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The aim of the present study was to investigate the effect of chronic exposure to immobilization and psychosocial stress on surface activity, biochemical composition of pulmonary surfactant and lung fluid balance of rats with different stress-resistance. It is shown that both types of stress lead to elevation of lysophospholipids level and decrease of surface-active properties of pulmonary surfactant, more prominent in stress-vulnerable rats. Blood supply was decreased and extravascular fluid was increased under the psychosocial stress only in stress-vulnerable animals, in all rest cases the blood supply was increased and the content of extravascular fluid was not changed. Surfactant alteration was coupled on the level of 11-OCS in the blood and amount of fluid in the lungs. The obtained results indicate that different degree of impairment in the pulmonary surfactant system during immobilization and psychosocial conflicts depends on different resistance to emotional stress.

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Interactions of mono- and binocular mechanisms of spatial perception were estimated using stereokinetic test proposed by L.N. Mogilev in 117 children with low vision and 317 healthy children aged 5-18 years old. Cecutient and healthy children had similar values of steriokinetic illusion in monocular visual conditions, while in binocular visual conditions the results were significantly different. It was shown that in children with low vision there is no increase in contribution of binocular mechanisms with aging. The mean value of coefficient K characterizing this contribution in healthy group was positive and increased from preschool age till adolescence. The mean value of coefficient K in cecutient children was negative or near zero. It is revealed that visual impairment may influence the development of mono- and binocular mechanisms of spatial perception and their interaction.

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A method of assessing fusional reserves using an interactive computer program, which allows to monitor the subjects report on the moment of fusion break with artificial increase of convergence or divergence of the vii sual axes in the measurement process was developed and tested. Control is achieved through the use of a purely binocular stimuli--random-dot stereograms, as well as dynamic markers, which are added to the main test object in a random order in the course of the measurement procedure to change the type of test-object. Test-object with a marker, encoded in the stereogram, is seen only at the expense of binocular mechanisms, and in violation ofifusion is no longer visible. Its disappearance helps the subject to determine when failure of fu-sion occurred, and the type of object with a marker before this point allows the experimenter to check the subject. Statistical analysis of primary and repeated measurements of fusion reserves in 72 subjects confimed the sufficient reliability of the method.

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AIM: To compare antianginal and anti-ischemic efficiency and tolerance of two forms of isosorbide dinitrate--cardiket-retard 120 mg and cardiket-retard 40 mg in IHD patients with stable effort angina. MATERIAL AND METHODS: The study included 18 IHD patients with stable angina of functional class II (5 patients) and III (13 patients). The trial was open cross-over. The treatment with both the forms lasted 1 month. Frequency of anginal attacks and exercise tolerance by veloergometry data were assessed. RESULTS: A significant decrease in the number of anginal attacks and greater exercise tolerance was recorded in cardiket 120 mg intake once a day. Both forms were well tolerated, serious side effects were absent. CONCLUSION: Comparison of the two isosorbide dinitrate dosage forms--cardiket 120 mg once a day and cardiket 40 mg 3 times a day--showed that the former is superior by clinical efficiency.

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In an open clinical trial 19 patients with angina pectoris (functional class II-III) received in turn either non-retard tablets of isosorbide dinitrate (nitrosorbid, cardiket) in a mean dose 80 mg/day or isosorbide 5-mononitrate (mono mac) in a mean dose 51.5 mg/day. Each drug was given for a month. The effect was assessed by changes in frequency of anginal attacks and exercise tolerance. Non-retard isosorbide dinitrate and isosorbide 5-mononitrate demonstrate a good antiischemic effect, are safe and well tolerated. Isosorbide dinitrate and mononitrates do not differ significantly in reduction of the anginal attacks and by an increase in exercise tolerance but the effective dose of mono mac was 1.5-2 times less than that of nitrosorbide or cardiket, thus it is more cost-effective.

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An open cross-over trial compared retard and non-retard forms of isosorbide-5-mononitrate (monomac 50D and isomonat, respectively) in 15 patients with stable angina of effort (functional class II-III). Both drugs were found rather effective, they significantly increase exercise tolerance. A single daily dose of monomac 50D reduced the number of anginal attacks. It was well tolerated, caused no serious side effects and had advantages over isomonat taken 2 or 3 times a day.

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In a randomized controlled trial 329 postmyocardial infarction patients with high-grade ventricular extrasystoles were divided into 3 groups. Group 1 of 112 patients received calcium antagonists (verapamil, nifedipine, verapamil+nifedipine), group 2 of 100 patients received propranolol hydrochloride, group 3 consisted of 117 controls. The aim of the study was to elucidate the effect of the above drugs on sudden death and repeated nonfatal infarction risk. The mean follow-up duration made up 16 +/- 0.9, 16.8 +/- 1.1, 20.8 +/- 1.0 months for groups 1,2 and 3, respectively. 35 patients of the treatment groups turned out inappreciable because of early discontinuation of chemotherapy. Overall lethality for the groups 1, 2 and 3 reached 0.9%, 4% and 12% of patients, respectively. Most of lethal outcomes in the controls were sudden. Repeated nonfatal myocardial infarction arose less frequently in groups 1 and 2, but the difference was insignificant.

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A comparative study of the esophageal mucosa versus vitamin status in the adult male population of Muinak District of the Karakalpak ASSR, characterized by high incidence of esophageal cancer, established a significantly high frequency of chronic esophagitis. The differential evaluation of different pathologies of the esophageal mucosa suggested a link between catarrhal and erosive esophagitis and vitamin B2 deficiency and atrophic esophagitis and vitamin A deficit.

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Forty-seven specimens of renal cell carcinoma were studied using enzymatic histochemical (8 dehydrogenases and 3 hydrolases) and modern mathematical processing techniques. It was found that morphological variants of the tumor differed in enzymatic activity. This finding determines the possibility of employing specific enzymatic histochemical reactions in differential diagnosis. By the degree of differentiation morphological variants of hypernephroma can be entered into 3 groups: 1) clear cell carcinoma; 2) granular adenocarcinoma and sarcomatoid carcinoma; 3) mixed tumors. For clear cell carcinoma the activity of dehydrogenases and hydrolases enhanced with lesser differentiation of the tumor and vice versa for granular adenocarcinoma and carcinosarcoma. Poorly differentiated clear cell carcinoma is characterized by higher activity of dehydrogenases and hydrolases while granular adenocarcinoma and carcinosarcoma by lower activity of the enzymes compared to variants with well-differentiated tumor. These differences are due to specific cell structure of hypernephroma variants as well as their histochemical properties. There appeared a tendency to reduction of enzymatic histochemical polymorphism with a decrease in the differentiation of the tumor variant.

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Two hours after the ligation of the descending branch of the left coronary artery in rabbits the contractile function of the heart decreased, concentration of phosphocreatine, ATP, glycogen dropped, and the content of lactic acid in the ischaemic and intact areas of the left ventricle elevated. Two-hour ischaemia of the myocardium was accompanied by increase of the cAMP and decrease of cGMP levels in the ischaemic and intact areas. Hyperbaric oxygenation (HBO, 2 at. abs, 1 h) started 30-40 min after coronary occlusion led to partial restoration of the cardiac contractility function, improvement of the energy and carbohydrate metabolism in the ischaemic and intact areas of the left ventricle and prevented cardiac fibrillation. It is surmised that favourable action of HBO on the functional state of the heart in its acute focal ischaemia is related not only to the antihypoxic effect but also to the rearrangement of the system of neurohormonal control of the heart.

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Using their own and literature data the authors recommend that malignant epithelial renal tumors be termed as "renal carcinoma" or "renal cell carcinoma". The term "hypernephroid carcinoma" which is of only historical importance may be used as a synonym of clear cell renal carcinoma. Designation of all forms of renal carcinoma by the general term "renal adenocarcinoma" does not reflect all the diversity of structure of malignant epithelial renal tumors. This term may be used only in those cases where the "glandular" structure of the tumor is adequately evident. Four main forms of renal carcinoma may be distinguished according to the predominant morphological characteristics: clear-cell, granular-cell spindle-cell (sarcoma-like), and glandular (adenocarcinoma proper). According to the authors' data, 41% of renal carcinomas are represented by mixed forms.

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