RESUMEN
To overcome certain disadvantages of the tilted-mirror situation as a technique for separating visual and postural determinants of the perceived upright, a new procedure was developed. The S was presented with a small tilted room, on the back wall of which was a rod which he had to adjust to the true upright. In a first test, judgments of the rod were obtained with body upright, and under three different conditions of the field: (a) The S, standing at a distance from the tilted scene, viewed it through a tube which restricted his view to the interior of the scene. (b) The S stood directly in front of the scene without a tube. (c) The S stood at a distance from the scene, without a tube, so that he saw not only the tilted scene but the outer upright room as well. Under all three conditions the perceived vertical and horizontal were displaced significantly in the direction of the axes of the tilted scene. When an outer upright field was present, as in the third condition, the effect of the tilted scene upon the perceived upright diminished. In another experiment, judgments of the rod were obtained with body tilted, both to the same side as the field and to the opposite side. It was found that tilting the body resulted in an increased tendency to accept the tilted field as a basis for judging the upright. Not only were the perceived vertical and horizontal displaced further in the direction of the tilted scene, but a number of Ss perceived the tilted scene as fully upright. In another experiment there was found a tendency for the tilted scene to right itself with prolonged observation. In some cases the righting was complete, so that at the end of the observation period, the tilted scene was perceived to be fully upright. Under all conditions, striking individual differences were found in the extent to which the perceived upright was affected by the surrounding tilted field. There is evidence of considerably consistency in a person's performance under the different conditions employed.
Asunto(s)
Cinestesia , Orientación , Distorsión de la Percepción , Postura , Percepción Espacial , Campos Visuales , Adulto , Atención , Aprendizaje Discriminativo , Femenino , Humanos , Masculino , Ilusiones Ópticas , PsicofísicaRESUMEN
The purposes of this report are to describe a design for the study of X linkage, to illustrate its application using cognitive test scores, and to offer a linkage hypothesis suggested by these data. Sixty-seven three-son families were examined for two X chromosome marker variables--red-green color vision and Xg(a) blood groups--and given a battery of cognitive tests of field dependence and spatial visualization abilities. Evidence was found to suggest that brothers who are identical in Xg(a) phenotype are more similar to each other in extent of field dependence than brothers who are different in Xg(a) phenotype. This result is tentative because of the small number of informative cases and the many linkage associations examined. If cross-validated, such a finding would be consistent with the proposition that an X chromosome gene contributes to the field dependence cognitive style.
Asunto(s)
Antígenos de Grupos Sanguíneos , Cognición , Defectos de la Visión Cromática , Ligamiento Genético , Cromosomas Sexuales , Percepción Visual , Cromosoma X , Femenino , Genes , Humanos , Masculino , Matemática , Modelos BiológicosAsunto(s)
Área de Dependencia-Independencia , Personalidad , Conducta Social , Adolescente , Adulto , Factores de Edad , Atención , Niño , Preescolar , Cognición , Señales (Psicología) , Dependencia Psicológica , Emociones , Femenino , Hostilidad , Humanos , Individualidad , Relaciones Interpersonales , Masculino , Persona de Mediana Edad , Espacio Personal , Factores Sexuales , Deseabilidad Social , Medio Social , Aislamiento SocialAsunto(s)
Selección de Profesión , Cognición , Toma de Decisiones , Área de Dependencia-Independencia , Personalidad , Logro , Femenino , Humanos , Estudios Longitudinales , MasculinoAsunto(s)
Psicología Criminal , Aberraciones Cromosómicas Sexuales , Agresión , Estatura , Dinamarca , Humanos , Inteligencia , Síndrome de Klinefelter , Masculino , Conducta Social , Medio SocialRESUMEN
Previous studies have shown that persons matched in level of differentiation are likely to develop greater interpersonal attraction in the course of an interaction than are mismatched persons. These studies were all conducted in situations where the interacting persons were working toward a common goal. To test the hypothesis that situational variables may moderate match-mismatch effects, the present study investigated these affects when the interacting persons were in conflict. Based on their performance in tests of field dependence-independence, subjects were selected as relatively high or relatively low in level of differentiation. Three kinds of dyads were composed-high-differentiation/high-differentiation, low-differentiation/low-differentiation, and high-differentiation/low-differentiation--and their task was to reconcile conflict on an issue about which they were known to disagree. It was predicted that because of the more accommodating quality of low-differentiation persons, dyads including one or two such subjects would more often reconcile their disagreements and show greater interpersonal attraction than would dyads consisting of two high-differentiation subjects. Both predictions were confirmed, supporting the hypothesis that the outcome of match or mismatch is mediated by situational variables.