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Using a four-wave/seven-month longitudinal design with a sample of 1595 preadolescents (53% boys, 47% girls, Mage = 10.2 years) from 63 fourth-, fifth- and sixth- grade classrooms in nine mixed-sex schools in Bogotá, Colombia, we examined whether growth trajectories of measures of overt and relational aggression varied as a function of classroom norms for aggression. Multilevel growth mixture modeling revealed (a) distinct trajectories of overt and relational aggression for boys and girls and (b) that norm salience (i.e., the process by which a group norm is made salient via the punishments or reinforcements to the behavior within the group) was a better predictor of associations with trajectories of overt and relational aggression than were perceived injunctive norms (i.e., the perceived standards of what is approved or disapproved in a social context). In classrooms where popular or accepted children were perceived by their peers as aggressive, more boys followed an increasing trajectory of overt and relational aggression than a low-stable trajectory, and more girls followed a high-stable trajectory of relational aggression than a low-stable trajectory. These findings are discussed in terms of the practical implications for the design of educational interventions aimed at preventing aggression in classroom settings.

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This work presents a stochastic procedure designed to formulate a discrete set of molecular structures that, as a whole, adjust properly to experimental asphaltene data. This algorithm incorporates the pentane effect concept and Clar's sextet rule to the formulation process. The set of viable structures was constructed based on probability distribution functions obtained from experimental information and an isomer database containing all plausible configurations for a given number of rings, avoiding high-energy structures. This procedure was applied to a collection of experimental data from the literature. Ten sets, consisting of 5000 structures each, were obtained. Each set was then optimized. For the most accurate representation, four molecules were sufficient to properly reproduce the experimental input. The asphaltene system obtained is consistent with the reported molecular weight, number of aromatic rings and heteroatom content. Molecular dynamic simulations showed that the asphaltene representation adequately reproduced asphaltene aggregation behavior in toluene and n-heptane. In toluene, a single three-molecule aggregate was observed, and the majority of asphaltene molecules remained in a monomeric state. In n-heptane, aggregates containing up to four molecules were observed; both porous and compact aggregates were found. The asphaltene molecular representation obtained, which allows researchers to avoid inappropriate torsions in the molecule, is able to reproduce interplanar distances between aromatic cores of 4 Å or less for the aggregation state, as supported by experimental results.

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En este estudio se buscaba evaluar si el comportamiento de los padres se relaciona con la conducta moral de sus hijos preadolescentes y si algunos atributos psicológicos de los hijos median dicha relación. Para realizar este análisis se evaluó la percepción que tienen 114 niños y niñas de diferentes niveles socioeconómicos sobre la crianza (apoyo, control firme y control restrictivo) y el modelo moral (prosocial y transgresivo) que reciben de sus padres. Además se obtuvo información sobre la conducta moral de los hijos (prosocial y transgresiva), su responsividad emocional vicaria y su autovaloración. Los resultados de los análisis mostraron que el control restrictivo y el modelo de conducta moral de los padres se relacionan con la conducta moral de sus hijos y que dicha relación, en particular la del modelo moral, se encuentra mediada por la autovaloración y la simpatía.

In this article it seeks to evaluate if the behavior of the parents is related with the moral behavior of its children pre-adolescents and if some psychological attributes of the children mediate in this relationship. To carry out this analysis the perception it was evaluated that have 114 children and girls of different socioeconomic levels about the upbringing (support, firm control and restrictive control) and the moral pattern (prosocial and transgressive) that receive of their parents. Information was also obtained on the moral behavior of the children (prosocial and transgressive), its emotional vicaria responsive and its self valoration. The results of the analyses showed that the restrictive control and the pattern of the parents’’ moral behavior are related with the moral behavior of their children and that this relationship, in particular that of the moral pattern, it is mediated by the self-valoration and the sympathy.

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