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This study aimed to determine the physical performance profile (ability to change direction, vertical and horizontal jump, sprint ability, and dribbling-specific skills) of the first women football players with cerebral palsy (CP) who participated in an international CP football competition, accounting for their sport classes. We also examined the relationships between the different physical performance variables. Forty-five female players with CP (24.9 ± 7.5 years) were categorised into three sport classes based on their impairment severity: 19 were FT1 (severe impairments); 21 FT2; and 5 FT3 (mild impairments). Various physical performance tests were conducted, including the 505 change of direction test; vertical and horizontal jumps; 10 m sprint test; and the dribbling speed test. Significant correlations were observed between the change of direction ability, sprint (r = 0.89; p < 0.01), and dribbling tests (r = 0.71; p < 0.01), as well as between horizontal jump and sprint time (r = - 0.74; p < 0.01). FT1 players demonstrated poorer performance compared to FT3 in the 505 test and standing broad jump (p < 0.05; dg = -1.79 and 1.22 respectively), but also lower vertical jump heights (p < 0.05; dg = -0.91 to -1.57) and increased time required for sprint (p < 0.05; dg = 0.88 to 1.16) and dribbling tests (p < 0.05; dg = 0.85 to 1.44) compared to both FT2 and FT3 players. These findings offer valuable insights into the physical performance characteristics of female footballers with CP, which can guide training and sport enhancement programs for this unique para-sport population.

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(1) Background: The main goals of this study were to describe the physical activity (PA) and sleep habits of 8-12-year-old children according to their gender and to evaluate the relationship between PA and sleep habits (i.e., duration and timing). (2) Methods: A total of 236 children (114 boys and 122 girls) completed the Physical Activity Questionnaire for Older Children (PAQ-C) and an ad hoc sleep habits questionnaire. (3) Results: Boys were more physically active than girls (2.62 ± 0.51 vs. 2.46 ± 0.48, p = 0.026) and enacted higher PA levels in school recess (3.82 ± 1.36 vs. 3.56 ± 1.38, p = 0.003), during the afternoon (3.37 ± 1.20 vs. 2.89 ± 1.12, p = 0.003), and during weekends (3.54 ± 1.20 vs. 3.18 ± 0.48, p = 0.009). Per sleep habits, boys had a significantly later bedtime (21:53 ± 2:08 vs. 21:34 ± 2:14, p = 0.009) and a significantly smaller total sleep duration (9.64 ± 0.86 vs. 9.89 ± 0.87 h, p = 0.023) than girls. No significant correlations between PA and sleep habits were found. (4) Conclusions: We found differences in the PA and sleep habits between school-age boys and girls. Institutions and entities should consider designing specific interventions to improve PA and sleep habits according to gender.

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Similar to conventional football, the modality dedicated to footballers with cerebral palsy (CP) requires referees who cope with the physical demands imposed during competitive matches to apply the rules of the game. While a significant body of research has explored the physical demands on referees in mainstream football, there is a noticeable lack of data regarding CP football. This study aimed to examine the physical response of international referees participating in different levels of world competitions for footballers with CP. Thirteen international referees, who officiated 49 matches in the men's 2022 World Cup (1st to 15th ranked teams) and 2022 World Championships (16th to 30th ranked teams), participated in this study. A cross-sectional design was used to determine the physical responses and compare the 1st and 2nd halves and the performance in the different tournaments, recording physical variables throughout the matches. Significant higher physical responses were observed in the World Cup in comparison to the World Championship. Overall, high-level tournaments have been shown to elicit more intense physical responses from referees officiating CP football matches compared to lower-level tournaments. For the World Cup, a significantly higher number of accelerations and decelerations were registered in the 1st half compared to the 2nd half. This information may be useful for the strength and conditioning coaches of referees to plan weekly training sessions more specifically and adjust the periodical training load and post-match recovery protocols.

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OBJECTIVES: This study sought to report the reliability (intrasession) values of initial maximum push-rim propulsion (IMPRP) and sprint performance in elite wheelchair basketball (WB) players and to assess the involvement of strength in sprint capacity. METHODS: Fifteen Spanish international WB male players participated in this study. The maximum single wheelchair push from a stationary position (IMPRP) and the sprint performance (ie, 3, 5, and 12 m) of WB players were measured in this study. RESULTS: IMPRP mechanical outputs V, Vmax, P, Rel. P, F, and Rel. F variables presented high reliability values (intraclass correlation coefficient [ICC] ≥ .92; coefficient of variation [CV] ≤ 8.04 ± 7.37; standard error of measurement [SEM] ≤ 29.92), but the maximum strength variables Pmax, Rel. Pmax, Fmax, and Rel. Fmax (ICC ≥ .63; CV ≤ 13.19 ± 16.63; SEM ≤ 203.76) showed lower ICC values and by contrast higher CV and SEM values. The most substantial correlations were identified between maximum IMPRP values (ie, V, Vmax, P, Rel. P, F, and Rel. F) and sprint performance in 3 m (r ± confidence limits ≥ -0.74 ± 0.22, very large; R2 ≥ .55), 5 m (r ± confidence limits ≥ -0.72 ± 0.24, very large; R2 ≥ .51), and 12 m (r ± confidence limits ≥ -0.67 ± 0.27, large; R2 ≥ .44). CONCLUSIONS: The IMPRP test and sprint tests (3, 5, and 12 m) are practical and reliable for measuring strength and speed in WB players. In addition, there were large to very large associations among strength variables (ie, P, Rel. P, F, and Rel. F) and all sprint variables. This could indicate a need to implement specific strength exercises in WB players to improve sprint capacity.

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The aims of the study were to analyze the effects of a 12-week maximal strength- training program on injury incidence, injury burden, and physical fitness in semi-professional soccer players and to compare the perceived exertion load and well-being state between injured and non-injured soccer players. Twenty semi-professional male soccer players participated in this study. Participants were randomly allocated to an experimental group (EG, n = 10 players), who performed a maximal strength-training program, or to a control group (CG, n = 10 players), who only performed their regular soccer training. Physical fitness was measured at baseline and after the training program. In addition, the injury incidence, burden, training/match load, and the state of well-being of the players were recorded. The EG showed significant improvements in vertical jumps, change in direction ability, linear sprints, repeated sprint ability, isometric strength (p < 0.003; effect size = 1.78-11.86), and quadriceps-hamstring imbalance in both legs (p < 0.001; effect size = 2.37-3.71) in comparison to the CG. In addition, the EG players showed a significantly (p < 0.05) lower injury burden (p < 0.001, relative risk = 5.05, 95% confidence interval = 3.27-7.79). This study demonstrated the beneficial effects of a 12-week maximal strength-training program on physical fitness attributes and injury burden in semi-professional soccer players.

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Resumen: Introducción: La enfermedad de Parkinson (EP) es un trastorno neurológico y progresivo caracterizado por síntomas motores y no motores que influyen en el deterioro de la calidad de vida. Objetivo: Esta investigación tiene como objetivo analizar los efectos de un programa de intervención multicomponente basado en la actividad física y el deporte en la funcionalidad de personas con EP, tanto con alta como con baja afectación. Metodología: Para ello, 16 personas (13 hombres y 3 mujeres) con EP participaron en este estudio, dividiéndose en 2 grupos según su nivel de afectación, el de baja (GBA, n = 12) y el de alta (GAA, n = 4). Se realizó una intervención de un programa de ejercicio físico multicomponente a todos los participantes durante 4 semanas (2 sesiones de 50 minutos, por semana). Se realizó una batería de test funcionales (Six minutes walk test (6MWT); Single-leg Stance test (SLS); Time Up and Go (TUG) y The five times sitto-stand Chair (FTSTS)) una semana antes (T1) y una semana después de la intervención (T2). Resultados: El total de la muestra mejoró significativamente en el test SLS (P < 0.05; d > 0.56, moderado). Sin embargo, analizando cada grupo, de conformidad con su nivel de afectación, el grupo GBA obtuvo mejoras significativas en SLS y 5STS (d= 0.44 - 0.68, p < 0.05), mientras que no se observaron diferencias significativas en el grupo GAA en ninguna variable analizada. Conclusiones: Los resultados del presente estudio muestran la necesidad de realizar más estudios con programas de larga duración y más frecuencia semanal.

Abstract: Introduction: Parkinson's disease (PD) is a progressive neurological disorder characterized by motor and non-motor symptoms that influence the impairment of quality of life. Objective: This research aims to analyze the effects of a multicomponent intervention program based on physical exercise and sport on the physiological functions of people with PD, both with high and low impairment. Methodology: For this purpose, sixteen people (13 men and 3 women) with PD participated in this study, divided into two groups according to their level of impairment, low (GBA, n = 12) and high (GAA, n = 4). A multicomponent physical exercise program intervention was administered to all participants for 4 weeks (2 sessions of 50 minutes per week). A battery of functional tests (Six minutes walk test (6MWT); Single-leg Stance test (SLS); Time Up and Go (TUG) and The five times sit-to-stand Chair (FTSTS)) was performed one week before (T1) and one week after the intervention (T2). Results: The total sample improved significantly on the SLS test (P < 0.05; d > 0.56, moderate). However, analyzing each group according to their level of impairment, the GBA group obtained significant improvements in SLS and 5STS (d= 0.44 - 0.68, P < 0.05), while no significant differences were observed in the GAA group in any of the variables analyzed. Conclusion: The results of the present study show the need for further studies with longer duration and more frequent weekly programs.

Resumo: Introdução: A doença de Parkinson (DP) é um distúrbio neurológico progressivo, caracterizado por sintomas motores e não motores que influenciam a deterioração da qualidade de vida. Objetivo: Esta pesquisa visa analisar os efeitos de um programa de intervenção multicomponente baseado na atividade física e no esporte sobre a funcionalidade das pessoas com DP, tanto com deficiência alta quanto baixa. Metodologia: Para este fim, 16 pessoas (13 homens e 3 mulheres) com DP participaram deste estudo, divididos em dois grupos de acordo com seu nível de afecção, o baixo (GBA, n = 12) e o alto (GAA, n = 4). Uma intervenção de um programa de exercícios físicos multicomponentes foi realizada com todos os participantes durante 4 semanas (2 sessões de 50 minutos por semana). Uma bateria de testes funcionais (Six minutes walk test (6MWT); Single-leg Stance test (SLS); Time Up and Go (TUG) y The five times sit-to-stand Chair (FTSTS)) foi realizada uma semana antes (T1) e uma semana após a intervenção (T2). Resultados: A amostra total melhorou significativamente no teste SLS (P < 0,05; d > 0,56, moderado). Não obstante, analisando cada grupo de acordo com seu nível de deficiência, o grupo GBA obteve melhorias significativas no SLS e 5STS (d= 0,44 - 0,68, p < 0,05), mas não se observaram diferenças significativas no grupo GAA em nenhuma variável analisada. Conclusões: Os resultados do presente estudo mostram a necessidade de mais estudos com programas de maior duração e mais frequência semanal.

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Purpose: The aim was to analyze the differences between wheelchair basketball players with Spinal Cord Injury (SCI) and without Spinal Cord injury (Non-SCI) in psycho-physiological response and neuromuscular fatigue in a series of small-sided games (SSG). Methods: Thirteen high-level wheelchair basketball male players (age 28.8 ± 9.2 years, body mass 75.9 ± 11.3 kg) participated in four versus four SSG once a week for five consecutive weeks. Absolute and relative heart rate (HR) during SSG and muscular and respiratory perceived exertion (RPEmus and RPEres), tympanic temperature, and acceleration capacity were recorded at the end of each SSG. Results: No significant differences were observed between SCI and non-SCI players in relative HR variables in SSG series. However, the SCI group had a lower absolute HR (mean HR and peak HR) (p < .05 or p < .01, ES = 0.73-1.39) and higher perceived muscular load (RPEmusTL) (p < .01, ES = 0.75-0.82) during SSG. Regarding the evolution of the physiological response, no differences were observed between the four bouts in the SCI group. However, the Non-SCI group showed an increase in the absolute and relative variables of HR and RPEres and RPEmus (p < .05 or p < .01, ES = 0.45-1.06). On the contrary, only the SCI group showed a loss of acceleration capacity between the four series (p < .05, ES = 0.28-0.35). Conclusion: The results of this study show that there are differences between SCI and non-SCI wheelchair basketball players in their physiological response and acceleration capacity during SSG tasks.

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Objectives: The purpose of this study was 1) to determine and compare kinetic parameters during the realization of a countermovement jump (CMJ) between footballers with cerebral palsy (CP) and non-impaired footballers, and 2) to analyze the differences in this action between different players' impairment profiles and a group of non-impaired footballers. Methods: This study involved 154 participants comprising 121 male footballers with CP from 11 national teams and 33 male non-impaired football players recruited as the control group (CG). The footballers with CP were described according to the different impairment profiles (bilateral spasticity = 10; athetosis or ataxia = 16; unilateral spasticity = 77; minimum impairment = 18). All participants performed three CMJs on a force platform to record kinetic parameters during the test. Results: The group of para-footballers presented significantly lower values than the CG in the jump height (p < 0.01, d = -1.28), peak power (p < 0.01, d = -0.84), and the net concentric impulse (p < 0.01, d = -0.86). Concerning the pairwise comparisons between CP profiles and the CG, significant differences were found for the bilateral spasticity, athetosis or ataxia, and unilateral spasticity subgroups compared to the non-impaired players for jump height (p < 0.01; d = -1.31 to -2.61), power output (p < 0.05; d = -0.77 to -1.66), and concentric impulse of the CMJ (p < 0.01; d = -0.86 to -1.97). When comparing the minimum impairment subgroup with the CG, only significant differences were found for jump height (p = 0.036; d = -0.82). Footballers with minimum impairment presented higher jumping height (p = 0.002; d = -1.32) and concentric impulse (p = 0.029; d = -1.08) compared to those with bilateral spasticity. Also, the unilateral spasticity subgroup reports a higher jump height performance than the bilateral group (p = 0.012; d = -1.12). Conclusion: These results suggest that the variables related to power production during the concentric phase of the jump are crucial for the performance differences between groups with and without impairment. This study provides a more comprehensive understanding of kinetic variables that would differentiate CP and non-impaired footballers. However, more studies are necessary to clarify which parameters better differentiate among different profiles of CP. The findings could help to prescribe effective physical training programs and support the classifier's decision-making for class allocation in this para-sport.

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This study aimed to explore the match-physical response of international-level footballers with cerebral palsy (CP) according to contextual factors such as team ranking, the quality level of opposition, and match outcome. Eighty-two male outfield footballers with CP from top-ranked teams (n = 26) and bottom-ranked teams (n = 56) took part in this study. The match-player response was recorded using global positioning devices considering the total distance, distance covered at different velocities and number of short-term actions. Players from top-ranked teams covered more distance at low intensities compared to players from bottom-ranked teams (p < 0.05; 0.45 < ES < 0.49). Higher sprint distance, moderate and high accelerations/decelerations were found in players from top-ranked teams playing against teams of similar levels (p < 0.05; 0.73g< 0.86). When players from bottom-ranked teams played against teams of equivalent rank, more physical requirements were presented in total distance, running from medium to sprint intensities, and the number of short-term actions (p < 0.0.05; -0.55S < -0.89). Players from the top-ranking teams presented greater sprint demands in losing matches (p<0.05; dg=-1.01). Considering the bottom-ranking opposition, players presented more running demands in matches with losing results in moderate running, sprinting, and moderate-to-high deceleration (p < 0.05; -0.61 < dg < -0.64). The match-physical response of players with CP varies according to the contextual factors studied. The results provide advice for coaches and classifiers to understand more comprehensively the competing demands in CP football. This knowledge could help practitioners to prepare competition matches and planning training load or post-match recovery strategies, but also for the observation assessments of the classification process in this team para-sport.

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The objectives of this study were to describe differentiated perceived training and match load (dRPE-L) of wheelchair basketball (WB) players during the whole season, to analyze the evolution of players' physical condition changes during a full season and to analyze the association between dRPE-L and changes in physical condition during a full season. Nineteen Spanish Second Division WB players participated in this study. For a full season (10 months, 26 weeks), dRPE-L was assessed with the session-RPE method, separating respiratory (RPEres-L) and muscular (RPEmus-L) perceived load. The physical condition of the players was also assessed at four different times during the season (T1, T2, T3 and T4). The results showed a significantly higher total and average accumulated muscular RPE load (RPEmusTOT-L and RPEmusAVG-L) than total and average respiratory load (RPEresTOT-L and RPEresAVG-L) (p < 0.01; ES = 0.52-0.55). No significant changes were observed in the physical condition of the players at the different moments of the season. Moreover, a significant association was observed only between RPEresTOT-L and Repeated Sprint Ability standard deviation of 3 m (RSAsdec3m) (r = 0.90, p < 0.05). The results suggest that the competitive season represented considerable neuromuscular involvement in these players.

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The aim of the study was to analyse the perception of the barriers and motives for the practice of physical activity (PA) in people with a disability, according to gender and type of disability. The participants in this investigation were 103 people with a disability (33.25 ± 11.86 years) who were habitual users of PA or sports programmes. They completed the questionnaire Motives and Barriers for Physical Activity and Sport (MBAFD). The results showed that personal barriers were more important than environmental ones and that the most outstanding motives were those related to leisure, enjoyment or social aspects. Regarding gender, women perceived more barriers than men. For the people with physical (PD) and intellectual (ID) disabilities, the most common barriers were of an intrinsic nature, and for those with a visual disability (VD), barriers of an environmental nature. With respect to the motives, people with PD gave higher scores to the items related to aspects of physical improvement and rehabilitation. In contrast, people with ID and VD placed more importance on reasons of leisure, enjoyment and social relations. Knowledge of these findings can be a tool to help increase the provision of PA for people with a disability.

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This study aimed to analyze whether there are differences and associations in the physical responses in international-level cerebral palsy footballers between official matches and 2v2 small-sided games (2v2-SSG). One hundred seventy international cerebral palsy footballers participated in this study during three international championships. The physical responses of mean and maximum velocities, total distance, distance covered at different intensities, short-term actions, and player load were collected during 2v2-SSG and the real competition. The mean velocity, total distance, jogging, medium- and high-intensity distances, the number of moderate/high accelerations, decelerations, and player load were relatively higher in the 2v2-SSG than in the official matches. Even though the 2v2-SSG could become an appropriate drill to include during the classification process, due to the differences between a 2v2-SSG and the official competition, it is necessary to deepen the scientific knowledge for developing observation methods during real competition to strengthen the relationships between eligible impairments and activity limitation.

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The main objective of this study was to compare the physical response of para-footballers with cerebral palsy (CP) in official international football matches played at moderate altitude and sea level locations. Eighty-seven international CP footballers participated in this study. We divided participants according to the place of the international competition [sea level group (SLG) and moderate altitude group (MAG)], sport classes (i.e., FT1, FT2, and FT3), and match playing time (i.e., <20 min, 20‒40 min, and >40 min). We recorded the physical response using global position system devices during matches. This study showed that MAG described a lower physical response than SLG on total distance, distance covered at different intensities, and the number of accelerations and decelerations. FT2 and FT3 presented a similar pattern, where we found significant differences for total distance, distance covered at lower and high intensities and moderate accelerations, and decelerations. Considering the playing time during altitude matches, the 20‒40 min and >40 min groups obtained more marked differences in the physical response variables. Para-footballers with CP who competed under altitude conditions showed a lower physical response during football matches, suggesting the implementation of specific preparation and training strategies to face the demanding environmental conditions.

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The aim of this paper was to examine how contextual factors affect match demands in amateur referees. Twenty-three field referees participated in this study. Match physical and physiological demands were monitored. Results showed that referees recorded greater total distance (p < 0.01), Powermean (p < 0.01), Speedmean (p < 0.05) and Cadencemean (p<0.05) on natural fields compared to artificial turf fields. Greater total distance (p < 0.01), Powermean (p < 0.01), Speedmean (p < 0.01), Cadencemean (p < 0.05) and Stiffnessmean (p < 0.05) were recorded in above-standard fields in comparison to below-standard fields. Referees recorded greater total distance (p < 0.05), Powermean (p < 0.05) and Speedmean (p < 0.05) during matches played with an environmental temperature of over 20º compared to those matches played at temperatures below 10º. Referees’ covered more total distance in second-round matches compared to first round matches. Results suggest that the physical demands supported by soccer referees during official matches are influenced by the type of surface, pitch size, environmental temperature and period of the season, however, physiological demands do not seem to be conditioned by contextual factors.(AU)

El objetivo principal de este trabajo fue examinar cómo los factores contextuales afectan a la carga de partido de los árbitros amateur. Veintitrés árbitros de campo de la División de Honor española participaron en este estudio. Para ello se registraron la carga física y fisiológica de partido. Los resultados mostraron que los árbitros registraron una mayor distancia total (p < 0,01), potencia media (p < 0,01), velocidad media (p < 0,05) y cadencia media (p < 0,05) en los campos naturales en comparación con los campos de césped artificial. Se registró una mayor distancia total (p < 0,01), potencia media (p < 0,01), velocidad media (p < 0,01), cadencia media (p < 0,05) y media de stiffness medio (p < 0,05) en los campos más grandes que la media en comparación con los campos por debajo de la media. Los árbitros cubrieron más distancia total (p < 0,05), potencia media (p < 0,05) y velocidad media (p < 0,05) durante los partidos jugados con una temperatura ambiental superior a 20º en comparación con los partidos jugados con temperaturas inferiores a 10º. Los árbitros recorrieron más distancia total en los partidos de la vuelta en comparación con los partidos jugados en la ida (p < 0,05). Los resultados sugieren que la carga física de los árbitros de fútbol durante los partidos oficiales, están influenciadas por el tipo de superficie, el tamaño del campo, la temperatura ambiental y el período de la temporada, en cambio la carga fisiológica no parece estar condicionada por los factores contextuales.(AU)

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AIMS: The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of physical education (PE) class contents on 6-8 years school-age children's perceived exertion, psychological responses and cognitive functions. MATERIALS AND METHODS: These dimensions were measured in 135 children (6.61 ± 0.58 years) before and after an 8-week different PE intervention programs [i.e. balance intervention program (BIP), game based program (GBP) or drama learning program (DLP)]. RESULTS: With regard to the physical exertion, higher perceived exertion was found in BIP than in GBP and DLP (p < .01, ES = -0.5 to -1.0, small to moderate). Regarding cognitive functions, children of the GBP and the DLP significantly improved some of the cognitive functions test scores (p < .01 or 0.05, ES = 0.5 to 1.5, small to large). CONCLUSION: These results lead us to think that physical activity could be an effective tool for improving children's cognitive functions.

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The aim of the present study was to determine, for the first time in elite women's wheelchair basketball, the differences in the initial maximum push-rim propulsion (IMPRP), mechanical outputs, and sprint performance between A category (≤2.5 class) and B category (≥3 class) players. A secondary aim was to assess the association between IMPRP mechanical outputs and sprint performance to determine the influence of specific strength in the latter. Sixteen Spanish women's wheelchair basketball players participated in this study: A category (n = 9, International Wheelchair Basketball Federation [IWBF] classification range: 1-2.5 points) and B category (n = 7, IWBF classification range: 3-4.5 points). All the players undertook 2 tests: the IMPRP test to measure the strength variables and the 3-, 5-, and 12-m sprint test. B category players reported significantly better performance values in almost all the IMPRP variables and all the sprint distances than A category players. Large to very large significant correlations were observed among IMPRP absolute mechanical outputs (excepting mean power) and sprint performance (3, 5, and 12 m) for all the participants. When the group was divided according to categories A and B, the significant differences observed in the whole group decreased in both groups, although some relationships were large or very large. The IMPRP test and sprint test (3, 5, and 12 m) seemed to be sensitive to differentiate the level between the 2 functional categories. In addition, there was a high association between strength and sprint variables, which shows that greater strength could improve sprint capacity.

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Inactivity is higher among women than among men, and there are few specific questionnaires used to assess physical activity (PA) in women that are truly meaningful to them. This article tackles the design and validation process of an ad hoc multidimensional questionnaire to assess leisure time physical activity (LTPA) among adult women of Gipuzkoa. The questionnaire was completed by 3595 adult women (43.5 ± 12.1 years), 32% of which were inactive and 68% of which were active. Content validation, ecological validation, and internal consistency analysis results were satisfactory. The Gipuzkoa Women's Physical Activity Questionnaire (GWPAQ) consists of four dimensions and 21 items. Barriers to PA were found related to intrapersonal, environmental, and socio-cultural aspects. The importance of family and spousal support in increasing PA levels was also observed. It is concluded that the GWPAQ is valid for obtaining evidence that can be used by public institutions to optimise women-specific PA promotion policies.

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This study aimed to determine the rated perceived exertion (RPE) and match load (RPE-ML) to compare pre-post-match vertical jump (VJ) capacity according to cerebral palsy (CP) players' sport classes (i.e., FT1−FT3) and playing positions and to explore whether the neuromuscular performance variation is associated with the internal load of para-footballers with CP. Fifty-six male para-footballers performed two VJ tests before and immediately after a competitive CP football match, followed by measurements of the players' RPE and RPE-ML. There were no significant differences (p > 0.05) in the pairwise comparisons for RPE and RPE-ML according to sport classes and playing position. A significant reduction in the VJ performance was found for each player sport class and playing position in squat jump (SJ) (p < 0.01; 0.24 < dg < 0.58) and countermovement jump (CMJ) (p < 0.05; 0.22 < dg < 0.45). Regarding the pairwise comparisons, players with the minimal impairment criteria (FT3) obtained higher deficit scores during SJ than those belonging to the FT1 and FT2 (p = 0.003; 1.00 < dg < 1.56). Defenders experienced the lowest performance compared to midfielders and attackers in SJ performance (p = 0.027; 0.94 < dg < 1.28). Significant correlations were obtained between ΔSJ or ΔCMJ and RPE or RPE-ML (r = −0.58 to −0.75; p < 0.001). These findings provide novel information supporting the notion that fatigue induced after a competitive match causes notable impairments in VJ performance differentiated according to sport class and playing position in para-footballers with CP.

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RESUMEN

El objetivo del estudio fue analizar el comportamiento de la variabilidad de la frecuencia cardíaca (VFC) de jugadores de tenis de mesa antes y después de un partido ateniendo al resultado (ganar o perder). Se midió la VFC antes (PRE) y después (POST) del partido a 21 jugadores de tenis de mesa en un total de 30 partidos. No se observaron diferencias significativas ni en el PRE ni en el POST en función del resultado. Se observó un descenso (p < 0,05) en la media de los intervalos RR (media RR), la desviación estándar de los intervalos R-R (SDNN), el logaritmo natural de la raíz cuadrada del valor medio de la suma de las diferencias al cuadrado de todos los intervalos R-R (LnRMSSD), el porcentaje de los intervalos RR consecutivos que discrepan en más de 50 ms entre sí (pNN50), el eje transversal (SD1) y longitudinal (SD2) del diagrama de Poincaré en el POST con respecto al PRE en ambos grupos. Sin embargo, las variables de la banda de baja frecuencia expresada en fuerza absoluta (LF Power), la banda de alta frecuencia expresadas en fuerza absoluta (HF Power) y fuerza normalizada (HF Power) mostraron tendencias distintas en función del resultado (p < 0,05). Los resultados muestran un descenso en la VFC después de disputar un partido de tenis de mesa independientemente del resultado del partido en el dominio del tiempo y en variables no lineales. No obstante, el dominio de la frecuencia muestra una tendencia distinta en función del resultado.(AU)

The aim of this study was to compare heart rate variability (HRV) indices before and after a table tennis match, depending in match result. HRV indices were measured before (PRE) and after (POST) match periods to 21 table tennis players (21.86 ± 8.34 yr) in 30 matches. No significant differences were found neither in PRE nor in POST measures comparing winners and losers. A significantly lower value (p < 0.05) was found in mean of RR intervals (mean RR), standard deviation of RR intervals (SDNN), the natural logarithm transform of the root mean square of successive differences between normal heartbeats (LnRMSSD), relative number of successive RR interval pairs that differ more than 50 ms (pNN50), cross (SD1) and longitudinal (SD2) axis of Poincaré plot comparing POST values with PRE values. Nevertheless, low frequency index expressed in absolute power (LF Power) and high frequency indices expressed in absolute power (HF power) and normalised power (HF Power) showed different trends depending on the results (p < 0.05). The obtained results show a HRV decrease after table tennis match regardless the match result, in both time domain and non-linear indices. However, frequency domain indices show a different trend depending on the match outcome.(AU)

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