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In the present study, a new degraded konjac glucomannan (DKGM) was prepared using a crude enzyme from abalone (Haliotis discus hannai) viscera, and its physicochemical properties were investigated. After enzymatic hydrolysis, the viscosity of KGM obviously decreased from 15,500 mPa·s to 398 mPa·s. The rheological properties analysis of KGM and DKGMs revealed that they were pseudoplastic fluids, and pseudoplasticity, viscoelasticity, melting temperature, and gelling temperature significantly decreased after enzymatic hydrolysis, especially for KGM-180 and KGM-240. In addition, the molecular weight of KGM decreased from 1.80 × 106 Da, to 0.45 × 106 Da and the polydispersity index increased from 1.17 to 1.83 after 240 min of degradation time. Compared with natural KGM, the smaller particle size distribution of DKGM further suggests enzyme hydrolysis reduces the aggregation of molecular chains with low molecular weight. FT-IR and FESEM analyses showed that the fragmented KMG chain did not affect the structural characteristics of molecular monomers; however, the dense three-dimensional network microstructure formed by intermolecular interaction changed to fragment microstructure after enzyme hydrolysis. These results revealed that the viscosity and rheological properties of KGM could be controlled and effectively changed using crude enzymes from abalone viscera. This work provides theoretical guidance for the promising application of DKGM in the food industry.
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In this study, a natural deep eutectic solvent (NADES) was proposed for the ultrasonic-assisted extraction of polysaccharides from abalone (Haliotis Discus Hannai Ino) viscera. Eleven NADESs were employed for abalone viscera polysaccharide (AVP) extraction. NADES, composed of choline chloride and ethylene glycol in a molar ratio 1: 3 had the highest extraction efficiency. The optimal extraction conditions were obtained using a four-factor, three-level Box-Behnken design and specific response surface methodology. The maximum predicted polysaccharide yield was 17.32 %. Fick's second law was fitted to the extraction process of AVP by ultrasonic-assisted NADES based on a high linear correlation (R2 ≥ 0.9). The extraction rate constants (k), diffusion coefficients (Du) and half-lives (t1/2) were calculated. Compared to the polysaccharides prepared by the conventional method, the polysaccharides extracted by NADES had a higher sugar content, lower molecular weight, more glucuronic acid, and stronger antioxidant capacity. Overall, the NADES extraction method established in this research can become a strategy for the preparation of high-purity and highly bioactive abalone viscera polysaccharides, which has implications for the exploitation and application of marine food byproduct resources.
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Disolventes Eutécticos Profundos , Gastrópodos , Animales , Solventes , Vísceras , PolisacáridosRESUMEN
The in vitro antioxidation and cytoprotection of abalone visceral peptides against oxidative damage were investigated. Results show that the DPPH· scavenging activities of the 16 chemically synthesized peptides were significantly and positively correlated with their reducing power. Their scavenging activities against ABTS·+ were positively correlated with their ability to inhibit linoleic acid oxidation. Only Cys containing peptides exhibited good DPPH· scavenging activity, while only Tyr containing peptides showed significant ABTS·+ scavenging activity. In the cytoprotection assay, all four representative peptides significantly increased the viability of H2O2-damaged LO2 cells and the activities of GSH-Px, CAT, and SOD, and all decreased MDA levels and LDH leakage, in which the Cys-containing peptides were more effective at increasing the activities of antioxidant enzymes, while the Tyr-containing peptides were more effective at decreasing MDA levels and LDH leakage. Abalone visceral peptides containing both Cys and Tyr exhibit strong in vitro and cellular antioxidation.
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Abalone viscera, which accounts for more than 20% of the total weight of abalone, is generally regarded as waste in the food industry, and effective methods are required to utilize it productively. In this study, the viscera were fermented with Aspergillus oryzae 001 to add functionality. Fermented abalone viscera exhibited increased angiotensin I-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitory activity and enhanced inhibition of blood pressure elevation in spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHRs). Abalone viscera administration had no significant effect on body weight, food intake, liver and kidney weights, or serum components in SHRs. ACE inhibitors specific to fermented abalone viscera were identified through extraction, fractionation, purification, and analysis. The identified substance was L-m-tyrosine, which non-competitively inhibited ACE and, in a single oral administration, significantly reduced blood pressure in SHRs compared to that in the control. This study identified that abalone viscera fermented by A. oryzae 001 has an inhibitory effect on blood pressure elevation, suggesting its potential use as a functional food. In addition, L-m-tyrosine, a unique substance in fermented abalone viscera, was isolated for the first time as a single ACE-inhibitory amino acid.
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Aspergillus oryzae , Gastrópodos , Hipertensión , Animales , Ratas , Inhibidores de la Enzima Convertidora de Angiotensina/farmacología , Antihipertensivos/farmacología , Aspergillus oryzae/metabolismo , Presión Sanguínea , Peptidil-Dipeptidasa A/metabolismo , Ratas Endogámicas SHR , Vísceras/metabolismo , FermentaciónRESUMEN
Polysaccharide decorated silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) are a new type of antibacterial agent in aquaculture, but their effects on the bacterial community structure in aquaculture water are still unknown. In this study, the primary hydrolysate from abalone (Haliotis discus hannai) viscera (AVH) was used to biosynthesize AVH-AgNPs by in situ reduction, and the crystallinity nature, size, morphology, and chemical composition were analyzed by high-resolution characterization techniques such as Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy (UV-vis), X-rays diffraction (XRD), Transmission Electron Microscope (TEM), Dynamic light scattering (DLS), Zeta potential, inductively coupled plasma-optical emission spectrometry (ICP-OES) and Turbiscan stability index (TSI) values. Furthermore, the acute toxicity of AVH-AgNPs to zebrafish (Danio rerio) and their effects on bacterial community structure in fish culture water at low concentrations were studied. The results showed that the spherical AVH-AgNPs with an average diameter of 54.57 ± 12.96 nm had good stability, low toxicity, and good in vitro antibacterial activity. Within the experimental concentration range, all AVH-AgNPs treatments had decreased the bacterial diversity in zebrafish culture water to varying degrees. The bacteria with significantly decreased abundances were pathogenic or potential pathogenic, such as Aeromonas veronii, Flavobacterium columnare, and genera Flectobacillus and Bosea. The abundance of Haliscomenobacter sp. JS224, which might cause sludge swelling, also decreased significantly. On the other hand, the relative abundance of some bacterial taxa could remove xenobiotics (e.g., Runella defluvii and Phenylobacterium), control water eutrophication (Sediminibacterium), and reduce toxic algae proliferation (Candidatus Intestinusbacter nucleariae and Candidatus Finniella), increased significantly. Thus, the application of AVH-AgNPs in aquaculture water at low concentrations is relatively safe and has positive significance for improving the aquaculture environment. Also, AVH-AgNPs have good prospects in aquaculture.
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Abalone viscera, which accounts for more than 20% of body weight, is typically discarded. With increases in abalone aquaculture production, novel uses for abalone viscera are needed. Here, we evaluated the effects of abalone viscera fermented with Lactiplantibacillus pentosus SN001 on angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) activity and blood pressure elevation in spontaneously hypertensive rats. The fermented product significantly reduced systolic blood pressure compared with the control. There were no significant differences in blood glucose, triglyceride, total cholesterol, or high-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels; alanine aminotransferase activity; and aspartate aminotransferase activity between the fermented product and control groups. Uracil was isolated and identified from the fermented product. Uracil may be the active component. Overall, L. pentosus SN001-fermented abalone viscera showed sustained inhibitory effects on blood pressure elevation but did not alter blood components after long-term intake. These results provide insights into the safety of L. pentosus SN001-fermented abalone viscera as a food product.
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Crude polysaccharides, extracted from two seaweed species (Hizikia fusiforme and Sargassum horneri) and Haliotis discus hannai (abalone) viscera, were evaluated for their inhibitory effect against SARS-CoV-2 propagation. Plaque titration revealed that these crude polysaccharides efficiently inhibited SARS-CoV-2 propagation with IC50 values ranging from 0.35 to 4.37 µg/mL. The crude polysaccharide of H. fusiforme showed the strongest antiviral effect, with IC50 of 0.35 µg/mL, followed by S. horneri and abalone viscera with IC50 of 0.56 and 4.37 µg/mL, respectively. In addition, immunofluorescence assay, western blot, and quantitative RT-PCR analysis verified that these polysaccharides could inhibit SARS-CoV-2 replication. In Vero E6 cells, treatment with these crude polysaccharides before or after viral infection strongly inhibited the expression level of SARS-CoV-2 spikes, nucleocapsid proteins, and RNA copies of RNA-dependent RNA-polymerase and nucleocapsid. These results show that these crude marine polysaccharides effectively inhibit SARS-CoV-2 propagation by interference with viral entry.
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Tratamiento Farmacológico de COVID-19 , Algas Marinas , Antivirales/farmacología , Humanos , Polisacáridos/farmacología , ARN , SARS-CoV-2 , VíscerasRESUMEN
Abalone viscera (AV) is one of the byproducts of the seafood processing industry. The low molecular weight (<5 kDa) peptides (LMW-AV) obtained from gastrointestinal digestion of AV could suppress allergenic responses on activated HMC-1 human mast cells in our previous study. Regarding the allergenic response of LMW-AV, in the present study, we further investigated the potential of oral administration of LMW-AV against atopic dermatitis (AD) in a dermatitis-induced model stimulated with Dermatophagoides farinae. The results demonstrated that the LMW-AV reduced a number of clinical symptoms, such as the severity of the dermatitis and serum immunoglobulin E levels. Moreover, LMW-AV could inhibit the expression of chemokines and cytokines. The histological analysis indicated that the LMW-AV has suppressed the eosinophil count and the mast cell infiltration into the upper dermis. The results suggest that LMW-AV can be considered as a promising candidate for AD treatment.
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Antialérgicos/farmacología , Péptidos/farmacología , Mariscos , Animales , Antialérgicos/química , Organismos Acuáticos , Dermatitis Atópica/inducido químicamente , Dermatitis Atópica/tratamiento farmacológico , Dermatitis Atópica/patología , Modelos Animales de Enfermedad , Humanos , Masculino , Mastocitos/efectos de los fármacos , Ratones , Peso Molecular , Péptidos/química , Organismos Libres de Patógenos Específicos , VíscerasRESUMEN
Much attention is being devoted to the potential of marine sulfated polysaccharides as antiviral agents in preventing COVID-19. In this study, sulfated fucoidan and crude polysaccharides, extracted from six seaweed species (Undaria pinnatifida sporophyll, Laminaria japonica, Hizikia fusiforme, Sargassum horneri, Codium fragile, Porphyra tenera) and Haliotis discus hannai (abalone viscera), were screened for their inhibitory activity against SARS-CoV-2 virus entry. Most of them showed significant antiviral activities at an IC50 of 12~289 µg/mL against SARS-CoV-2 pseudovirus in HEK293/ACE2, except for P. tenera (IC50 > 1000 µg/mL). The crude polysaccharide of S. horneri showed the strongest antiviral activity, with an IC50 of 12 µg/mL, to prevent COVID-19 entry, and abalone viscera and H. fusiforme could also inhibit SARS-CoV-2 infection with an IC50 of 33 µg/mL and 47 µg/mL, respectively. The common properties of these crude polysaccharides, which have strong antiviral activity, are high molecular weight (>800 kDa), high total carbohydrate (62.7~99.1%), high fucose content (37.3~66.2%), and highly branched polysaccharides. These results indicated that the crude polysaccharides from seaweeds and abalone viscera can effectively inhibit SARS-CoV-2 entry.
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COVID-19/virología , Gastrópodos/química , Polisacáridos/farmacología , SARS-CoV-2/fisiología , Algas Marinas/química , Internalización del Virus/efectos de los fármacos , Animales , Antivirales/química , Antivirales/farmacología , Células HEK293 , Humanos , Concentración 50 Inhibidora , Polisacáridos/química , VíscerasRESUMEN
Abalone viscera were byproducts of the abalone processing and usually discarded as wastes. In this study, we tried to obtain functional polysaccharides from abalone viscera by a combination of enzymatic hydrolysis, membrane separation, anion exchange chromatography, and gel filtration techniques. Abalone viscera underwent successive hydrolyzation with alcalase and flavourzyme. Each enzymolysis was followed by deproteinization via membrane separation. The final yield of crude abalone viscera polysaccharide (CAVP) was 19.72%; the polysaccharide content of CAVP was 51.75%. Furthermore, three fractions of polysaccharides (AVP1, AVP2, and AVP3) were isolated from the CAVP by anion exchange chromatography and gel filtration. The molecular weights of each AVP were 14.99 kDa, 58.48 kDa, and 39.63 kDa, with a carbohydrate content of 62.75, 23.09, and 44.67%, respectively. These AVPs showed excellent antioxidant activities in vitro. Our results provide a scientific basis for the further utilization of polysaccharides from abalone viscera. PRACTICAL APPLICATION: This study demonstrated an eco-friendly approach for industrial production of high purity animal-derived polysaccharides without any environmental pollution caused by the viscera waste of abalone and promoting the comprehensive utilization of abalone resources.
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Antioxidantes/análisis , Gastrópodos/química , Polisacáridos/química , Alimentos Marinos , Animales , Antioxidantes/aislamiento & purificación , Cromatografía en Gel , Hidrólisis , Peso Molecular , Polisacáridos/aislamiento & purificación , Vísceras/químicaRESUMEN
This study was performed to evaluate the hypolipidemic and anti-atherogenic activities of the crude polysaccharides extracted from abalone viscera (AVCP). The major functional groups of purified polysaccharides were analyzed by infrared spectroscopy (IR). Male Kunming mice (SPF) were divided into six groups and were treated with normal diet or high-fat diet with AVCP or Xuezhikang (hypotensive drug) for 5 weeks. Physicochemnical analysis of AVCP showed the presence of 60.4% polysaccharides, 17.9% protein, 6.0% fat and 10.9% moisture. The IR analysis of AVP showed the presence of functional groups of sugar moiety and sulfate groups. The results demonstrated that AVCP not only led to significant reduction of total cholesterol (TC), triglycerides (TG), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), and increase of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) in plasma, but also to significant increments of malondialdehyde (MDA) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) activities. However, AVCP played no role in mice weight. Furthermore, the results of the photomicrograph of liver tissue showed that AVCP reduced lipid droplets and prevented the disordered structure of the liver. The results suggested that AVCP exhibited significantly hypolipidemic and anti-atherogenic activities.
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Speciation transformation of arsenic in the abalone viscera hydrolysate fraction (AVHF) was evaluated using in vitro and in vivo methods to determine its safety given that AVHF is rich in arsenic. The dimethylarsinic acid (DMA) proportion and some free amino acid contents increased, whereas arsenobetaine (AB) proportion decreased when AVHF was digested by pepsin. However, molecular weight distribution was unchanged, and no obvious changes were found in the intestinal medium. In the single-dose experiment, the AB concentration on the mouse plasma rapidly increased, which reached up to 12.53â¯ng/mL in 2â¯h after the administration of AVHF (10â¯g/kg body weight) and reduced to half of the maximum at 8â¯h after administration. Furthermore, alanine (Ala) content in the urine of mice increased at 8â¯h after AVHF administration, suggesting that Ala might be chelated with arsenic and could not be absorbed well. Long-term experiments showed that AB was not accumulated in mice tissue/organ. However, some AB could be converted into DMA, which was mainly accumulated in mice hair. The in vivo experiments also suggested that the AVHF is safe as health food.
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Arsénico/administración & dosificación , Alimentos Marinos/análisis , Vísceras/metabolismo , Alanina/metabolismo , Aminoácidos/metabolismo , Animales , Arsénico/farmacocinética , Arsenicales/metabolismo , Ácido Cacodílico/metabolismo , Femenino , Inocuidad de los Alimentos , Cabello/química , Hidroxiprolina/metabolismo , Límite de Detección , Ratones , Peso Molecular , Distribución TisularRESUMEN
The polysaccharides (AVP) was obtained from abalone (Haliotis discus hannai Ino) viscera, using the alkaline protease to enzymolysis, sevage method and repeated freezing and thawing method to remove protein and hydrogen peroxide method to depigment. The total sugar content was 46.27±1.5% and uronic acid, sulfate radical, hexosamine and protein contents were 17.44±0.22%, 16.98±0.15%, 0.65±0.02% and 1.64±0.13% in AVP respectively. The main monosaccharide compositions of AVP were d-galactose, d-xylose, d-mannose, d-glucose and d-glucuronic acid. MTT assay showed AVP had a significant anti-tumor activity to gastric carcinoma cells, especially to MGC 803, while it had no influence upon proliferation of normal stomach cells GES 1. The results of Morphological changes, cell migration ability and AO/EB staining indicated that MGC803 cells underwent apoptosis in a dose-dependent manner induced by AVP. Moreover, the western blotting results showed that the expressions of survivin, Bcl-2 and VEGF were decreased, while the expression of Bax and p53 were increased in a dose-dependent manner of AVP. The results suggested that AVP might be a potential anti-tumor agent securely and naturally.
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Antineoplásicos/farmacología , Proliferación Celular/efectos de los fármacos , Células Epiteliales/efectos de los fármacos , Gastrópodos/química , Regulación Neoplásica de la Expresión Génica , Polisacáridos/farmacología , Animales , Antineoplásicos/química , Antineoplásicos/aislamiento & purificación , Apoptosis/efectos de los fármacos , Línea Celular , Línea Celular Tumoral , Movimiento Celular/efectos de los fármacos , Células Epiteliales/metabolismo , Células Epiteliales/patología , Mucosa Gástrica/metabolismo , Hexosaminas/química , Hexosaminas/aislamiento & purificación , Humanos , Proteínas Inhibidoras de la Apoptosis/antagonistas & inhibidores , Proteínas Inhibidoras de la Apoptosis/genética , Proteínas Inhibidoras de la Apoptosis/metabolismo , Especificidad de Órganos , Polisacáridos/química , Polisacáridos/aislamiento & purificación , Proteínas/química , Proteínas/aislamiento & purificación , Proteínas Proto-Oncogénicas c-bcl-2/antagonistas & inhibidores , Proteínas Proto-Oncogénicas c-bcl-2/genética , Proteínas Proto-Oncogénicas c-bcl-2/metabolismo , Estómago/patología , Survivin , Proteína p53 Supresora de Tumor/agonistas , Proteína p53 Supresora de Tumor/genética , Proteína p53 Supresora de Tumor/metabolismo , Ácidos Urónicos/química , Ácidos Urónicos/aislamiento & purificación , Factor A de Crecimiento Endotelial Vascular/antagonistas & inhibidores , Factor A de Crecimiento Endotelial Vascular/genética , Factor A de Crecimiento Endotelial Vascular/metabolismo , Vísceras/química , Proteína X Asociada a bcl-2/agonistas , Proteína X Asociada a bcl-2/genética , Proteína X Asociada a bcl-2/metabolismoRESUMEN
Objective To study the anti-tumor effect of the proteoglycan extracted from abalone viscera (AVPF-I). Methods Hepatic carcinoma cell H22-bearing mice were randomized to negative control (physiological saline), positive control (cyclophosphamide) and three doses of AVPF-I groups. The tumor growth, cell mediated immune function including lymphocyte proliferation, phagocytosis of peritoneal macrophage, NK cell activity, and the level of serum TNF-?,IL-1and IFN-?were detected. Results A significant inhibition of the tumor growth was observed in the AVPF-I group(P