauveria bassiana biofilm and the production of (R)-2-(4-Hydroxyphenoxy)propanoic acid in two media with different carbon and nitrogen sources (GY: Glucose as a carbon source and yeast extract as a nitrogen source, MT: Mannitol as a carbon source and tryptone as a nitrogen source) were compared. R-HPPA production increased 2.85-fold in media MT than in media GY. Different fungal biofilm morphology and architecture were discovered in media GY and MT. Comparative transcriptomics revealed up-regulation of mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway and polysaccharides degradation genes affecting mycelial morphology and polysaccharides yield of the extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) in MT medium biofilms. Upregulation of genes related to NADH synthesis (carbon metabolism, amino acid metabolism, glutamate cycle) causes NADH accumulation and triggers an increase in R-HPPA production. These data provide a valuable basis for future studies on regulating fungal biofilm morphology and improving the production of high-value compounds.

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Entomopathogenic fungi may interact with insects' symbiotic bacteria during infection. We hypothesized that topical infection with Beauveria bassiana may alter the microbiota of the Colorado potato beetle (CPB) and that these modifications may alter the course of mycoses. We used a model with two concentrations of conidia: (1) high concentration that causes rapid (acute) pathogenesis with fast mortality followed by bacterial decomposition of insects; (2) lower concentration that leads to prolonged pathogenesis ending in conidiation on cadavers. The fungal infections increased loads of enterobacteria and bacilli on the cuticle surface and in hemolymph and midgut, and the greatest increase was detected during the acute mycosis. By contrast, stronger activation of IMD and JAK-STAT signaling pathways in integuments and fat body was observed during the prolonged mycosis. Relatively stable (nonpathogenic) conditions remained in the midgut during both scenarios of mycosis with slight changes in bacterial communities, the absence of mesh and stat expression, a decrease in reactive oxygen species production, and slight induction of Toll and IMD pathways. Oral administration of antibiotic and predominant CPB bacteria (Enterobacteriaceae, Lactococcus, Pseudomonas) led to minor and mainly antagonistic effects in survival of larvae infected with B. bassiana. We believe that prolonged mycosis is necessary for successful development of the fungus because such pathogenesis allows the host to activate antibacterial reactions. Conversely, after infection with high concentrations of the fungus, the host's resources are insufficient to fully activate antibacterial defenses, and this situation makes successful development of the fungus impossible.

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Rad6 functions as a ubiquitin-conjugating protein that regulates cellular processes in many fungal species. However, its role in filamentous entomopathogenic fungi remains poorly understood. This study characterizes Rad6 in Beauveria bassiana, a filamentous fungus widely employed as a critical fungicide globally. The results demonstrate a significant association between Rad6 and conidial properties, heat shock response, and UV-B tolerance. Concurrently, the mutant strain exhibited heightened sensitivity to oxidative stress, cell wall interfering agents, DNA damage stress, and prolonged heat shock. Furthermore, the absence of Rad6 significantly extended the median lethal time (LT50) of Galleria mellonella infected by B. bassiana. This delay could be attributed to reduced Pr1 proteases and extracellular cuticle-degrading enzymes, diminished dimorphic transition rates, and dysregulated antioxidant enzymes. Additionally, the absence of Rad6 had a more pronounced effect on genetic information processing, metabolism, and cellular processes under normal conditions. However, its impact was limited to metabolism in oxidative stress. This study offers a comprehensive understanding of the pivotal roles of Rad6 in conidial and hyphal stress tolerance, environmental adaptation, and the pathogenesis of Beauveria bassiana.

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House flies (Musca domestica L.) (Diptera: Muscidae) are challenging pests to control. Biological control using Carcinops pumilio beetles may help to reduce house fly populations. However, it is unknown if C. pumilio beetles are compatible with Beauveria bassiana, another house fly biological control option. Five strains of commercially available (GHA, HF23, and L90) and newly discovered (NFH10 and PSU1) strains of B. bassiana were used to test the comparative susceptibility of adult house flies and adult C. pumilio using different laboratory exposure methods. Adult house flies were susceptible to B. bassiana in contact filter paper assays (89%-98% mortality) and immersion assays (100% mortality) at the same 108 conidia suspension using 0.1% CapSil as an aqueous surfactant. Carcinops pumilio were less susceptible than flies to B. bassiana infection using the contact and immersion assays at the same 108 conidial concentration, with 4.4%-12.2% and 8.3%-24.6% mortality, respectively. Immersion in an aqueous conidial suspension resulted in higher mortality compared to contact with treated filter papers at the same 108 concentration with house flies and beetles. We conclude that C. pumilio can safely be used as a biological control agent for house flies with B. bassiana in animal production systems.

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