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Objective:To investigate the distribution of physical and chemical water improvement areas of drinking water-borne endemic fluorosis in Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, as well as the use of household water purifiers.Methods:From April to October 2021, a survey was conducted in a drinking water-borne endemic fluorosis areas in Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region where physical and chemical water improvement was carried out. The survey included the basic situation of the affected villages (number of permanent households, number of permanent residents, historical water fluoride content) and the use of residential water purifiers. Household peripheral water samples were collected to test the water fluoride content. Water purifier installation rate, normal usage rate, qualified water fluoride rate in normal usage, and the proportion of households covered by filter replacement departments were calculated.Results:In Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, the physical and chemical water improvement areas of drinking water-borne endemic fluorosis were distributed in 2 735 villages in 11 leagues (cities) throughout the region, with 192 950 permanent households and 540 216 permanent residents. The average historical water fluoride content in all leagues (cities) was 2.18 mg/L, and the current average water fluoride content was 0.40 mg/L. A total of 134 763 water purifiers were installed, with an installation rate of 69.84% (134 763/192 950). A total of 10 773 households were surveyed, with 10 396 households using water purifiers normally and a normal usage rate of 96.50% (10 396/10 773). Among them, 10 158 households had qualified water fluoride of normal usage, with a qualified water fluoride rate of 97.71% (10 158/10 396). Of the 10 396 households using water purifiers normally, 3 974 households (38.23%) had filter cartridges used within one year, and 3 961 households had qualified water fluoride, with a qualified rate of water fluoride of 99.67% (3 961/3 974). Six thousand four hundred and twenty-two households (61.77%) had filter cartridges used for more than one year, with 6 197 households had qualified water fluoride and a qualified rate of water fluoride of 96.50% (6 197/6 422). There was a statistically significant difference in the qualified rate of water fluoride between purifiers with different filter cartridge usage times (χ 2 = 110.73, P < 0.001). Among the 10 773 surveyed households, the filter cartridges replacement department covered 10 470 households, accounting for 97.19% (10 470/10 773). Conclusions:In Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, the physical and chemical water improvement areas of drinking water-borne endemic fluorosis are widely distributed, and the normal usage rate of household water purifiers is relatively high. The qualified rate of water fluoride in household water purifiers with filter cartridges used for more than one year is low.
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Objective:To analyze the main causes of death of residents in arsenic poisoning areas of Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, providing a scientific basis for preventing and controlling the long-term effects of arsenic poisoning and ensuring the health of residents.Methods:The data on the causes of death among residents in arsenic poisoning areas of Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region from 2016 to 2021 were collected from the population death information registration management system and the population information system of various league and city statistical bureaus in Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region. Residents were divided into exposed and non exposed groups based on whether they drank high arsenic water. SPSS 25.0 software was used to statistically analyze the crude mortality rate (CDR), standardized mortality rate (SMR), disease-specific mortality rate, proportion of causes of death, and order of causes of death.Results:Over the past 6 years, there was a total of 9 583 deaths, with an average annual CDR of 633.12/100 000 and an average annual SMR of 446.65/100 000. The CDR of each year showed a decreasing trend over time (χ 2 = 1 058.86, P < 0.001). Male CDR was higher than female CDR (χ 2 = 325.04, P < 0.001). Heart diseases and malignant tumors were the main causes of death for residents in arsenic poisoning areas, with proportions of 25.00% (2 396/9 583) and 18.86% (1 807/9 583), respectively. The top three leading causes of malignant tumor death were lung cancer, liver cancer and gastric cancer. Among residents who died from various diseases and malignant tumors, the SMR of the exposed group was higher than that of the non exposed group (χ 2 = 147.08, 26.26, P < 0.001). Conclusions:The main causes of death of residents in arsenic poisoning areas in Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region are heart diseases and malignant tumors, with lung cancer, liver cancer, and gastric cancer being the top three leading causes of death for malignant tumors. Although the arsenic poisoning areas in the entire region have basically achieved water improvement, the long-term effects of chronic arsenic exposure still exist.
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Objective:To study the prevalence of skeletal fluorosis in drinking-water-borne endemic fluorosis areas in Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region (Inner Mongolia), and to provide reference for further prevention and treatment of skeletal fluorosis at this stage.Methods:From March to October 2019, a survey of skeletal fluorosis was carried out in all diseased villages of the eight diseased leagues (cities) in Inner Mongolia, including Alxa, Bayannur, Baotou, Ordos, Hohhot, Hulunbeier, Ulanqab and Xilingol. Permanent residents aged 18 years and above in the diseased villeges were investigated. Face to face questionnaires were used to collect the basic data of age, sex, epidemiological history, etc. of all subjects, and clinical examination of skeletal fluorosis was carried out. Drinking water samples were collected from residents for fluoride content testing.Results:A total of 123 166 residents aged 18 years and above were investigated, 1 781 cases of skeletal fluorosis were detected, and the detection rate was 1.45%. The degree of skeletal fluorosis was mild, accounting for 72.26% (1 287/1 781); the others were moderate and severe, accounting for 20.38% (363/1 781) and 7.36% (131/1 781), respectively. There were statistically significant differences in the detection rates of skeletal fluorosis among people of different water fluoride content, age, gender and regions (χ 2 = 565.96, 671.32, 4.38, 17 283.80, P < 0.05). Among them, the detection rates of skeletal fluorosis in water fluoride content > 4.0 mg/L, ≥56 years old and female population were relatively high, which were 5.21% (49/941), 2.26% (1 428/63 188) and 1.52% (905/59 555), respectively. The detection rates of skeletal fluorosis in Xilingol League and Baotou City were significantly higher, 25.48% (745/2 924) and 24.32% (225/925), respectively. Conclusion:The situation of skeletal fluorosis in drinking-water-borne endemic fluorosis areas in Inner Mongolia has been effectively controlled, but there are still relatively many patients with skeletal fluorosis in some areas, and further targeted prevention and control work is needed.
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Objective:To investigate the epidemic scope and intensity of drinking water type endemic arsenic poisoning in Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, as well as the prevalence and influencing factors, in order to provide scientific basis for precise formulation of prevention and control measures.Methods:A sampling survey was conducted on residents' drinking water in all villages and counties in Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, water samples were selected according to different water supply methods (engineering water supply, physical and chemical water purification, and decentralized water supply), and the arsenic content was detected by atomic fluorescence method. The "Diagnosis of Endemic Arsenicosis" (WS/T 211-2015) was used for diagnosis of arsenic poisoning among all permanent residents who were exposing to or had been exposed to excessively high arsenic water, in order to search all the arsenic poisoning patients. Analyze the distribution of water arsenic in the historical disease areas and high arsenic villages and newly discovered high arsenic villages, and explore the prevalence and influencing factors of arsenic poisoning.Results:There were a total of 1 186 historical disease areas and high arsenic villages in Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, mainly distributed in 28 banner counties of 8 league cities such as Bayannur, Hohhot and Baotou, with a regional distribution trend of more in the west and less in the east. At present, the water improvement rate in the historical disease areas and high arsenic villages was 98.23% (1 165/1 186), and the qualified rate of arsenic content in the water was 99.83% (1 184/1 186). The arsenic content in the water of historical disease areas and high arsenic villages ranged from 0.000 to 0.093 mg/L. Four newly discovered villages with arsenic exceeding standards had been found, and their arsenic content ranged from 0.074 to 0.142 mg/L. A total of 2 249 patients with arsenic poisoning were detected in the confirmed disease area/high arsenic villages, and the detection rate was 1.67% (2 249/134 645). The number of patients in Bayannur City was the largest with the most severe disease, accounting for 82.70% (1 860/2 249). Patients aged 60 and above accounted for 61.41% of the total cases (1 381/2 249), which was higher than other age groups (χ 2 = 840.52, P < 0.001). The detection rate of arsenic poisoning was higher in males than in females (χ 2 = 132.38, P < 0.001). There are statistically significant differences in the detection rate and severity distribution of arsenic poisoning patients among different water arsenic content groups(χ 2 = 1 557.85, 1 741.05, P < 0.001). Conclusions:After years of prevention and control work, the arsenic content in most historical disease areas and high arsenic villages in Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region is currently qualified, and some areas have water arsenic exceeding standards or newly discovered villages with arsenic exceeding standards. At the same time, there are still a large number of arsenic poisoning patients in Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region. In the future, the prevention and control of endemic arsenic poisoning in Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region cannot be relaxed, and it is necessary to strengthen water quality monitoring and improve water quality in newly discovered villages with arsenic exceeding standards to prevent the occurrence of new cases.
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Objective:To study the effects of water fluoride and tea fluoride on the occurrence of dental fluorosis in children, and to provide a basis for scientific prevention and control of the disease.Methods:From April to September 2020, Baolongshan Town with qualified water fluoride but no habit of drinking brick tea, Xingyao Town with qualified water fluoride and habit of drinking brick tea, Baokang Town with exceeded water fluoride but no habit of drinking brick tea, and Wuliyasitai Town with exceeded water fluoride and habit of drinking brick tea were selected as survey sites in Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region based on historical monitoring data. In all Gacha (villages) of 4 towns, a survey was carried out on residents' drinking water, brick tea drinking habits and children's dental fluorosis detection, and the water fluoride, tea fluoride exceeding standard rates, daily per capita intake of brick tea fluoride and the detection rate of children's dental fluorosis were calculated. At the same time, multivariate logistic regression was used to analyze the influencing factors affecting the occurrence of dental fluorosis in children.Results:In 2020, a total of 165 water samples were collected in 4 towns of Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, and the total water fluoride exceeding standard rate was 38.18% (63/165). A total of 320 tea samples were collected, the tea fluoride exceeding standard rates in Xingyao Town and Wuliyasitai Town were 96.38% (213/221) and 89.90% (89/99), respectively; the daily per capita intake of brick tea fluoride was 5.67 and 7.35 mg, respectively. A total of 1 652 children were examined for dental fluorosis, and 639 cases were detected, the detection rate was 38.68%. The detection rates of dental fluorosis in boys and girls were 37.18% (322/866) and 40.33% (317/786), respectively, with no significant difference between sexes (χ 2 = 1.72, P = 0.104); the detection rates of dental fluorosis in children aged 8 - 12 years were 43.93% (105/239), 40.50% (147/363), 46.57% (163/350), 30.56% (88/288) and 33.01% (136/412), respectively, with statistical significant difference among ages (χ 2 = 26.07, P < 0.001); the detection rates of dental fluorosis in children in Baolongshan, Baokang, Xingyao and Wuliyasitai towns were 0.68% (2/293), 14.09% (31/220), 24.79% (89/359) and 66.28% (517/780), respectively, with statistical significant differences among regions (χ 2 = 213.05, P < 0.001). Multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that when the fluoride content in water was 1.2 - < 2.0, 2.0 - < 2.5, and ≥2.5 mg/L, the risk of dental fluorosis in children was 3.93, 6.60, and 9.02 times of water fluoride content < 1.2 mg/L; when the daily per capita intakes of brick tea fluoride was 3.6 - 7.0 and > 7.0 mg, the risk of dental fluorosis in children was 2.94 and 3.90 times of daily per capita intakes of brick tea fluoride ≤3.5 mg; the risk of dental fluorosis in children aged 10 years was 1.81 times of children aged 8 years; the risk of dental fluorosis in children in Xingyao, Baokang, and Wuliyasitai towns was 22.35, 40.93, and 151.58 times of Baolongshan Town, respectively. Conclusions:The prevalence of dental fluorosis in children still exists in Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, and the detection rate of dental fluorosis is high. High water fluoride and high tea fluoride are the main risk factors for dental fluorosis in children.
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Objective:To investigate the distribution of fluoride content in water and dental fluorosis in children and skeletal fluorosis in adults in drinking water-borne endemic fluorosis areas of Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region.Methods:From April to November 2021, all natural villages in the drinking water-borne endemic fluorosis areas of Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region were investigated on the status quo of water improvement and water fluoride monitoring. At the same time, all children aged 8 - 12 and adults aged 18 and older were examined for dental fluorosis and skeletal fluorosis, respectively, and the detection rates were calculated.Results:There were 9 465 villages in drinking water-borne endemic fluorosis areas in Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, among which 8 920 villages had completed the water improvement, with a water improvement rate of 94.24% (8 920/9 465); 8 664 villages had completed the water improvement with qualified water fluoride, and the qualified rate of water improvement was 97.13% (8 664/8 920). A total of 80 915 children aged 8 - 12 in the villages underwent dental fluorosis examination, and 4 868 children were diagnosed with dental fluorosis, with a detection rate of 6.02%. A total of 3 545 915 adults aged 18 and older in the villages were examined for skeletal fluorosis, and 3 567 adults were diagnosed with skeletal fluorosis, with a detection rate of 0.10%.Conclusion:The water improvement rate and qualified rate of water improvement in drinking water-borne endemic fluorosis areas in Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region are high, while both of the detection rates of dental fluorosis in children and skeletal fluorosis in adults are relatively low.
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Objective:To understand the demographic characteristics and treatment intention, treatment status and therapeutic effect of patients with skeletal fluorosis in Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region (reffered to as Inner Mongolia) in order to provide a basis for next step treatment program.Methods:From March to June 2020, a face-to-face questionnaire survey was conducted among 3 570 patients with skeletal fluorosis in 11 leagues (cities) of Inner Mongolia to understand their basic information, treatment intention, treatment status and therapeutic effect. Patients with skeletal fluorosis of different demographic characteristics were compared with each other in their treatment intention and treatment status, and the therapeutic effects of different drugs were compared by χ 2 test. Results:A total of 3570 patients with skeletal fluorosis were investigated. There were slightly more women than men with skeletal fluorosis (1.29 ∶ 1.00, 2 014/1 556). The ages were mainly from 40 to 79 years old (95.4%, 3 406/3 570). Mongols patients accounted for 36.0% (1 285/3 570). Patients with low education (primary school and below) accounted for 82.2% (2 935/3 570). Eighty-five per cent (3 035/3 570) of the patients had drug treatment intention and 37.1% (1 325/3 570) of the patients had drug treatment. Thirty-seven point five per cent (1 338/3 570) of the patients had surgery intention and surgery was performed in 0.2% (8/3 570) of the patients. Combination therapy (98.5%, 194/197) and chondroprotective agents alone (98.3%, 173/176) were more effective than anti-inflammatory and analgesic agents alone (84.2%, 48/57) in the treatment of skeletal fluorosis ( P < 0.05). Surgery was effective (8/8). Conclusions:Most of the patients with skeletal fluorosis are middle-aged and elderly, and the patients with skeletal fluorosis in Mongols account for a certain proportion. At present, all the patients with skeletal fluorosis who have the will to be treated have not been effectively treated, and the means of treatment is relatively single. It should be advocated to carry out various forms of treatment of skeletal fluorosis, so that patients could relieve symptoms, reduce pain and improve their quality of life.
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Objective:To understand the prevalence of tea-drinking-borne fluorosis in Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, and to provide a data basis for formulation of prevention and control measures.Methods:All administrative villages of 53 banners (counties) in 10 leagues (cities) of Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region were investigated for tea-drinking-borne fluorosis. The basic information and demographic information of each administrative village were collected, and 10 households were selected from each administrative village to investigate the basic information of family members and the drinking situation of brick tea, and collect household brick tea samples to determine the fluorine content. The prevalence of dental fluorosis in children aged 8 to 12 and skeletal fluorosis in adults over 16 years in the administrative villages were investigated.Results:There were 39 banners (counties) in Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region that had the habit of drinking brick tea, people who habitually drink brick tea a lot accounted for 70.22% of the total population (4.278 5 million/6.092 8 million). The per capita annual consumption of brick tea was 1.00 kg and the per capita daily intake of brick tea fluoride was 0.68 mg. A total of 24 282 brick tea samples were collected, and the samples with fluorine content exceeding the standard accounted for 74.77% (18 155/24 282). Except that the fluorine content of black brick tea was lower than the national health standard (300 mg/kg), other varieties of brick tea exceeded the standard. A total of 97 295 children aged 8 to 12 years were examined, and 6 558 cases of dental fluorosis were detected. The detection rate of dental fluorosis was 6.74%. Among them, 3 623 cases were very mild, 2 440 cases were mild, 489 cases were moderate and 6 cases were severe. There were significant differences in the detection rates of dental fluorosis in children of different regions and ages (χ 2 = 6 803.76, 30.82, P < 0.05). A total of 115 251 adults over 16 years old were examined, and 1 691 cases of skeletal fluorosis were detected. The detection rate of adult skeletal fluorosis was 1.47%; among them, 1 043 cases were mild, 481 cases were moderate and 167 cases were severe. There were statistically significant differences in the detection rates of skeletal fluorosis among adults of different regions and ages (χ 2 = 3 584.26, 562.67, P < 0.05). Conclusions:The fluoride content of brick tea consumed by residents in Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region seriously exceeds the standard. Moderate and severe patients with dental fluorosis in children aged 8 to 12 years and skeletal fluorosis in adults over 16 years old have been detected. The prevention and treatment of tea-drinking-borne fluorosis in Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region should be continuously strengthened.
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Objective:To learn about the distribution of fluoride content in drinking water of residents in Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, so as to provide scientific basis for formulation of refined prevention and control measures for drinking-water-type endemic fluorosis.Methods:From January 2017 to December 2019, water fluoride surveys were carried out in all natural villages of 103 banners (counties) in 12 leagues (cities) of Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, and drinking water samples of residents were collected according to different water supply methods (engineering water supply, physical and chemical water improvement, and decentralized water supply). The ion selective electrode method was used for water fluoride detection, and whether the water fluoride exceeded the standard was determined according to the "Standards for Drinking Water Quality" (GB 5749-2006).Results:The survey was carried out in 36 625 natural villages in 103 banners (counties) of 12 leagues (cities) in the region, among which 24 682 were engineering water supply villages, accounting for 67.39%; 2 610 were physical and chemical water improvement villages, accounting for 7.13%; and 9 333 were decentralized water supply villages, accounting for 25.48%. The median values of water fluoride in the engineering water supply villages, the physical and chemical water improvement villages and the decentralized water supply villages were 0.62, 0.23, and 0.52 mg/L, respectively, and the difference between different water supply methods was statistically significant ( H = 2 809.95, P < 0.001); the qualified rates of water fluoride were 96.47% (23 810/24 682), 99.73% (2 603/2 610) and 96.37% (8 994/9 333), respectively, and there was significant difference between different water supply methods (χ 2 = 132.74, P < 0.001). All the 12 leagues (cities) in the region had villages with water fluoride exceeding the standard, among which Chifeng City and Ordos City had more villages with water fluoride exceeding the standard (479, 282). Conclusions:All the 12 leagues (cities) in Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region have villages with water fluoride exceeding the standard. It is necessary to urge relevant departments to carry out planning and management of villages with water fluoride exceeding the standard.
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Objective:To understand the change trend of people's condition in tea drinking endemic fluorosis area of Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, and to provide scientific basis for formulating prevention and control strategies.Methods:From 2009 to 2018, a cross-sectional survey was conducted in 30 villages of 6 banners (counties) of drinking tea type of endemic fluorosis of Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region. The tea drinking habits of residents were investigated. Ten families were selected from each monitoring village to collect brick tea samples, and the fluorine content in brick tea was detected for health risk assessment. In each monitoring village, one water sample was collected from each drinking water source. Fluoride ion selective electrode method was used to detect fluorine in tea and water. The prevalence of dental fluorosis in children aged 8-12 years old was examined and the X-ray examination and analysis were carried out for all the permanent residents aged 36-45 years and living in the local area for more than 5 years.Results:From 2009 to 2018, a total of 3 000 brick tea samples were collected. The geometric mean value of tea fluorine was 522.01 mg/kg, and the annual per capita consumption of brick tea by permanent residents was 2.52 kg. The average daily intake of fluorine in brick tea was 4.11 mg. According to the standard of "Total Fluoride Intake of Population" (WS/T 87-2016), there were 6 years of risk quotient > 1 in 10 years, while according to the World Health Organization (WHO) recommend standard, there were 5 years of risk quotient > 1. From 2012 to 2018, 210 water samples were detected, and the geometric mean value of fluorine in water was 0.90 mg/L, and the qualified rate was 84.76% (178/210). A total of 5 384 children aged 8-12 years old were examined and 1 562 dental fluorosis patients were detected. The total detection rate of dental fluorosis in children was 29.01% (1 562/5 384), and the dental fluorosis index was 0.62 (very mild). A total of 1 890 adults aged 36 to 45 years old were examined by X-ray. The detection rate of skeletal fluorosis was 18.10% (342/1 890). There were 77 patients with moderate and severe skeletal fluorosis.Conclusions:The brick tea fluorine content of residents in Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region is high, and there are health risks. The dental fluorosis of children aged 8-12 years old is very mild, and there are still moderate and severe skeletal fluorosis patients in adults. Therefore, it is necessary to strengthen the supervision of brick tea market and strengthen health education for residents.
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Objective:To understand the current situation of water improvement and the prevalence of dental fluorosis in children aged 8 to 12 in drinking-water-type endemic fluorosis (referred to as drinking-water-type fluorosis) areas in Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region (referred to as Inner Mongolia), and to evaluate the effectiveness of prevention and control measures, and provide a basis for timely adjustment of prevention and control strategies.Methods:In 2019, a cross-sectional survey was conducted to investigate the situation of water improvement and water fluoride content in all villages of 85 drinking-water-type fluorosis banners (counties) in Inner Mongolia, and all the children aged 8 to 12 were examined for dental fluorosis.Results:Among the 9 623 disease affected villages in the region, the water improvement projects were completed in 8 547 villages, and the water improvement rate was 88.82%. There were 7 145 water improvement villages whose water fluoride content met the national drinking water hygiene standard, which accounted for 83.60% (7 145/8 547) of the total villages with water improvement projects. A total of 118 857 children aged 8 to 12 were examined, and 9 123 cases of dental fluorosis were detected. The detection rate of dental fluorosis was 7.68%, which was lower than the upper limit of the dental fluorosis detection rate of fluorosis area standards (30%).Conclusions:The accomplishment rate of water improvement projects in drinking-water-type fluorosis areas of Inner Mongolia is high, and the condition of children's dental fluorosis has been effectively controlled. However, it is still necessary to strengthen the water quality monitoring, improve the qualified rate of water improvement projects, and effectively implement various comprehensive prevention and control measures.
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Objective:To master the operating situation of water-improvement, water fluoride content and the disease trends in drinking-water-borne endemic fluorosis areas in Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region.Methods:From 2009 to 2018, 30 diseased villages (Tun, hereinafter referred to as village) in 11 cities (districts, banners and counties) were selected as fixed monitoring sites in Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region for 10 consecutive years to investigate the operation status of the water-improvement project and water fluoride content; the prevalence of dental fluorosis in all children aged 8 to 12 in the monitoring sites were checked.Results:From 2009 to 2018, the water-improving rate of monitoring villages increased from 70.00% (21/30) in 2009 to 86.67% (26/30) in 2018, the ratio of beneficiary population raised from 82.94% (20 921/25 224) to 96.84% (18 513/19 118); the normal operation rate of water-improvement project increased from 85.71% (18/21) to 95.65% (22/23), and the water fluoride qualification rate of the water-improvement project increased from 61.90% (13/21) to 82.61% (19/23). The water fluoride content of the village with water-improvement project was 1.00 - 1.44 mg/L, and that of the village without water-improvement project was 2.15 - 2.69 mg/L. The water fluoride content of the village with water-improvement project was lower than that of the village without water-improvement project in each year ( P < 0.05). From 2009 to 2018, the total detection rate of dental fluorosis was 27.95% (2 610/9 339), the community fluorosis index was 0.56, and the epidemic intensity was marginal. There was significant difference in the detection rate of children's dental fluorosis between different years (χ 2 = 484.195, P < 0.05). There were statistically significant differences in the detection rate of dental fluorosis of villages with normal operation of water-improvement project and qualified water fluoride, villages with abnormal operation of water-improvement project or excessive water fluoride content, and villages without water-improvement (χ 2 = 210.73, 143.60, 22.67, P < 0.01). The results showed that the detection rate of children's dental fluorosis in the villages with normal operation of water-improvement project and qualified water fluoride content was lower than that in the villages with abnormal operation of water-improvement project or excessive water fluoride content and the villages without water- improvement ( P < 0.05). Conclusions:The improvement of water quality and the reduction of fluoride in Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region have achieved remarkable results, but there are still some water-improvement projects and villages with serious water fluoride exceeding the standard. The fluorosis has not been fully controlled, and it is still necessary to further strengthen the work of water-improvement, and the management and protection after water-improvement.
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Objective:To investigate the distribution of arsenic content in drinking water of residents in Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, and to provide a scientific basis for formulation of detailed prevention and control measures for endemic arsenic poisoning.Methods:From 2017 to 2019, water arsenic survey was carried out in all natural villages in 103 banners (counties, districts) of 12 leagues (cities) in Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, and drinking water samples were collected according to different water supply modes (engineering water supply, physical and chemical water purification, decentralized water supply). Among them, engineering water supply: one factory water sample was collected from each water modification project in dry season and wet season; and one terminal water sample was collected in historical arsenism area/high arsenic exposed villages covered by the project. Physical and chemical water purification: one water sample was collected from each household. Decentralized water supply: in historical arsenism area/high arsenic exposed villages, one water sample was collected from each household; in the villages with historical qualified water arsenic, one household was selected according to the five directions of east, south, west, north and middle, and one water sample was collected from each household. The content of arsenic in water was detected by atomic fluorescence spectrometry and a distribution map of water samples with excessive arsenic was drawn using ArcGIS 10.2 software.Results:A total of 90 455 water samples were collected, including 31 617 water samples for engineering water supply, 2 702 water samples for physical and chemical water purification, and 56 136 water samples for decentralized water supply. The medians of water arsenic content of engineering water supply, physical and chemical water purification, and decentralized water supply were 1.00, 1.00 and 0.50 μg/L, respectively, and the differences among different water supply modes were statistically significant (χ 2 = 1 147.831, P < 0.05). A total of 486 water samples with excessive arsenic were detected, the detection rate was 0.54% (486/90 455). The detection rates of water samples with excessive arsenic in engineering water supply and decentralized water supply were 1.48% (469/31 617) and 0.03% (17/56 136), the detection rate of water samples with excessive arsenic in engineering water supply was higher than that in decentralized water supply (χ 2 = 775.401, P < 0.05); there was no water samples with excessive arsenic in physical and chemical water purification. The top three areas with the detection rates of water samples with excessive arsenic were Bayannaoer [15.38% (343/2 230)], Hohhot [2.00% (86/4 293)], and Ordos [0.85% (50/5 848)]. ArcGIS 10.2 software showed that the water samples with excessive arsenic were mainly distributed in the western region in the shape of focal and block, and only existed sporadically in the eastern region. Conclusions:The detection rate of water samples with excessive arsenic in engineering water supply in Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region is high, the water samples with excessive arsenic are mainly distributed in the western region in the shape of focal and block, and sporadically in the eastern region. The management and supervision of engineering water supply should be strengthened, in areas where the water arsenic exceeds the standard, we should take physical and chemical water purification measures, such as change water sources, increase water purification equipment, and improve water purification technology to reduce arsenic hazards, so as to ensure that residents can drink qualified water.
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Objective@#To understand the epidemic situation and control effect of drinking-water type endemic arsenism in Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region from 2009 to 2018, and provide a basis for further development and improvement of prevention and control strategies.@*Methods@#In 2009-2018, 38 diseased villages were selected from 8 cities in Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region as fixed monitoring sites to investigate the water improvement situation of the village and the operation of the water improvement project, and to detect the arsenic content of the water; physical examinations were carried out on all the resident populations who were exposed or previously exposed to high levels of arsenic water in the monitoring villages, and the changes in the condition of arsenic poisoning patients were observed; 30 adult urine samples were collected from each monitoring village to detect urinary arsenic levels.@*Results@#The water improvement rate of the 38 monitoring villages increased from 84.21% (32/38) in 2009 to 100.00% (38/38) in 2013, and continued to maintain; the normal operation rate of water improvement project increased from 64.29% (9/14) in 2009 to 100.00% (18/18) in 2016, and continued to maintain; the qualified rate of water arsenic content of water improvement project increased from 64.29% (9/14) in 2009 to 88.89% (16/18) in 2018; the proportion of qualified project covered population increased from 47.79% (4 846/10 140) in 2009 to 84.35% (5 370/6 366) in 2018. In 2009-2018 the detection rate of arsenic poisoning in the water arsenic content qualified village was 9.17% (3 968/43 276), and the detection rate in the unchanged water and water arsenic exceeded villages was 7.48% (805/10 759); there was no new case for ten consecutive years. There were significant differences in urinary arsenic levels of the water arsenic content qualified villages, the unchanged water and water arsenic exceeded villages between different years (H=424.04, 100.35, P < 0.05); the urinary arsenic level of water arsenic content qualified villagers was lower than that of the unchanged water and water arsenic exceeded villages in the same year (P < 0.05).@*Conclusions@#During the 10-year monitoring period, the prevalence of arsenic poisoning has been effectively controlled. The water improvement rate and the normal operation rate of the project remain in good condition, but the qualified rate of water arsenic still should to be improved.
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Inner Mongolia is a region where drinking-water-type endemic fluorosis is seriously prevalent.Huge sums of manpower and financial resources have been invested by Inner Mongolia government in prevention and control of drinking-water-type endemic fluorosis since 1980s,from which some remarkable achievements have been made.However,the current prevention and control work is still difficult due to the wide distribution and complex geological and geomorphological conditions of the drinking-water-type endemic fluorosis.After recent investigation of the disease area conditions,the author has grasped the actual problems in the disease area and the prevention and control work,and pondered the corresponding prevention and control countermeasures.The results are summarized to provide some ideas for prevention and control of endemic fluorosis.
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Objective To understand the epidemic situation and control effect of drinking -water type endemic arsenism in Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region from 2009 to 2018, and provide a basis for further development and improvement of prevention and control strategies. Methods In 2009 - 2018, 38 diseased villages were selected from 8 cities in Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region as fixed monitoring sites to investigate the water improvement situation of the village and the operation of the water improvement project, and to detect the arsenic content of the water; physical examinations were carried out on all the resident populations who were exposed or previously exposed to high levels of arsenic water in the monitoring villages, and the changes in the condition of arsenic poisoning patients were observed; 30 adult urine samples were collected from each monitoring village to detect urinary arsenic levels. Results The water improvement rate of the 38 monitoring villages increased from 84.21％ (32/38) in 2009 to 100.00％ (38/38) in 2013, and continued to maintain; the normal operation rate of water improvement project increased from 64.29％ (9/14) in 2009 to 100.00％ (18/18) in 2016, and continued to maintain; the qualified rate of water arsenic content of water improvement project increased from 64.29％ (9/14) in 2009 to 88.89％ (16/18) in 2018; the proportion of qualified project covered population increased from 47.79％ (4846/10140) in 2009 to 84.35％ (5370/6366) in 2018. In 2009 - 2018 the detection rate of arsenic poisoning in the water arsenic content qualified village was 9.17％ (3968/43276), and the detection rate in the unchanged water and water arsenic exceeded villages was 7.48％ (805/10759); there was no new case for ten consecutive years. There were significant differences in urinary arsenic levels of the water arsenic content qualified villages, the unchanged water and water arsenic exceeded villages between different years (H = 424.04, 100.35, P < 0.05); the urinary arsenic level of water arsenic content qualified villagers was lower than that of the unchanged water and water arsenic exceeded villages in the same year (P < 0.05). Conclusions During the 10-year monitoring period, the prevalence of arsenic poisoning has been effectively controlled. The water improvement rate and the normal operation rate of the project remain in good condition, but the qualified rate of water arsenic still should to be improved.
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Objective To provide a basis for development of preventive measures through dynamical monitoring of the changing trends of endemic fluorosis areas and the prevalence of drinking-water-borne endemic fluorosis.Methods Using simple random sampling method,thirty monitoring villages in 11 counties of Inner Mongolia were selected as fixed monitoring villages from 2012 to 2016.The operation of water improvement projects was investigated,and water fluoride content was tested.Dental fluorosis of all 8 to 12-year-old students was diagnosed in the villages.Stratified random sampling by age was used to select 50 adults over 25-year-old in each monitoring village,and skeletal fluorosis was examined by X-ray.Results ①In 2012-2016,the water-improved rate of monitoring villages was 78.67％ (118/150).Of all the water-improved projects,normal operating projects accounted for 92.98％ (106/114).The exceeded rate of water fluoride in water-improved village was 31.36％ (37/118).②The detection rate of dental fluorosis and community fluorosis index (CFI) in children aged 8-12 of the villages with normal operating projects and qualified fluoride content were 20.88％ (533/2 553) and 0.41;the detection rate of dental fluorosis and CFI of the villages with water-improved projects under abnormal operation or excessive fluoride were 49.53％ (318/642) and 0.98;the detection rate of dental fluorosis and CFI of the villages without water-improved projects were 37.14％ (442/1 190) and 0.76.③The detection rate of X-ray skeletal fluorosis in adults of the villages with normal operating projects and qualified fluoride content was 18.97％ (140/738);the detection rate of X-ray skeletal fluorosis in adults of the villages with water-improved projects under abnormal operation or excessive fluoride was 31.53％ (111/352);the detection rate of X-ray in adults of the villages without water improvement projects was 31.17％ (96/308).Conclusions Up to now,in Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region,some villages have not yet improved their drinking water quality,water fluoride content in some projects has exceeded the standard seriously,the prevalence of dental fluorosis in children aged 8-12 is very mild,there are still moderate and severe endemic areas.So the orevention and control measures of the water-improved defluoridation need to be further strengthened.
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Objective To understand the operating condition of water-improvement projects and the prevalence trends of dental fluorosis of children aged 8 to 12 in drinking-water-type fluorosis areas in Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region (Inner Mongolia),and to evaluate the effectiveness of control measures.Methods In 2013-2016,ten counties were sampled from all fluorosis counties in Inner Mongolia,and 3 villages were then sampled as fixed monitoring villages in each selected county.The monitored villages were divided into 3 groups according to the condition whether the village had improved water quality,the project operating condition and whether the fluorine content of water was qualified.The operating condition of water-improvement projects,the fluorine content of water and the prevalence of dental fluorosis of all children aged 8 to 12 were investigated.Results Both the number of water improvement-projects (22,22,23 and 24 projects) and the number of villages with water-improvement projects (22,23,24 and 26 villages) were increased from 2013 to 2016,the normal operation rates of water-improvement projects were 90.91％ (20/22)-95.83％ (23/24).The water fluoride content was compared among qualified water-improved villages,unqualified water-improved villages and water-unimproved villages [(0.83 ± 0.27),(1.77 ± 0.72),(2.31 ± 1.02) mg/L],the differences were statistically significant (F =60.889,P ＜ 0.05),the water fluorosis content of qualified water-improved villages was lower than that of unqualified water-improved villages and water-unimproved villages,respectively (P ＜ 0.05).The detection rate of children's dental fluorosis was compared among the 3 groups [21.48％ (441/2 053),48.68％ (240/493),37.02％ (308/832)],the differences were statistically significant (x2 =171.889,P ＜ 0.05),the detection rate of children's dental fluorosis of qualified water-improved villages was lower than that of unqualified water-improved villages and water-unimproved villages,respectively (P ＜ 0.01).Conclusion The prevalence of children's dental fluorosis in Inner Mongolia has been controlled to some degree,and the water-improvement projects that in good working condition play an important role in prevention and control of dental fluorosis.
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Objective To illustrate more accurately the feasibility of DNA barcode technology in species identification in different geographical areas.Methods Four plague host animals were selected from three plague natural foci in Inner Mongolia for DNA barcode comparison,GC base content,codon preference and genetic distance calculation,and a phylogenetic tree was constructed.Results Compared between different foci of A llactaga sibirica,the difference of base content was statistically significant (F =5.34,P ＜ 0.05);the variation of Meriones unguiculatus focus Allactaga sibirica base content was larger,and compared with other foci Allactaga sibirica,the difference was statistically significant (all P ＜ 0.05).Different foci between one species rarely exist in codon sites.The genetic distance of intraspecific was less than 1％,and the genetic distance of interspecific was more than 18％.Conclusions DNA barcode of each species is specific,with no interspecific species sharing,and does not change with geographical position.Molecular identification of plague host animal is effective by DNA barcode.
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Objective To determine a method for amplification of cytochrome C oxidase subunit Ⅰ (CO Ⅰ) gene of Brandt's vole.Methods 发he Brandt's Voles were captured in Abagaqi Xilingol League Inner Mongolia,and DNA was extracted from liver tissue.CO Ⅰ gene was amplified by nested PCR and sequenced afterwards.Results A band of 657 bp and 1 132 bp was amplified by internal and external PCR primers,respectively,which were consistent with expected sizes.A total of 12 segments of Brandt's Vole CO Ⅰ gene sequences were amplified by PCR and verified by sequencing.一he sequence number was KF182196-KF182207 in GenBank.After gene sequence alignment of the 12 CO Ⅰ gene sequences,it was found that the similarity was 100％,and no base mutation.Conclusion CO Ⅰ gene of Brandt's Vole could be amplified by nested PCR without pseudo gene.