RESUMEN
Thirty strength-trained subjects were randomized to carbohydrate (CHO) or placebo (Pla) groups and lifted weights for 2 h (10 exercises, 4 sets each, 10 repetitions, with 2- to 3-min rest intervals). Subjects received 10 ml x kg(-1) x h(-1) CHO (6%) or Pla beverages during the weight training bout. Blood, saliva, and vastus lateralis muscle biopsy samples were collected before and after exercise. Blood cell counts were determined, and plasma was analyzed for IL-6, IL-10, IL-1 receptor antagonist (IL-1ra), IL-8, and cortisol. Muscle was analyzed for glycogen content and relative gene expression of 13 cytokines (IL-1alpha, IL-1beta, IL-2, IL-4, IL-5, IL-6, IL-8, IL-10, IL-12p35, IL-12p40, IL-15, IFN-gamma, TNF-alpha) by use of real-time quantitative RT-PCR. Significant but modest increases were measured for plasma IL-6, IL-10, IL-1ra, and IL-8, but the pattern of increase did not differ between CHO and Pla groups. The rate of decrease in muscle glycogen content did not differ between CHO and Pla (P = 0.463). Muscle cytokine mRNA was detected preexercise for IL-1beta, IL-6, IL-15, IL-8, and TNF-alpha, and of these, IL-1beta, IL-6, IL-8, and TNF-alpha were significantly increased after the 2-h weight training bout. The increase in mRNA (fold difference from preexercise) did not differ between CHO and Pla groups. In summary, CHO vs. Pla ingestion did not alter modest increases measured for plasma IL-6, IL-10, IL-1ra, and IL-8, and muscle gene expression for IL-1beta, IL-6, IL-8, and TNF-alpha in strength-trained subjects lifting weights intensively for 2 h.
Asunto(s)
Carbohidratos/administración & dosificación , Sistema Inmunológico/efectos de los fármacos , Sistema Inmunológico/fisiología , Resistencia Física , Levantamiento de Peso/fisiología , Administración Oral , Adulto , Recuento de Células Sanguíneas , Citocinas/sangre , Citocinas/genética , Citocinas/metabolismo , Expresión Génica , Glucógeno/antagonistas & inhibidores , Humanos , Hidrocortisona/sangre , Masculino , Músculo Esquelético/metabolismo , ARN Mensajero/metabolismo , Factores de TiempoRESUMEN
Sixteen experienced marathoners ran on treadmills for 3 h at approximately 70% maximal oxygen consumption (Vo(2 max)) on two occasions while receiving 1 l/h carbohydrate (CHO) or placebo (Pla) beverages. Blood and vastus lateralis muscle biopsy samples were collected before and after exercise. Plasma was analyzed for IL-6, IL-10, IL-1 receptor agonist (IL-1ra), IL-8, cortisol, glucose, and insulin. Muscle was analyzed for glycogen content and relative gene expression of 13 cytokines by using real-time quantitative RT-PCR. Plasma glucose and insulin were higher, and cortisol, IL-6, IL-10, and IL-1ra, but not IL-8, were significantly lower postexercise in CHO vs. Pla. Change in muscle glycogen content did not differ between CHO and Pla (P = 0.246). Muscle cytokine mRNA content was detected preexercise for seven cytokines in this order (highest to lowest): IL-15, TNF-alpha, IL-8, IL-1beta, IL-12p35, IL-6, and IFN-gamma. After subjects ran for 3 h, gene expression above prerun levels was measured for five of these cytokines: IL-1beta, IL-6, and IL-8 (large increases), and IL-10 and TNF-alpha (small increases). The increase in mRNA (fold difference from preexercise) was attenuated in CHO (15.9-fold) compared with Pla (35.2-fold) for IL-6 (P = 0.071) and IL-8 (CHO, 7.8-fold; Pla, 23.3-fold; P = 0.063). CHO compared with Pla beverage ingestion attenuates the increase in plasma IL-6, IL-10, and IL-1ra and gene expression for IL-6 and IL-8 in athletes running 3 h at 70% Vo(2 max) despite no differences in muscle glycogen content.
Asunto(s)
Citocinas/biosíntesis , Citocinas/sangre , Carbohidratos de la Dieta/farmacología , Músculo Esquelético/metabolismo , ARN Mensajero/biosíntesis , Carrera/fisiología , Adulto , Recuento de Células Sanguíneas , Glucemia/metabolismo , Citocinas/genética , ADN Complementario/biosíntesis , ADN Complementario/genética , Femenino , Expresión Génica , Glucógeno/metabolismo , Hormonas/sangre , Humanos , Hidrocortisona/sangre , Inmunoglobulina A/análisis , Inmunoglobulina A/metabolismo , Recuento de Leucocitos , Masculino , Persona de Mediana Edad , Músculo Esquelético/efectos de los fármacos , Consumo de Oxígeno/efectos de los fármacos , Consumo de Oxígeno/fisiología , ARN Mensajero/genética , Saliva/química , Saliva/inmunologíaRESUMEN
The influence of carbohydrate (1 l/h of a 6 % carbohydrate beverage), gender, and age on salivary IgA (sIgA) changes and incidence of upper respiratory tract infection (URTI) was studied in 98 runners following two competitive marathon races. The pattern of change in sIgA concentration differed significantly between carbohydrate (C) (N = 48) and placebo (P) (N = 50) groups, with higher post-race values measured in P. However, when this was adjusted for saliva protein concentration and saliva secretion rate, no difference between groups was measured. For all subjects combined, sIgA concentration, saliva IgA: protein ratio (spIgA), and sIgA secretion rates fell significantly (21 %, 31 %, and 25 %, respectively) below pre-race levels by 1,5-h post-race (p < 0.001). The pattern of change in all saliva measures did not differ significantly between the 12 women and 86 men in this study, and between the 23 older (> or =50 yr) and 75 younger (< 50 yr) subjects. Ninety-three subjects returned health/sickness logs, and of these, 16 (17 %) reported developing URTI during the 15-d period following the race event. The 1.5-h post-race spIgA concentration, but not sIgA concentration or secretion rate, was lower in runners reporting URTI compared to those who did not (254 +/- 30 and 388 +/- 26 microg*g(-1), respectively, p = 0.002), and this was negatively correlated with the post-race plasma cortisol concentration (r = -0.36, p < 0.001). Of the 16 runners, six were in the C group and 10 in the P group (Chi square = 1.11, p = 0.293). In conclusion, the output of sIgA decreased in runners following a competitive marathon, and this was not influenced by carbohydrate ingestion, age, or gender.
Asunto(s)
Inmunoglobulina A Secretora/metabolismo , Esfuerzo Físico/fisiología , Carrera/fisiología , Saliva/inmunología , Adulto , Factores de Edad , Anciano , Biomarcadores/análisis , Carbohidratos de la Dieta/inmunología , Femenino , Humanos , Inmunoglobulina A Secretora/análisis , Incidencia , Masculino , Persona de Mediana Edad , North Carolina/epidemiología , Infecciones del Sistema Respiratorio/epidemiología , Infecciones del Sistema Respiratorio/inmunología , Saliva/química , Factores Sexuales , Análisis y Desempeño de TareasRESUMEN
The influence of carbohydrate (1 l/h of a 6% carbohydrate beverage), gender, and age on pro- and anti-inflammatory plasma cytokine and hormone changes was studied in 98 runners for 1.5 h after two competitive marathon races. The marathoner runners were randomly assigned to carbohydrate (C, n = 48) and placebo (P, n = 50) groups, with beverages administered during the races in a double-blind fashion using color codes. Plasma glucose was higher and cortisol was lower in the C than in the P group after the race (P < 0.001). For all subjects combined, plasma levels of interleukin (IL)-10, IL-1 receptor antagonist (IL-1ra), IL-6, and IL-8 rose significantly immediately after the race and remained above prerace levels 1.5 h later. The pattern of change in all cytokines did not differ significantly between the 12 women and 86 men in the study and the 23 subjects > or =50 yr of age and the 75 subjects <50 yr of age. The pattern of change in IL-10, IL-1ra, and IL-8, but not IL-6, differed significantly between the C and the P group, with higher postrace values measured for IL-10 (109% higher) and IL-1ra (212%) in the P group and for IL-8 (42%) in the C group. In conclusion, plasma levels of IL-10, IL-1ra, IL-6, and IL-8 rose strongly in runners after a competitive marathon, and this was not influenced by age or gender. Carbohydrate ingestion, however, had a major effect in attenuating increases in cortisol and two anti-inflammatory cytokines, IL-10 and IL-1ra.
Asunto(s)
Citocinas/sangre , Carrera/fisiología , Adulto , Anciano , Bebidas , Carbohidratos de la Dieta/farmacología , Método Doble Ciego , Femenino , Humanos , Hidrocortisona/antagonistas & inhibidores , Hidrocortisona/sangre , Proteína Antagonista del Receptor de Interleucina 1 , Interleucina-10/antagonistas & inhibidores , Interleucina-10/sangre , Interleucina-6/sangre , Interleucina-8/sangre , Masculino , Persona de Mediana Edad , Sialoglicoproteínas/antagonistas & inhibidores , Sialoglicoproteínas/sangreRESUMEN
This paper presents an overview of the Husky Sport Nutrition Program at the University of Washington. This program is a component of the Department of Intercollegiate Athletics Total Student-Athlete Program, an NCAA-sponsored CHAMPS/Life Skills Program that provides life skills assistance to student-athletes. Successful integration of a sport nutrition program requires an understanding of the athletic culture, physiological milestones, and life stressors faced by college athletes. The sport nutritionist functions as an educator, counselor, and administrator. Team presentations and individual nutrition counseling provide athletes with accurate information on healthy eating behaviors for optimal performance. For women's sports, a multidisciplinary team including the sport nutritionist, team physician, clinical psychologist, and athletic trainer work to prevent and treat eating disorders. Case studies are presented illustrating the breadth of nutrition-related issues faced by a sport nutritionist working with college athletes.
Asunto(s)
Ciencias de la Nutrición/educación , Deportes , Adulto , Consejo , Cultura , Conducta Alimentaria , Trastornos de Alimentación y de la Ingestión de Alimentos/prevención & control , Femenino , Conductas Relacionadas con la Salud , Humanos , Estilo de Vida , Masculino , Destreza Motora/fisiología , Grupo de Atención al Paciente , Psicología Clínica , Deportes/fisiología , Medicina Deportiva , Estrés Psicológico/fisiopatología , Universidades , WashingtónRESUMEN
Insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM) is a chronic disease in which insulin production from the pancreas is diminished or absent. Insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus is most often diagnosed in childhood, but it also occurs in adults. Treatment requires the use of exogenous insulin coordinated with food intake and physical activity. Management goals for IDDM are to attain metabolic control of glucose and lipid levels and to prevent or delay the onset of medical complications associated with diabetes. Because the type and amount of food consumed directly affect blood glucose levels, meal and snack planning, along with an appropriate insulin regimen and physical activity program, is necessary to achieve management goals. Nutrition assessment, initial education, implementation of a meal plan, and ongoing nutrition education and counseling are part of the process of nutrition management of diabetes. The registered dietitian who has a working knowledge of nutrition and diabetes management serves as an integral part of the diabetes health care team.