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Mesenchymal stem cells can differentiate into specific cell lineages in the tissue repair process. Photobiomodulation with laser and LED is used to treat several comorbidities, can interfere in cell proliferation and viability, in addition to promoting responses related to the physical parameters adopted. Evaluate and compare the effects of laser and LED on mesenchymal cells, with different energy doses and different wavelengths, in addition to viability and wound closure. Mesenchymal stem cells derived from human adipocytes were irradiated with laser (energy of 0.5 J, 2 J and 4 J, wavelength of 660 nm and 830 nm), and LED (energy of 0.5 J, 2 J and 4 J, where lengths are 630 nm and 850 nm). The wound closure process was evaluated through monitoring the reduction of the lesion area in vitro. Viability was determined by analysis with Hoechst and Propidium Iodide markers, and quantification of viable and non-viable cells respectively Data distributions were analyzed using the Shapiro-Wilk test. Homogeneity was analyzed using Levene's test. The comparison between the parameters used was analyzed using the Two-way ANOVA test. The T test was applied to data relating to viability and lesion area. For LED photobiomodulation, only the 630 nm wavelength obtained a significant result in 24, 48 and 72 h (p = 0,027; p = 0,024; p = 0,009). The results related to the in vitro wound closure test indicate that both photobiomodulation with laser and LED demonstrated significant results considering the time it takes to approach the edges (p < 0.05). Considering the in vitro experimental conditions of the study, it is possible to conclude that the physical parameters of photobiomodulation, such as energy and wavelength, with laser or LED in mesenchymal stem cells, can play a potential role in cell viability and wound closure.

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BACKGROUND: Postural control is an essential ability for functional independence modified by therapeutic approaches and morbidities secondary to breast cancer. The anchor system enables additional haptic perception of body position in front of the support base and can be used alone or in conjunction with sensorimotor training. RESEARCH QUESTION: What is the influence of the anchor system, through different manual contacts on the upper limb, on body sway in women affected and not affected by lymphedema secondary to breast cancer treatment? METHODS: Cross-sectional study involving 60 women homogeneously distributed to the group affected by lymphedema (GAL), with a mean age of 62.53 (SD = 12.54) years and upper limb volume difference (ULVD = Ipsilateral - Contralateral) of 636.21 (SD = 387.94) cm3, and group not affected by lymphedema (GNAL), with a mean age of 57.24 (SD = 11.43) years and ULVD of -8.91 (SD = 121.72) cm3. Baropodometry was used to assess body sway, through the presence and absence of the visual sense, associated with different manual contacts of the anchor system designated absence, simulation of use, unilateral and bilateral contact. The Shapiro-Wilk and Student's T-tests with Bonferroni Post-Hoc were used in the statistical analysis (p ≤ 0.05). RESULTS: The GAL expressed non-significant values compared to the GNAL in the absence of visual sense and non-use of the anchor system. The unilateral contact of the anchor system on the preferred upper limb in the presence of the visual sense, and bilateral contact of the anchor system in the presence and absence of the visual sense promoted a significant reduction of body sway in both groups. SIGNIFICANCE: In breast cancer survivors, the anchor system with bilateral contact effectively maintains postural control, regardless of the visual sense and the volume of the upper limb.

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BACKGROUND: Type 1 diabetes increases the prevalence of urinary incontinence and may be responsible for additional changes to those existing in a regular gestational period. This study aimed to describe the presence and symptoms of urinary incontinence in pregnant women with type 1 diabetes. METHODS: In this Cross-sectional case control study, forty pregnant women in third gestational trimester were allocated in two equal groups - control group (CG) and type 1 diabetic group (1DMG). The patients answered the International Consultation on Incontinence Questionnaire Short Form and, to characterize the sample, they answered the Pregnancy Physical Activity Questionnaire, gynecological history and, after delivery, the newborn weight was registered. The groups were compared using the Student's T Test for parametric variables and the U-Mann Whitney Test for non-parametric variables, both at 5% probability. RESULTS: The International Consultation on Incontinence Questionnaire Short Form score (p = 0.026) is higher in 1DMG (3.95 ± 4.70) compared to CG (1.05 ± 2.23). No correlations were found between time of diagnosis, HbA1c and newborn weight in relation to ICIQ-SF and other variables in CG and 1DMG with ICIQ-SF (p < 0.05). CONCLUSION: Type 1 diabetes mellitus, in the third trimester of gestation, seem to be associated with increase in the ICIQ-SF score.

HIGHLIGHTS: No correlation between gestational characteristics and urinary incontinence symptoms.The diabetic women group had more episiotomies and abortions.The diabetic women had higher scores in the total score of the International Consultation on Incontinence Questionnaire - Short Form (ICIQ-SF).

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Objective: Investigating the effect of different parameters of photobiomodulation (PBM) with low-power laser on multi-potent mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) derived from adipose tissue in terms of proliferation and cell death. Methods: MSCs were submitted to PBM applications with combinations of the following physical parameters: control group (no intervention), wavelengths of 660 and 830 nm; energy of 0.5, 2, and 4 J; and power of 40 and 100 mW. MSC analysis was performed using MetaXpress® software at 24, 48, and 72 h. Results: Irradiation promoted a significant increase in cell proliferation (p < 0.05), with 830 nm laser, 100 mW, with energy of 0.5, 2, and 4 J in relation to the control group at all times. PBM with 660 nm, power of 40 mW, and energy of 0.5, 2, and 4 J produced greater cell death at 24 h compared with the control group. At the time of 72 h, there was no significant difference concerning cell death. Conclusions: According to the results found, we can conclude that both wavelengths were effective; however, the 830 nm laser was more effective in terms of cell proliferation compared with the 660 nm laser. The 660 nm wavelength showed a significant increase in cell death when compared with the 830 nm laser.

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Due to its regenerative action, extracorporeal shock wave therapy (ESWT) is applied in treating integumentary and musculoskeletal diseases. However, other potential therapeutic interventions are being investigated. It is essential to fully understand its mitochondrial signaling pathway to achieve this, which plays a fundamental role in elucidating the mechanism of action and possible therapeutic interventions. Thus, this study aimed to analyze the effect of ESWT on mitochondrial pathways through the relationship between lipolysis and adipocyte apoptosis, as well as cellular functionality. This is a non-randomized case-control clinical trial where obese women received ESWT sessions in the abdominal region, after which tissue samples were collected for histological and immunohistochemical analyses of adipose tissue. The data demonstrated positivity in the expression of mitochondrial markers related to cell apoptosis, such as FIS1 (p < 0.0203) and OPA1 (p < 0.0283), in addition to the positivity of anti-MFN1, responsible for regulating mitochondrial cell proliferation (p < 0.0003). In summary, this study demonstrates that ESWT was able to activate specific mitochondrial signaling pathways, which may be associated with its ability to stimulate lipolysis and apoptosis in superficial adipose tissue. However, no significant improvements in cellular functionality were observed.

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Physical factors and tissue characteristics determine the transmission of light through tissues. One of the significant clinical limitations of photobiomodulation is the quantification of fluence delivered at application sites and optical penetration depth in vivo. There is also the difficulty of determining the distances of the application points to cover a uniformly irradiated area. Thus, the aim was to evaluate in vivo the influence of melanin on light transmission of the 660 nm and 830 nm laser wavelengths on skin and tendon. Thirty young individuals of both sexes were recruited, divided into two groups based on melanin index, and submitted to photobiomodulation protocols in the posterior region of the elbow (skin-skin) and the calcaneus tendon (skin-tendon-skin). The irradiation area was evaluated using a homemade linear array of five sensors. We found significant transmission power values for different melanin indexes and wavelengths (p<0.0001). Also, different equipment can generate significant differences in the transmitted power at an 830-nm wavelength. Average scattering values are 14 mm and 21 mm for 660 nm, in higher and lower melanin index, respectively. For 830 nm, values of 20 mm and 26 mm are indicated. Laser light transmission in vivo tissues is related to wavelength, beam diameter, tissue thickness, and composition, as well as melanin index. The 830-nm laser presents higher light transmission on the skin than 660 nm. The distances between the application points can be different, with higher values for 830 nm than 660 nm.

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OBJECTIVE: Investigate the effects of multisensory training with and without the anchor system on breast cancer survivors' postural balance and self-efficacy of falls. DESIGN: Clinical randomized, controlled, and crossover trial. SETTING: Teaching, Research, and Assistance Center in Mastectomized Rehabilitation. PARTICIPANTS: Eighty breast cancer survivors homogeneously distributed in the groups of adults and elderly affected, or not, by lymphedema. INTERVENTIONS: Participants were randomized to multisensory training with and without the anchor system involving 3 sessions per week for 12 weeks. After the 4-week washout period, the remaining therapeutic intervention was applied. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: The primary outcome was semi-static and dynamic balance as evaluated by baropodometry and Mini Balance Evaluation Systems Test, and the secondary outcome was self-efficacy of the fall episode as assessed by Falls Efficacy Scale - International in the pre-, post-immediate, and 4-week follow-up period. RESULTS: Both therapeutic interventions caused positive and significant effects on postural balance and self-efficacy of falls in the immediate period. The multisensory training with the anchor system induced significant functional retention in the short term, related to the clinical effect of small to moderate variation. CONCLUSIONS: Multisensory training with the anchor system is convenient for postural balance and self-efficacy for falls, regardless of age and upper limb volume, for breast cancer survivors.

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Low-level laser therapy (LLLT) is known for its ability to induce a photochemical process, primarily targeting mitochondria, a process referred to as photobiomodulation (PBM). Recently, its use has been attributed as an adjunct in obesity treatment, to stimulate lipolysis and apoptosis. However, the pathway of stimulation remains uncertain. Thus, the objective of this study was to understand whether mitochondrial stimulation occurs in adipose tissue cells after PBM therapy, which could lead to the processes of lipolysis and apoptosis. A non-randomized clinical trial was conducted using a split abdomen design in obese women who received red and infrared LED photobiomodulation therapy (PBMT). The patients underwent bariatric surgery, and adipose tissue samples were collected for immunohistochemical analysis with primary mitochondrial antibodies. Adipose tissue samples subjected to LED intervention exhibited positivity in mitochondrial antibodies for cAMP, DRP1, FAS, FIS1, MFN2, and OPA1 (p<0.001) compared to the control group. In conclusion, we observed that PBMT was capable of generating mitochondrial stimulation in adipose tissue cells, as evidenced by the positive antibody signals. This finding suggests that mitochondrial stimulation could be the mechanism and action underlying adipose tissue lipolysis and apoptosis.

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To evaluate the effects of photobiomodulation on the physical performance of healthy women, considering the menstrual cycle. 27 physically active healthy women (age 25.68 ± 3.99 years; mass 63.76 ± 12.77 kg; height 1.65 ± 0.59 cm) during the initial follicular phase (FF1 and FF2) of the menstrual cycle underwent performance evaluations, through a supramaximal test, subjective perception of exertion, blood lactate, and evaluations in the isokinetic dynamometer. Photobiomodulation (PBM) (200J) and Sham (0J) therapy were applied 10 min before the performance evaluations on the quadriceps femoris, hamstrings, and triceps surae muscles. A significance level of 5% was adopted and the effect size was calculated by Cohen's d. It was not possible to observe a significant difference (p > 0.05) in any of the performance variables evaluated in the comparison between groups, only small effects for total distance, final subjective perception of exertion, lactate peak and lactate delta in the PBM group. PBM did not improve muscle performance, resistance to fatigue, perceived exertion, and blood lactate concentrations during a predominantly anaerobic test in healthy women during the FF of the menstrual cycle.

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OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the intraexaminer and interexaminer reliability of low-cost commercial devices to measure skin tone, moisture, and oiliness; determine associations with the Fitzpatrick Scale; and compare results with those of widely used commercial equipment. METHODS: Researchers bilaterally collected a total of 36 samples from 18 participants. For data acquisition, two experienced raters were considered for skin index assessment. Evaluations were conducted independently, with measurements taken at two different times with an interval between them, thus enabling intrarater and interrater reliability measures. The measurements were made with two low-cost devices and compared with those acquired using standard equipment for such analyses. RESULTS: For the intraexaminer reliability results, the authors observed intraclass correlation coefficient ranging from moderate to high reliability between these tools (0.747-0.971). Regarding interexaminer reliability, intraclass correlation coefficient ranging from moderate to high (0.541-0.939) were observed. For the results of the correlations, a moderate to a large association was observed for skin tone. However, a small association for moisture was observed among the tools. CONCLUSIONS: Evaluations of skin tonality, oiliness, and moisture showed moderate to excellent intrareliability and interreliability. These methods can be applied in different environments, especially clinics, because of their low cost and ease of use.

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OBJECTIVE: To analyze the bioelectrical impedance parameters of the lower limbs of individuals with hip osteoarthritis and healthy individuals. DESIGN: Cross-sectional study. SETTING: The study was carried out at the Hip Surgery Outpatient Clinic. PARTICIPANTS: The volunteers had to be between 45 and 70 years of age, of both sexes, with a clinical and radiological diagnosis of hip osteoarthritis for at least three years, unilateral involvement, or a significant complaint in one hip. METHODS: This was a cross-sectional study. Fifty-four individuals were recruited for the study, 31 individuals with hip osteoarthritis (OA group) and 29 healthy individuals for the control group (C group). Demographic and anthropometric data were collected and then the Numerical Pain Rating Scale, WOMAC, Harris Hip Score, and bioimpedance assessment were applied. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE(S): Electrical bioimpedance parameters. Phase angle (PhA), impedance, reactance, and muscle mass. RESULTS: There was a significant difference in phase angle (PhA), impedance, and muscle mass at 50 kHz frequency on the side affected by OA when compared to the contralateral side. In the OA group, there was a significant decrease in phase angle (PhA) -0.54 (-0.85 to -0.23) and muscle mass - 0.29 (-0.40 to -0,19), as well as an increase in impedance at the 50 kHz frequency on the side affected by OA when compared to contralateral side 21.71 (13.69 to 29.74). In the C group, there was no difference between the dominant and non-dominant sides (P > 0.05). CONCLUSION: The segmental electrical bioimpedance equipment can detect differences between limbs affected and unaffected by hip osteoarthritis.

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OBJECTIVE: To analyze the physical performance, self-perception menstrual symptoms, of physically active eumenorrheic women with endogenous ovarian cycle in two phases of the menstrual cycle. METHODS: Twenty-six women participated in the study (age 25.8 ± 3.9 years; height 1.64 ± 0.58 m; mass 64 ± 12.32 kg; menarche 11.69 ± 1.28 years). Assessments were performed in two phases of the menstrual cycle (MC), Early-Follicular Phase (FP) and Mid-Luteal Phase (LP), performance was assessed through total time to exhaustion (TTE), complete stages (CE), and final speed (FE), through a graded exercise test (GXT). Information on the participants' menstrual symptoms and their perceptions of the influence of MC on their performance were also collected. Data normality was assessed using the Shapiro-Wilk test. Paired analyses were conducted (t test or Wilcoxon) to examine the responses between the menstrual phases. The interaction analysis of symptom predictors was performed by multiple linear regression, with a significance level of p ≤ 0.05. RESULTS: There was no significant difference in physical performance between the phases during the GXT in TTE (mean difference 8.50; 95% CI - 11.99 to 42; p = 0.36). During FP, women with heavy flow had shorter performance in the GXT (t = - 2.5; p = 0.01), demonstrating an r2 = 0.32. In LP, for the women who reported not having the perception of the influence of the menstrual cycle on exercise, the total test time was longer (t = 2.55; p = 0.01), with an r2 = 0.45. CONCLUSION: There was no difference in physical performance between FP and LP. However, menstrual flow intensity and perception of cycle interference demonstrated a decrease in TTE.

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Studies have shown that psychotropic drugs change rat behavior in the elevated plus-maze test (EPM). This study investigated whether static magnetic fields could alter alprazolam-induced rat behavior in the EPM. 66 male Wistar rats (270-300 g weight) were assigned to one of the following groups: Sham Magnetic + Saline (SMS), North Pole + Saline (NPS), South Pole + Saline (SPS), Sham magnetic + alprazolam (SMA), NP + alprazolam (NPA), and SP + alprazolam (SPA). After five days of static magnetic stimulation (3200 Gauss), they received alprazolam or saline (1 mg/kg), and their behavior was evaluated. Two-way ANOVA and Holm-Sidak post-hock were used, with a significant P value of <0.05. The SMA and NPA groups showed an increased number of entries and time in the open arms compared with the SMS group. SPA showed a decrease in these measures when compared to SMA [F(2,61) = 6.43 and F(2,61) = 3.72, respectively]. The SMA and NPA groups showed increased head dipping and end-arm activity compared with the SMS group. SPA showed a decrease in these measures when compared to SMA [F(2,61) = 3.37 and [F(2,61) = 4.72, respectively]. These results show that the south magnetic pole of a static magnetic field blocked the alprazolam effect in the space-time variables of the open arms and ethological anxiolytic-like behavior in the EPM.

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OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the effect of supervised and home sensorimotor training on static postural balance (SPB), quality of life (QL), and neuromuscular responses of Type 2 Diabetics (DM-2). DESIGN: Randomized controlled blind study with DM-2 patients, between 45 and 64 years old, of both sexes, divided into 3 groups: Control Group - CG (n = 27), Home Training Group - HTG (n = 27), and Supervised Training Group - STG (n = 26). The subjects were evaluated before and at the end of 3 months of treatment, with a four-week follow-up. The intervention was held twice a week, for 45 min, divided into three phases: warm-up, sensorimotor training, and cool-down. The primary outcome was SPB, using the force platform. Secondary outcome: questionnaires and clinical measures related to diabetic foot and knee flexor-extensors using isokinetic dynamometry. RESULTS: In the baseline, the characteristics were similar between groups and between times. Tactile and vibratory sensitivity demonstrated the absence of symptoms of peripheral neuropathy in diabetic patients. In the intra-group comparison, there was a significant increase in the classification without symptoms of diabetic distal polyneuropathy in the HTG and STG groups (p < 0.05) and there were no significant effects on other clinical outcomes and QL and SPB, muscle strength, and sense of knee joint position. CONCLUSION: The intervention showed no improvement in SPB, QL, and other clinical outcomes of DM-2 patients. Thus, no differences were found between the groups, considering that the patients did not present clinical characteristics of diabetic distal polyneuropathy.

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The characterization of the temperature of skin ulcers may provide preliminary diagnostic evidence. The aim of this study was to characterize cutaneous ulcers of different etiologies by infrared thermography. 122 cutaneous ulcers of 87 patients (age 60.1 ± 15.7 years) were evaluated, allocated into five groups: venous ulcers (VU) n = 26, arterial ulcers (AU) n = 20, mixed ulcers (MU) n = 25, pressure ulcers (PU) n = 29, and neuropathic ulcers (NU) n = 22. The cutaneous temperature was recorded by infrared thermography (FLIR-450™); we also evaluated the ulcer area, the ankle brachial index (ABI), the range of motion (ROM) of the ankle, and pain. For the different variables, the statistical analysis was performed using the Kruskal Wallis test, ANOVA, the chi-squared test, and the Spearman test (SPSS™ software version 20, p < 0.05). A significant difference was found between the temperatures of PU and NU. The ABI was significantly lower in the MU and AU groups, and pain was also higher in these groups. The ROM was decreased in all groups, and the MU and VU groups had the lowest ROM. There was no correlation between temperature and the clinical findings (ABI, ROM, and pain). There was a moderate correlation in the analysis between the temperature and the area of the ulcer in the PU group, as larger ulcers had lower temperatures. It is possible to characterize cutaneous ulcers by infrared thermography, and there are temperature differences among ulcers with different etiologies.

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BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Complex regional pain syndrome (CRPS) is defined as an extreme and chronic pain condition, and photobiomodulation has relevance as a complementary treatment for CRPS. The objective of this study was to verify the effects of photobiomodulation (PBMT) therapy protocols at two wavelengths 660 and 830 nm, associated or not to nicotine in complex regional pain syndrome type I (CRPS-I). STUDY DESIGN/MATERIALS AND METHODS: Sixty-four Swiss mice were divided into the following groups: (i) Naive, (ii) Sham, (iii) Control, (iv) 660 nm, (v) 830 nm, (vii) Nicotine, (vii) Nicotine/660 nm, and (viii) Nicotine/830 nm. CRPS-I was induced in an experimental ischemia/reperfusion model by affixing an elastic ring, proximal to the ankle joint of the right hind mouse paw, for 3 hours. Nicotine, in the respective groups was administered for 28 days prior to the induction of CRPS-I. PBMT was applied immediately after the procedure and for 20 consecutive days. The animals were evaluated for mechanical hyperalgesia, thermal hyperalgesia, paw edema at baseline and for 7, 14, and 21 days. Statistical analyses comprised a mixed-effects model, using the Tukey post hoc test (P < 0.05). RESULTS: The PBMT wavelengths in 660 and 830 nm groups had beneficial effects (P < 0.05) in reducing mechanical and thermal hyperalgesia, but the effects at 660 nm were significantly better than 830 nm. At reducing edema, both wavelengths had significant effects statistically, absolutely no difference between them. CONCLUSIONS: The use of PBMT (660 and 830 nm) was effective in reducing mechanical hyperalgesia and thermal hyperalgesia; however, PBMT at 660 nm generated significant results. In reducing edema, both wavelengths had similar effects, which were significant statistically. The deleterious effects of nicotine were evident statistically and were softened when treated with PBMT (P < 0.05). Lasers Surg. Med. © 2020 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

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There is currently little information on the positioning of reference electrode (RE). It is generally accepted that it must be positioned on electrically neutral tissues, such as tendons or bony prominences. The objective of this study is to analyze the characteristics of the electromyographic signal (EMG) for different positions of RE as well as at different levels of muscle contraction. Signals from the brachial biceps and triceps were recorded from 18 healthy women (BMI: 21.20 kg/m2 ± 1.72; mean age: 21.94 ± 1.98 years old) during 100 and 50% maximum flexion voluntary isometric contractions, as well as at rest. For each situation, the RE was randomly positioned in 4 different locations: a) homolateral acromion; b) homolateral brachial biceps; c) styloid process of the contralateral ulna; and d) lateral malleolus of the contralateral ankle. For statistical analysis, Shapiro-Wilk and Kruskal-Wallis tests were used, followed by Dunn's post-hoc test, at a significance level of 5% (p < 0.05). RMS, normalized RMS, PSD, median frequency and levels of energy at 60 Hz, 120 Hz and 180 Hz were assessed for the different sites of RE. The results show that the positioning of the RE on the four experimental locations did not change important features of the electromyographic signals in the time and frequency domains, for the three levels of isometric contractions studied. Such findings compel us to re-think the current trend regarding the RE position followed by the great majority of the researches in areas such as physical therapy.

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Myofascial trigger points are present in dysfunctioning muscles and are associated with several diseases. However, the scientific literature has not established whether myofascial trigger points of differing etiologies have the same clinical characteristics. Thus, the objective of the present study was to compare the intensity of myofascial pain, catastrophizing, and the pressure pain threshold at myofascial trigger points among breast cancer survivors and women with neck pain. This was a cross-sectional study that included women over 18 years old complaining of myofascial pain in the upper trapezius muscle region for more than 90 days, equally divided into breast cancer survivors (n = 30) and those with neck pain (n = 30). For inclusion, the presence of a bilateral, active, and centrally located trigger point with mean distance from C7 to acromion in the upper trapezius was mandatory. The measures of assessment were: pain intensity, catastrophizing, and the pressure pain threshold at the myofascial trigger points. A significant difference was observed only when comparing pain intensity (p < 0.001) between the breast cancer survivors (median score: 8.00 points, first quartile: 7.00 points, third quartile: 8.75 points) and women with neck pain (median score: 2.50 points, first quartile: 2.00 points, third quartile: 4.00 points). No significant difference was found between groups in catastrophizing and pressure pain threshold. The conclusion of this study was that breast cancer survivors have a higher intensity of myofascial pain in the upper trapezius muscle when compared to patients with neck pain, which indicates the need for evaluation and a specific intervention for the myofascial dysfunction of these women.

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This study aims to investigate the frequency and total duration effects of the 2-week treadmill training after experimental ischemic stroke in the passive avoidance test. We performed bilateral occlusion of common external carotid arteries, for five minutes, in Mongolian gerbils. The training groups were: continuous training for twelve consecutive days or not continuous training for six non-consecutive days. The groups remained in the treadmill for 15min, with the speed set at 10m/min, and the training started 24h after the stroke. In the Shuttle Box, each animal had ten trials during the Learning Session (LS), which occurred 24h before the stroke. The Retention Test (RT) occurred 24h after the stroke and started on the second, third, seventh and twelfth day after LS. After the experiments, the brains were perfused, and coronal sections of the CA1 area of the hippocampus were cut and stained with hematoxylin and eosin. ANOVA on Ranks was used for Behavioral data analysis and morphological data by percentage. Ischemic training groups showed preservation in neuron density in the CA1 area of the hippocampus, when compared to the control groups. Animals subjected to continuous training, showed a higher latency in the RT when compared to ischemic animals in both weeks [(2nd, H=39.81; P<0.05), (3rd, H=38.08; P<0.05), (7th, H=44.17; P<0.05), and (12th, H=39.55; P<0.05). Animals in the not continuous training showed higher latency in the RT, in the second week only [(2nd, H=39.81; P<0.05), (3rd, H=38.08; P<0.05), (7th, H=44.17; P<0.05), and (12th, H=39.55; P<0.05). These findings suggest that improvement of memory after stroke after treadmill training is dependent on the frequency and total duration of training.

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BACKGROUND: Breast cancer survivors have side effects from surgical treatment and adjuvant that may acutely or chronically compromise the musculoskeletal system, resulting in loss of muscle strength. OBJECTIVE: Handgrip strength and electromyography of the upper limbs and its relationship with dominance in women submitted to surgery for breast cancer. METHODS: Were evaluated 28 women. The handgrip strength was measured through dynamometer associated with electromyographic, in the muscles: descending trapezius, biceps brachial, triceps brachial, extensor carpi ulnaris, radial extensor carpi and superficial flexor of wrist and fingers. RESULTS: Reduction in grip strength on the side affected by the surgery, that occurred when the surgery was performed on the non-dominant side. The electromyographic showed significant differences in affected side. This shows the need to consider the affected side by surgery and dominance. CONCLUSIONS: Decreased grip strength and lower electromyographic activity of upper limb affected by surgery for breast cancer, when the side affected was not the dominant this loss was greater.

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