RESUMEN
Recently, a 14 bp insertion/deletion polymorphism (+14 bp/-14 bp) in exon 8 of the human leucocyte antigen-G (HLA-G) gene has been widely recognized to associate with recurrent miscarriage, autoimmune diseases, hepatocellular carcinoma and other diseases. Our previous studies have shown the distribution characteristics of linguistic family for HLA-G 14 bp insertion/deletion in different ethnic groups. In the present study, we investigated the distribution of HLA-G 14 bp insertion/deletion polymorphism and their subsequent associations with HLA-A alleles in Tu, Yugu, Lisu and Nu ethnic populations based upon the HLA-A genotyping data. Our results showed that the frequencies of the 14 bp insertion/deletion polymorphism were diverse in these four populations while that in the same linguistic subfamily was similar. The significant difference in different linguistic subfamily except for Han and Mongolian language subfamily was identified. In addition, the 14 bp insertion was found to associate with HLA-A alleles in different ethnic populations.
Asunto(s)
Pueblo Asiatico/genética , Epistasis Genética , Antígenos HLA-A/genética , Antígenos HLA-G/genética , Mutagénesis Insercional , Polimorfismo Genético , Eliminación de Secuencia , Alelos , China/etnología , Exones , Frecuencia de los Genes , Genotipo , HumanosRESUMEN
OBJECTIVE: To investigate the frequencies of chemokine (C-C motif) receptor 5 gene (CCR5)Δ32 deletional mutation of in Han and Dai populations from Yunnan province. Immortalized cell lines were derived from a family carrying the CCR5Δ32 mutation. METHODS: Blood samples of 346 Han and 355 Dai individuals were collected for genotyping. The coding regions of CCR5 gene were amplified with PCR followed by agarose gel electrophoresis. Suspected mutations were verified with DNA sequencing. Immortalized cell lines were constructed by using Epstain Barr virus and cyclosporine A. The difference between the cell lines and original blood samples was verified with PCR. RESULTS: One ethnic Han individual was confirmed to be heterozygous for a deletional mutation by sequencing, which has led to discovery of a family with CCR5Δ32. Nine immortalized cell lines were established from this family, and no difference between the cell lines and original blood samples was detected by PCR. CONCLUSION: Together with previous reports, this study has indicated a significant difference in CCR5Δ32 among different ethnic groups in China. Established immortalized cell lines can also provide material for future research.
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Receptores CCR5/genética , Eliminación de Secuencia , Secuencia de Bases , China , Etnicidad , Femenino , Frecuencia de los Genes , Genotipo , Humanos , Masculino , Datos de Secuencia Molecular , LinajeRESUMEN
OBJECTIVE: To investigate the frequencies of HLA-Alu repeat polymorphisms (AluMICB, AluTF, AluHJ, AluHG and AluHF) in Chinese Lisu and Nu ethnic populations. METHODS: The frequencies of HLA-Alu repeat polymorphisms in above populations were determined with polymerase chain reaction (PCR). The associations between HLA-Alu repeat polymorphisms and HLA-A, HLA-B and HLA-C alleles were also analyzed. Phylogenetic trees were constructed with genetic distance calculated from the frequencies of HLA-Alu repeat polymorphisms. RESULTS: Frequencies of AluTF*2 and AluHF*2 were different between the two populations (P< 0.05), while those of other three insertions were similar. The strength of association between HLA-Alus and HLA alleles were different (P< 0.05) in the two populations. Although AluMICB*2 were associated with HLA-B*56:01 in both populations, the association was stronger in Lisu population (74.0%) but moderate in Nu population (30.7%). HLA-Alus were associated with particular HLA subtypes, e.g., AluHG*2 with certain HLA-A*02 subtypes. By phylogenetic analysis, Lisu and Nu were clustered together with southern Chinese and Thai populations. CONCLUSION: The distribution of HLA-Alus and the strength of associations between HLA-Alus and HLA class I alleles have varied between the two populations. Study of this association may facilitate identification of origins, evolution, progenitor haplotypes and recombination within the HLA class I region.
Asunto(s)
Elementos Alu , Genes MHC Clase I , Adolescente , Adulto , Anciano , Alelos , Pueblo Asiatico/genética , Niño , Femenino , Humanos , Masculino , Persona de Mediana Edad , Filogenia , Polimorfismo Genético , Adulto JovenRESUMEN
OBJECTIVE: To study the selection effect of endothelial PAS domain protein 1 (EPAS1) gene induced by high altitude hypoxia environment. METHODS: Fourteen single nucleotide polymorphism sites (SNPs) of the EPAS1 gene were genotyped using PCR-restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) in three Tibetan groups (58 samples from Tibetan living in an altitude of about 3700 meters above sea level, 47 from Qinghai province, about 3100 meters above sea level, 43 from Yunnan province, about 2500 meters above sea level), and Han of Shandong (47 samples, about 50 meters above sea level). RESULTS: There were significant differences of most SNP allelic, genotypic and haplotypic frequencies when comparing Han of Shandong, Tibetan of Yunnan with Tibetan of Tibetan and Qinghai. But no difference between Han of Shandong and Tibetan of Yunnan was found. CONCLUSION: The EPAS1 gene might be under hypoxic selection induced by high altitude.
Asunto(s)
Mal de Altura/genética , Factores de Transcripción con Motivo Hélice-Asa-Hélice Básico/genética , Hipoxia/genética , Polimorfismo de Nucleótido Simple/genética , Alelos , China , Frecuencia de los Genes , Haplotipos , Humanos , Desequilibrio de LigamientoRESUMEN
A study of the human leukocyte antigen (HLA) genetic characteristics in the Zhuang, the largest ethnic population in China, would provide insight into Zhuang history and give a useful tool for disease associations, transplantation, and anthropology. In the present study, we report the comprehensive HLA-A, HLA-B, HLA-C, and HLA-DRB1 alleles and haplotypes in the Zhuang population of southern China for the first time. A total of 13 HLA-A, 24 HLA-B, 22 HLA-C, and 18 HLA-DRB1 were identified in 104 Zhuang individuals. The frequencies of HLA-A*11:01, A*02:07, A*24:02, A*02:03, and A*33:03 on A loci, B*15:02, B*58:01, B*46:01, and B*13:01 on B loci, C*03:04, C*08:01, C*01:02, C*03:02, and C*07:02 on C loci, and DRB1*15:01, DRB1*16:02, DRB1*14:01, DRB1*15:02, and DRB1*03:01 on the DRB1 loci were >10%. The A*33:03-C*03:02-B*58:01-DRB1*03:01 and A*02:07-C*01:02-B*46:01-DRB1*14:01 haplotypes were predominant in the Zhuang. The phylogenetic tree, as well as the analysis of haplotypes, suggested that the Zhuang are genetically similar to southern Chinese populations, especially the Zhuang-Dong language-speaking populations, such as the Bouyei, Dai, and Maonan. Even though the Zhuang and southern Chinese populations shared common alleles and haplotypes, the Zhuang has maintained its unique genetic characteristics.
Asunto(s)
Antígenos HLA/genética , Polimorfismo Genético , Alelos , China/etnología , Haplotipos , Homocigoto , Humanos , FilogeniaRESUMEN
OBJECTIVE: To investigate the distribution of human leukocyte antigen(HLA) class I genes and haplotypes in Jinuo, Maonan and Wa ethnic populations in southwest China. METHODS: Polymerase chain reaction-sequence specific oligonucleotide (PCR-SSO) typing by Luminex was performed to genotype the HLA-C alleles in unrelated healthy individuals in the three populations. HLA C-B, A-C-B haplotypes were computed by combining the previous HLA-A and -B genotyping data using Pypop7.0 software. RESULTS: Eighteen HLA-C genes were identified in the three populations, with 17, 13 and 15 HLA-C genes in Jinuo, Maonan and Wa populations respectively. The alleles with frequency of more than 10% from high to low were C*08:01, C*01:02, C*03:04 and C*07:02 in the Jinuo, C*03:04, C*01:02, C*07:02 and C*08:01 in the Maonan, and C*12:03, C*08:01, C*07:02 and C*04:01 in the Wa. The predominant HLA A-C-B haplotypes were A*02:07-C*01:02-B*46:01, A*11:01-C*08:01-B*15:02 and A*11:01-C*03:04-B*13:01 in the Jinuo, A*11:01-C*03:04-B*13:01, A*02:07-C*01:02-B*46:01, A*11:01-C*08:01-B*15:02 and A*02:03-C*07:02-B*38:02 in the Maonan, and A*11:01-C*08:01-B*15:02, A*11:01-C*12:03-B*15:32 and A*11:01-C*04:01-B*35:01 in the Wa, respectively. CONCLUSION: There were different characteristics in the distributions of HLA-C genes and HLA C-B, A-C-B haplotypes in the Jinuo, Maonan and Wa populations. However, haplotypes C*08:01-B*15:02 and A*11:01-C*08:01-B*15:02 with high frequencies were common in the three populations, which might be the common ancient haplotypes of southern Chinese population. The study of HLA genes and haplotypes in these populations may be of significance in the study of population genetics, transplantation and disease association.
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Etnicidad/genética , Genotipo , Antígenos de Histocompatibilidad Clase I/genética , Alelos , China/etnología , Femenino , Frecuencia de los Genes , Genética de Población , Humanos , Masculino , FilogeniaRESUMEN
Many studies have show that the structurally polymorphic Alu insertion within HLA class I region are useful tools for investigating the origin, evolution and recombination of HLA class I progenitor haplotypes and gene diversity in different ethnic populations. In the present study, we determined the frequencies of HLA-Alus (i.e., AluMICB, AluTF, AluHJ, AluHG, and AluHF) in Zhuang and Yugu ethnic populations at first. Then, combined with HLA genotyping data, we studied associations between HLA-Alus and HLA-A alleles in Zhuang, Yugu, Bulang, Dai, and Hani ethnic populations. Our results showed that (1) the frequencies of five HLA-Alus were 1.5%~35.8% and 9.2%~34.8% in Zhuang and Yugu, respectively; and (2) the results of association between HLA-A alleles and HLA-Alu showed strong association between AluHG insertion and HLA-A 02 subtypes in all populations, association between AluHJ insertion and HLA-A 2402 in all populations, and association between AluHJ insertion and HLA-A 1101, -A 2407 in Bulang. The present study suggested that the distribution of HLA-Alus as well as the associations between HLA-Alus and HLA class I alleles are variable in different ethnic populations. HLA Alus alone or together with the HLA class I alleles are informative genetic markers for the identification of HLA class I allele and variation of haplotype lineages in different populations.
Asunto(s)
Elementos Alu , Pueblo Asiatico/etnología , Pueblo Asiatico/genética , Antígenos HLA-A/genética , Mutagénesis Insercional , Polimorfismo Genético , China/etnología , Frecuencia de los Genes , Variación Genética , Genética de Población , HumanosRESUMEN
OBJECTIVE: To investigate the effect of hypoxia environment induced by altitude on hypoxia inducible factor 1α (HIF1A) gene. METHODS: Nine single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) loci of the HIF1A gene from three Tibetan groups (Tibet, Qinghai Province and Yunnan Province) were genotyped using PCR-restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) method. RESULTS: For non-synonymous mutation SNP site, there was no significant difference among the three Tibetan groups, except for SNP rs11549465 between Tibet Tibetan and Yunnan Tibetan, as well as between Qinghai Tibetan and Yunnan Tibetan. Frequencies of genotypes and alleles in rs4899056, rs1957757, rs10873142 and rs3783752 had significant differences between Tibet Tibetan and Yunnan Tibetan, and between Qinghai Tibetan and Yunnan Tibetan (all P<0.05). We also observed that the difference was negatively correlated with the altitude. CONCLUSION: The results suggested that the HIF1A gene might be under hypoxic selection induced by high altitude in the three groups.
Asunto(s)
Subunidad alfa del Factor 1 Inducible por Hipoxia/genética , Hipoxia/genética , Polimorfismo de Nucleótido Simple , Alelos , Altitud , Genotipo , Humanos , Hipoxia/etnología , Tibet/etnologíaRESUMEN
A 14 bp insertion/deletion polymorphism (+14 bp/-14 bp) in exon 8 of HLA-G gene has been investigated extensively because this polymorphism was associated with HLA-G mRNA stability and could influence HLA-G mRNA expression. In the present study, we genotyped 14 bp insertion/deletion polymorphisms in the HLA-G gene in Dai and Han populations in Yunnan Province. The frequencies of +14 bp in Dai and Han were 31.97% and 40.87%, respectively. The frequency of +14 bp/+14 bp in Dai was lower (8.20%) than that of Han (17.31%). Nevertheless, the frequency of +14 bp/-14 bp was similar in both populations (47.54% in Dai and 47.11% in Han). When compared with other populations, the frequency of 14 bp insertion/deletion of Han was similar to others, whereas the Dai showed significant difference from others and presented it's specific characteristic. We assumed that the distribution characteristic of 14 bp insertion/deletion in Dai might be the results of random genetic drift, but the role of natural selection cannot be excluded.
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Antígenos HLA/genética , Antígenos de Histocompatibilidad Clase I/genética , Polimorfismo Genético , China/etnología , Exones , Femenino , Eliminación de Gen , Antígenos HLA-G , Humanos , Masculino , Mutagénesis Insercional , Reacción en Cadena de la PolimerasaRESUMEN
OBJECTIVE: Immortalized cell lines of spinocerebellar ataxia type 2 (SCA2) with Parkinson disease symptoms were established in order to provide experimental material for future study. METHODS: The immortalized cell lines were constructed by using Epstein Barr virus and cyclosporine A. Microsatellite markers were detected to see whether there is any change between the cell lines and the original blood samples, and the genetic stability of the cell lines were evaluated. RESULTS: Twenty-five immortalized cell lines were established successfully from the family and the microsatellite markers were unchanged. CONCLUSION: The karyotypes of the immortal cell lines were normal and the cell lines were genetically stable.
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Línea Celular Transformada , Ataxias Espinocerebelosas/genética , Adulto , Pueblo Asiatico/genética , Transformación Celular Viral , Femenino , Herpesvirus Humano 4/fisiología , Humanos , Cariotipificación , Masculino , Repeticiones de Microsatélite , Linaje , Adulto JovenRESUMEN
OBJECTIVE: This study aimed at determining the mean total sleep time (TST) and the relationship between sleep duration and basic socio-demographic factors and BMI sleep problems in Chinese subjects. METHOD: A total of 5926 subjects were randomly selected and interviewed using standardized assessment tools. RESULTS: The reported mean TST was 7.76 h. Short sleepers were significantly older than medium and long sleepers. There were more urban residents who were short sleepers than medium and long sleepers. Short sleepers reported more sleep problems than medium and long sleepers. Short and long sleepers reported more psychiatric disorders than medium sleepers in both sexes, and short sleepers also had more major medical conditions in women. Short sleepers had a lower BMI than medium and long sleepers after controlling for the effects of age and psychiatric disorders in women. CONCLUSIONS: Nationwide epidemiologic surveys in China are needed to further explore the relationship between sleep duration and sleep problems.
Asunto(s)
Índice de Masa Corporal , Comparación Transcultural , Trastornos del Inicio y del Mantenimiento del Sueño/epidemiología , Sueño , Adolescente , Adulto , Factores de Edad , Anciano , Anciano de 80 o más Años , China , Comorbilidad , Estudios Transversales , Femenino , Encuestas Epidemiológicas , Humanos , Masculino , Tamizaje Masivo/estadística & datos numéricos , Trastornos Mentales/diagnóstico , Trastornos Mentales/epidemiología , Trastornos Mentales/psicología , Persona de Mediana Edad , Población Rural/estadística & datos numéricos , Factores Sexuales , Trastornos del Inicio y del Mantenimiento del Sueño/diagnóstico , Trastornos del Inicio y del Mantenimiento del Sueño/etnología , Estadística como Asunto , Población Urbana/estadística & datos numéricos , Adulto JovenRESUMEN
PURPOSE: This study aims to determine the 12-month and lifetime prevalence of generalized anxiety disorder (GAD) and its sociodemographic correlates. DESIGN AND METHODS: A total of 5,926 subjects were randomly selected and interviewed. FINDINGS: The overall 12-month and lifetime prevalence of GAD was 0.8%, and 1.2%, respectively. Being older than 25 years and female, lower education level, unemployed status, and lower (
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Trastornos de Ansiedad/etnología , Trastornos de Ansiedad/enfermería , Comparación Transcultural , Intento de Suicidio/estadística & datos numéricos , Adolescente , Adulto , Anciano , Trastornos de Ansiedad/epidemiología , Trastornos de Ansiedad/psicología , China , Comorbilidad , Estudios Transversales , Femenino , Encuestas Epidemiológicas , Humanos , Entrevista Psicológica , Masculino , Persona de Mediana Edad , Población Rural/estadística & datos numéricos , Factores Socioeconómicos , Intento de Suicidio/psicología , Población Urbana/estadística & datos numéricos , Adulto JovenRESUMEN
BACKGROUND: The study aimed to determine the prevalence of alcohol use, episodic heavy drinking, and alcohol dependence and their socio-demographic correlates in Beijing, China. methods: A total of 5,926 subjects were randomly selected in Beijing and interviewed using the Composite International Diagnostic Interview (CIDI 1.0). Data on basic socio-demographic and current major medical conditions were also collected. RESULTS: The 12-month prevalence of alcohol use and episodic heavy drinking were 32.5 and 13.8%, respectively. The 12-month and lifetime prevalence of alcohol dependence were 1.7 and 4.3%, respectively. Age above 24 years, male sex, being married and employed, low education level (junior high school, primary school or illiterate), rural residence, and having comorbid psychiatric disorders were all significantly associated with a higher likelihood of alcohol-related disorders. Only 2.4% of the subjects with alcohol dependence were receiving treatment, and a mere 1.4% had sought treatment from mental health professionals. CONCLUSIONS: Nationwide surveys are urgently needed to further explore the prevalence of alcohol-related disorders in China.
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Trastornos Relacionados con Alcohol/etnología , Trastornos Relacionados con Alcohol/epidemiología , Alcoholismo/etnología , Alcoholismo/epidemiología , Necesidades y Demandas de Servicios de Salud/estadística & datos numéricos , Adolescente , Adulto , Factores de Edad , Anciano , Alcoholismo/complicaciones , China/epidemiología , Escolaridad , Femenino , Encuestas Epidemiológicas , Humanos , Masculino , Servicios de Salud Mental/estadística & datos numéricos , Persona de Mediana Edad , Prevalencia , Población Rural , Factores Sexuales , Clase Social , Adulto JovenRESUMEN
OBJECTIVE: There has been no large-scale survey of suicide-related behaviours including suicidal ideations, plans and attempts in China involving both rural and urban areas and using standardized assessment tools. The aim of the present study was to determine the lifetime prevalence of suicide-related behaviour and its relationship with sociodemographic factors and psychiatric disorders in the rural and urban regions of Beijing, China. METHODS: A total of 5926 subjects were randomly selected in Beijing and interviewed using the Composite International Diagnostic Interview. Basic sociodemographic and clinical data and data on suicide-related behaviour were also collected. RESULTS: The overall lifetime prevalence estimates of suicidal ideation, plans and attempts were 2.3%, 1.4%, and 1.0%, respectively; the corresponding figures were 2.8%, 1.6%, and 1.3% in the rural sample, and 1.8%, 1.3%, and 0.9% in the urban sample. Age (>25 years), female sex, unmarried status, lower education level, lower (
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Población Rural/estadística & datos numéricos , Intento de Suicidio/psicología , Intento de Suicidio/estadística & datos numéricos , Pensamiento , Población Urbana/estadística & datos numéricos , Adolescente , Adulto , Anciano , Áreas de Influencia de Salud , China/epidemiología , Demografía , Manual Diagnóstico y Estadístico de los Trastornos Mentales , Femenino , Estado de Salud , Humanos , Masculino , Trastornos Mentales/diagnóstico , Trastornos Mentales/epidemiología , Trastornos Mentales/psicología , Persona de Mediana Edad , Aceptación de la Atención de Salud/estadística & datos numéricos , Prevalencia , Encuestas y Cuestionarios , Adulto JovenRESUMEN
BACKGROUND: In China, there is limited information on smoking and its socio-demographic correlates in general, and in psychiatric patients in particular. The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of lifetime, current mild, and heavy smoking, the socio-demographic correlates of current smoking, and its relationship with psychiatric disorders in the Beijing municipality, China. METHODS: A total of 5926 subjects who met the study's entry criteria were randomly selected from the urban and rural areas of Beijing and interviewed using standardized assessment tools, including the collection of basic socio-demographic and clinical data. All subjects fully cooperated in the interviews and readily disclosed all of the information. RESULTS: The prevalence of lifetime smoking was 35.9%; the rates for current mild and heavy smoking were 21.8% and 10.8%, respectively. An age of 24 years or above, male sex, married, divorced, separated or widowed marital status, relatively low level of education (less than college level), being employed, a relatively high monthly income (more than RMB500), rural abode, and having a psychiatric disorder were risk factors of current smoking. Both current mild and heavy smoking were significantly associated with alcohol dependence, and current heavy smoking was also associated with a history of a major depressive episode. CONCLUSIONS: The prevalence of smoking in the rural and urban areas of Beijing is unacceptably high. In addition to certain socio-demographic factors, smoking was associated with common psychiatric disorders. Nationwide surveys are warranted to further explore the prevalence of smoking in China. Effective strategies to reduce the high rate of smoking are also needed.
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Encuestas Epidemiológicas , Trastornos Mentales/psicología , Salud Rural , Fumar/psicología , Salud Urbana , Adolescente , Adulto , Anciano , China/epidemiología , Recolección de Datos , Femenino , Humanos , Masculino , Trastornos Mentales/complicaciones , Trastornos Mentales/epidemiología , Persona de Mediana Edad , Factores de Riesgo , Salud Rural/estadística & datos numéricos , Fumar/efectos adversos , Fumar/epidemiología , Salud Urbana/estadística & datos numéricos , Adulto JovenRESUMEN
OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to determine the 12-month and lifetime prevalence of major depressive episode (MDE) and their socio-demographic correlates in both the urban and rural areas of Beijing, China. METHODS: A total of 4767 adults were randomly selected and interviewed in Beijing using the Composite International Diagnostic Interview (CIDI 1.0). Basic socio-demographic and clinical data were collected during the interviews. RESULTS: The overall 12-month prevalence of MDE was 3.2%; 2.8% and 3.8% for men and women, respectively. The overall lifetime prevalence of MDE was 5.3%; 4.4% and 6.3% for men and women, respectively. Being older than 25 years of age was independently associated with increased risk of MDE. Sixteen point three percent of the subjects with lifetime MDE attempted suicide while the rate of suicide attempts was only 0.2% in subjects without MDE. The percentage of subjects with MDE who received any type of treatment from medical practitioners was 33.1%; of them, only 5.4% sought help from mental health professionals. CONCLUSIONS: National epidemiologic surveys are needed to further explore the prevalence of MDE in China. The low percentage of subjects treated for MDE constitutes a major public health problem that should be urgently addressed.
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Trastorno Depresivo Mayor/epidemiología , Trastorno Depresivo Mayor/psicología , Población Rural/estadística & datos numéricos , Medio Social , Población Urbana/estadística & datos numéricos , Adolescente , Adulto , Factores de Edad , China/epidemiología , Trastorno Depresivo Mayor/complicaciones , Trastorno Depresivo Mayor/diagnóstico , Femenino , Humanos , Entrevista Psicológica , Masculino , Persona de Mediana Edad , Prevalencia , Escalas de Valoración Psiquiátrica , Factores de Riesgo , Factores Socioeconómicos , Suicidio/psicología , Intento de Suicidio/psicología , Adulto JovenRESUMEN
STUDY OBJECTIVES: To determine the prevalence of insomnia, its sociodemographic and clinical correlates, and treatment patterns in Chinese people. DESIGN: A total of 5,926 subjects were randomly selected in the urban and rural areas of Beijing and interviewed using standardized assessment tools. Basic sociodemographic and clinical data were also collected. SETTING: Urban and rural regions of Beijing municipality, China. Patients or Participants Adult residents older than 15 years. Interventions N/A. MEASUREMENTS AND RESULTS: The prevalence of at least one type of insomnia was 9.2%; the rates of difficulty initiating sleep (DIS), difficulty maintaining sleep (DMS), and early morning awakening (EMA) were 7.0%, 8.0%, and 4.9%, respectively. Increased age (age >44 and 24 years in the urban and rural samples, respectively), female sex, married, divorced, separated, or widowed marital status; having a major medical condition; and suffering from a psychiatric disorder were risk factors for all types of insomnia in both the urban and rural samples. A low level of education (primary school or illiteracy) was significantly associated with a higher likelihood of all types of insomnia in the urban sample. Current smokers and current drinkers were less likely to report any type of insomnia in the rural sample. Unemployment was associated with DMS in the urban sample, while it was associated with DIS and DMS in the rural sample. Only 5.4% of the participants with any type of insomnia reported their symptoms to medical practitioners. In contrast, nearly one-third of the subjects with insomnia reported taking benzodiazepines as sleep-enhancing drugs. CONCLUSIONS: Nationwide epidemiologic surveys are needed to further explore the prevalence of insomnia in China. The low percentage of subjects treated for insomnia indicates a major public health problem that should be addressed. Strict controls on use of benzodiazepines are warranted.
Asunto(s)
Comparación Transcultural , Población Rural/estadística & datos numéricos , Trastornos del Inicio y del Mantenimiento del Sueño/etnología , Factores Socioeconómicos , Población Urbana/estadística & datos numéricos , Adolescente , Adulto , Factores de Edad , Anciano , China , Comorbilidad , Femenino , Encuestas Epidemiológicas , Humanos , Hipnóticos y Sedantes/uso terapéutico , Masculino , Persona de Mediana Edad , Factores de Riesgo , Factores Sexuales , Trastornos del Inicio y del Mantenimiento del Sueño/tratamiento farmacológico , Trastornos del Inicio y del Mantenimiento del Sueño/epidemiología , Adulto JovenRESUMEN
OBJECTIVE: To construct the haplogroup and perform an analysis of mitochondrial whole-genome sequence in Tibetan and Han Chinese. Variations of nucleotide of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) were identified and compared between the Tibetan and Han population. METHODS: The mtDNA whole sequences of 40 Tibetan and 50 Han individuals were sequenced by an Applied Biosystems 3730 DNA automatic sequencer. The sequences were assembled using software phredPhrap16.0, and all assembled sequences were manually verified according to the criterion of rCRS (revised Cambridge Reference Sequence). The haplogroups of mtDNA were constructed using phylogenetic analysis according to the criteria of MITOMAP by Network method. The data were elucidated by integrated methods. RESULTS: Authors' results showed that all the pooled 90 subjects belonged to the Macrohaplogroup M and N, and were classified into 13 haplogroups. No differences were observed among the haplogroups of the two populations except for M9 haplogroup. A total of 21 variants were detected by comparing the mtDNA whole sequences between Tibetan and Han population; of those, 5 variants have not been reported before. In addition, we constructed the haplotypes of 5 variants harboring the D-loop region, and founded prominent difference in both supertype 1 and supertype 2 between Tibetan and Han population. CONCLUSION: The phylogenetic analysis indicates that the Tibetan and Han ethnic groups shared close maternal relationship in origin. The biological implication of the significant variants is worth elucidating; whether they are the results of adaptive selection or neutral selection or pathological variations need to be further studied.
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ADN Mitocondrial/análisis , Etnicidad/genética , Genética de Población , Genoma Mitocondrial/genética , Haplotipos/genética , Pueblo Asiatico/genética , China/etnología , Evolución Molecular , Humanos , Tibet/etnologíaRESUMEN
OBJECTIVE: To study the genetic stability of an immortalized cell line transformed by Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) after long subculture process. METHODS: In the present study, the genetic stability including chromosome diploidy, karyotypes and microsatellite DNA were evaluated with chromosome banding techniques and microsatellite DNA detection. The telomerase activity of the immortalized cell line was detected by using the telomerase assay kit. RESULTS: From passage 1 to 30, there were no change of the diploidy, karyotypes of chromosome and microsatellite DNA, and the telomerase activity is negative. CONCLUSION: This study indicates that the immortalized cell line remains stable genetically within limited passages.