RESUMEN

The limited application of garlic essential oil (GEO) is attributed to its pungent taste, poor water solubility and low bioavailability. Liposomes are nontoxic, biodegradable and biocompatible, and ß-cyclodextrin can inhibit undesirable odors and improve the stability and bioavailability. Thus a promising dual-layer GEO ß-cyclodextrin inclusion compound liposome (GEO-DCL) delivery system with both advantages was designed and prepared in this study. Experimental results indicated that the encapsulation efficiency of GEO-DCLs was 5% higher than that of GEO liposomes (GEO-CLs), reaching more than 88%. In vitro release experiment showed that the release rate of GEO in GEO-DCLs was 40% lower than that of GEO-CLs after incubation in gastric juice for 6-h, indicating that the stability of GEO-DCLs was better than GEO-CLs. Evaluation of the effects of GEO-DCLs on lowering blood lipid levels in hypercholesterolemia mice. GEO-DCLs could reduce the weight and fat deposition in hypercholesterolemia mice. Inhibiting the increase of TC, LDL-C, and decrease of HDL-C in mice. The degree of liver injury was decreased, the number of round lipid droplets in liver cytoplasm was reduced, and the growth of fat cells was inhibited. The lipid-lowering effects of GEO-DCLs were dose-dependent. GEO-DCL can improve the bioavailability of GEO and improve dyslipidemia. Based on GEO's efficacy in lowering blood lipids, this study developed a kind of GEO-DCL compound pomegranate juice beverage with good taste, miscibility and double effect of reducing blood lipids. This study lays a foundation for the application of GEO in the field of functional food.

Asunto(s)

Ajo , Hipercolesterolemia , Hiperlipidemias , Aceites Volátiles , beta-Ciclodextrinas , Ratones , Animales , Liposomas , Aceites Volátiles/farmacología , Antioxidantes

RESUMEN

Objectives: We aimed to develop an ultrasound-based radiomics model to distinguish between sclerosing adenosis (SA) and invasive ductal carcinoma (IDC) to avoid misdiagnosis and unnecessary biopsies. Methods: From January 2020 to March 2022, 345 cases of SA or IDC that were pathologically confirmed were included in the study. All participants underwent pre-surgical ultrasound (US), from which clinical information and ultrasound images were collected. The patients from the study population were randomly divided into a training cohort (n = 208) and a validation cohort (n = 137). The US images were imported into MaZda software (Version 4.2.6.0) to delineate the region of interest (ROI) and extract features. Intragroup correlation coefficient (ICC) was used to evaluate the consistency of the extracted features. The least absolute shrinkage and selection operator (LASSO) logistic regression and cross-validation were performed to obtain the radiomics score of the features. Based on univariate and multivariate logistic regression analyses, a model was developed. 56 cases from April 2022 to December 2022 were included for independent validation of the model. The diagnostic performance of the model and the radiomics scores were evaluated by performing the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis. The calibration curve and decision curve analysis (DCA) were used for calibration and evaluation. Leave-One-Out Cross-Validation (LOOCV) was used for the stability of the model. Results: Three predictors were selected to develop the model, including radiomics score, palpable mass and BI-RADS. In the training cohort, validation cohort and independent validation cohort, AUC of the model and radiomics score were 0.978 and 0.907, 0.946 and 0.886, 0.951 and 0.779, respectively. The model showed a statistically significant difference compared with the radiomics score (p<0.05). The Kappa value of the model was 0.79 based on LOOCV. The Brier score, calibration curve, and DCA showed the model had a good calibration and clinical usefulness. Conclusions: The model based on radiomics, ultrasonic features, and clinical manifestations can be used to distinguish SA from IDC, which showed good stability and diagnostic performance. The model can be considered a potential candidate diagnostic tool for breast lesions and can contribute to effective clinical diagnosis.

RESUMEN

This review highlights main bioactive compounds and important biological functions especially anticancer effects of the garlic. In addition, we review current literature on the stability and bioavailability of garlic components. Finally, this review aims to provide a potential strategy for using nanotechnology to increase the stability and solubility of garlic components, providing guidelines for the qualities of garlic products to improve their absorption and prevent their early degradation, and extend their circulation time in the body. The application of nanotechnology to improve the bioavailability and targeting of garlic compounds are expected to provide a theoretical basis for the functional components of garlic to treat human health. We review the improvement of bioavailability and bioactivity of garlic bioactive compounds via nanotechnology, which could promisingly overcome the limitations of conventional garlic products, and would be used to prevent and treat cancer and other diseases in the near future.

Asunto(s)

Ajo , Humanos , Disponibilidad Biológica , Antioxidantes , Nanotecnología , Solubilidad

RESUMEN

Garlic (Allium sativum) is an important vegetable crop that is widely used in cooking and medicine. The greening phenomenon of garlic severely decreases the quality of garlic and hinders garlic processing. To study the mechanism of garlic greening, comprehensive full-length transcript sets were constructed. We detected the differences in greening between Pizhou (PZ) garlic and Laiwu (LW) garlic that were both stored at -2.5°C and protected from light at the same time. The results showed that 60,087 unigenes were respectively annotated to the NR, KEGG, GO, Pfam, eggNOG and Swiss Prot databases, and a total of 30,082 unigenes were annotated. The analysis of differential genes and differential proteins showed that PZ garlic and LW garlic had 923 differentially expressed genes (DEGs), of which 529 genes were up regulated and 394 genes were downregulated. Through KEGG and GO enrichment analysis, it was found that the most significant way of enriching DEGs was the phenylpropane metabolic pathway. Proteomics analysis found that there were 188 differentially expressed proteins (DAPs), 162 up-regulated proteins, and 26 down-regulated proteins between PZ garlic and LW garlic. The content of 10 proteins related to phenylpropanoid biosynthesis in PZ garlic was significantly higher than that of LW garlic. This study explored the mechanisms of garlic greening at a molecular level and further discovered that the formation of garlic green pigment was affected significantly by the phenylpropanoid metabolic pathway. This work provided a theoretical basis for the maintenance of garlic quality during garlic processing and the future development of the garlic processing industries.

RESUMEN

Curcumin liposomes (CUR-LPs) was identified by evaluating morphology, appearance, zeta potential, particle diameter, and drug encapsulation efficiency. The results indicated that particle diameter, surface charge and polydispersity index (PDI) of curcumin (CUR)-loaded anionic liposomes were 167 nm, -34 mV and 0.09, respectively. CUR-LPs is high stable pseudo-pH-sensitive nanoparticles system which has a favorable stability in simulated gastric fluid and slower degradation rate allowing CUR sustained release for prolonged times in simulated intestinal fluid. Within 1 h, the CUR consumption was 21.82% in simulated gastric fluid (SGF) and 27.32% in simulated intestinal fluid (SIF), respectively. CUR-LPs could attenuate clinical symptoms including weight loss, diarrhea and fecal bleeding. Especially, it could also prevent dextran sulfate sodium salt (DSS)-inducedcolon tissue damage and colon shortening, and reduce the production of malondialdehyde (MDA), colonic myeloperoxidase (MPO), Interleukin-6 (IL-6) and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) in animal model. Our study illustrated that liposomes (LPs) was a potential carrier to develop the colon-specific drug delivery system incorporating CUR for treating ulcerative colitis.

Asunto(s)

Antiinflamatorios/uso terapéutico , Colitis Ulcerosa/tratamiento farmacológico , Colon/metabolismo , Curcumina/uso terapéutico , Sistemas de Liberación de Medicamentos , Liposomas , Animales , Colitis Ulcerosa/enzimología , Colitis Ulcerosa/metabolismo , Interleucina-6/metabolismo , Masculino , Malondialdehído/metabolismo , Ratones , Ratones Endogámicos C57BL , Modelos Animales , Peroxidasa/metabolismo , Factor de Necrosis Tumoral alfa/metabolismo

RESUMEN

A neutral ginger polysaccharide fraction (NGP) was isolated from ginger, and its primary structures and immunomodulatory activity were investigated. The results showed that NGP had a low molecular weight of 6305 Da. NGP principally consisted of glucose (93.88%) together with minor levels of galactose (3.27%) and arabinose (1.67%). Besides, results of methylation analysis and 1D/2D NMR spectroscopy demonstrated that NGP was α-glucan which had the main chain of 1,4-linked α-d-Glcp and α-d-Glcp residues branched at C-6 position which was different from the common triple helical ß-glucans. NGP also displayed a remarkable immunological activity on the RAW264.7 cells in vitro. It could significantly enhance the proliferation of macrophages without cytotoxicity and increase the production of immune substances (NO, TNF-α, IL-1ß and IL-6). The secretion at the concentration of 200 µg/mL was 29.41 µM, 1496.71, 44.30 and 1889.83 pg/mL for each substance, respectively. The results indicated that NGP could be a potential immune agent and might provide meaningful information for further chain conformation and immune mechanism research.

Asunto(s)

Factores Inmunológicos/química , Factores Inmunológicos/farmacología , Polisacáridos/química , Polisacáridos/farmacología , Zingiber officinale/química , Animales , Factores Inmunológicos/análisis , Macrófagos/efectos de los fármacos , Macrófagos/inmunología , Metilación , Ratones , Peso Molecular , Polisacáridos/análisis , Células RAW 264.7

RESUMEN

In this study, ginger polysaccharide (GP), ginger polysaccharide 1 (GP1), and ginger polysaccharide 2 (GP2) from ginger were firstly modified by sulfation. Fourier transform infrared, and nuclear magnetic resonance spectra investigation of sulfated ginger polysaccharide (SGP), sulfated ginger polysaccharide 1 (SGP1), and sulfated ginger polysaccharide 2 (SGP2) revealed that the sulfation successfully occurred with the characteristic absorption peak of polysaccharide. Congo red experiment showed that triple helical structure existed in SGP and SGP1, but random coils existed in SGP2. SGP, SGP1, and SGP2 all showed a rough and rugged surface with plenty of small pores. The blood clotting time of SGP2 or SGP at 2 mg/mL in activated partial thromboplastin time (APTT) assay was 41.42 or 38.01 s, respectively, which were approximately 1.33- and 1.22-fold longer than that of the physiological saline. Compared to the saline control group, prothrombin time (PT) was increased by 1.22-fold with the addition of GP at 2 mg/mL. However, no clotting inhibition phenomenon was observed in thrombin time test even at the concentrations that APTT and PT were obviously prolonged. It indicated that GP2, SGP2, and SGP inhibited the intrinsic pathway of coagulation, but GP inhibited both the intrinsic and extrinsic pathways of coagulation. Hence, ginger polysaccharides might be used as anticoagulants and therapeutic reagents for thrombosis.

Asunto(s)

Anticoagulantes/farmacología , Polisacáridos/química , Polisacáridos/farmacología , Sulfatos/química , Zingiber officinale/química , Coagulación Sanguínea/efectos de los fármacos , Carbohidratos de la Dieta/farmacología , Humanos , Espectroscopía de Resonancia Magnética , Tiempo de Tromboplastina Parcial , Tiempo de Protrombina , Tiempo de Trombina

RESUMEN

BACKGROUND: Black garlic is produced by heating raw garlic at a high temperature for a long time without any additives. The thermal processing induces many chemical reactions, such as the Maillard reaction, which causes the color change from white to dark brown. Garlic contains a variety of amino acids, and the effect of each amino acid on browning is not fully understood. This work investigated the effect and mechanism of free amino acids on the browning of black garlic using model solutions containing garlic neutral polysaccharide, hydrolyzed garlic neutral polysaccharide, fructose, and free amino acids. RESULTS: A significant increase in reducing sugar was detected when garlic neutral polysaccharide was heated with glycine. The browning intensity of garlic neutral polysaccharide-glycine model solution was obviously higher after heating at 80 °C compared with that of garlic neutral polysaccharide solution. The model solution containing histidine had the greatest browning degree. The histidine model has a stable pH value, and almost no 5-hydroxymethylfurfural (5-HMF) was detected. CONCLUSION: Amino acid can promote the breaking of the garlic neutral polysaccharide chain and can react with the fructose generated to form browning. Histidine has the greatest effect on the browning, because histidine could eliminate the inhibiting effect of organic acid on Maillard reaction due to the buffer ability, and histidine had high reactivity in the late stage of Maillard reaction. © 2019 Society of Chemical Industry.

Asunto(s)

Aminoácidos/química , Ajo/química , Antioxidantes/química , Carbohidratos/química , Color , Culinaria , Furaldehído/análogos & derivados , Furaldehído/química , Calor , Reacción de Maillard

RESUMEN

In this study, ginger polysaccharide (GP) was obtained from ginger by enzymatic method, its chemical properties and antitumor activity were investigated. The results indicated that the composition and proportion of GP were l­rhamnose, d­arabinose, d­mannose, d­glucose and d­galactose in a molar ratio of 3.64:5.37:3.04:61.03:26.91, GP had the characteristic absorption peak of polysaccharide. Congo red experiment showed that GP had a triple helix structure, which could have anti-tumor effect. Furthermore, MTT assay, cell morphology observation, nuclear morphology observation and reactive oxygen species observation demonstrated that GP had significant antitumor effect. Flow cytometry suggested that GP could promote apoptosis and arrest cells in G0-G1 phase. Real-time fluorescence quantification and Western blot revealed that GP could up-regulate the expression of Bax, Fas, FasL, caspase-3, p21 and p53, and down-regulate the expression of Bcl-2. These studies suggested that GP would be used as an antitumor drug in foods to promote the development of functional foods.

Asunto(s)

Apoptosis/efectos de los fármacos , Carcinoma Hepatocelular/tratamiento farmacológico , Puntos de Control del Ciclo Celular/efectos de los fármacos , Neoplasias Hepáticas/tratamiento farmacológico , Polisacáridos/farmacología , Zingiber officinale/química , Proteínas Reguladoras de la Apoptosis/metabolismo , Carcinoma Hepatocelular/metabolismo , Línea Celular Tumoral , Regulación hacia Abajo/efectos de los fármacos , Fase G1/efectos de los fármacos , Células Hep G2 , Humanos , Neoplasias Hepáticas/metabolismo , Fase de Descanso del Ciclo Celular/efectos de los fármacos , Transducción de Señal/efectos de los fármacos , Regulación hacia Arriba/efectos de los fármacos

RESUMEN

Two components ginger polysaccharide 1 (GP1) and ginger polysaccharide 2 (GP2) were extracted. The results showed that the molecular weights of GP1 and GP2 were 6128 Da and 12,619 Da, respectively. The composition and proportion of GP1 and GP2 were mannose, glucose and galactose in a molar ratio of 4.96: 92.24: 2.80 and arabinose, mannose, glucose and galactose in a molar ratio of 4.78: 16.70: 61.77: 16.75, respectively, illustrating that GP1 and GP2 were not a kind of homopolysaccharide. GP1 has a three-helix structure, and the structure is closely linked. GP2 contains sulfuric acid groups, and has a high oxidation resistance, its structure is more evacuated and messy.

Asunto(s)

Antioxidantes/química , Polisacáridos/química , Zingiber officinale/química , Antioxidantes/farmacología , Arabinosa/química , Carbohidratos de la Dieta/farmacología , Galactosa/química , Glucosa/química , Manosa/química , Estructura Molecular , Oxidación-Reducción , Polisacáridos/aislamiento & purificación , Polisacáridos/farmacología , Conformación Proteica en Hélice alfa , Ácidos Sulfúricos/química

RESUMEN

Green discoloration is one of the most important problems that cause low quality of product in the processing of garlic, which can be induced by low-temperature stress. But the mechanism of low temperature-induced green discoloration is poorly understood. In the present study, the control garlic and three low temperature-treated garlic samples (stored at 4°C with 10, 15, and 40 days, respectively) were used for genome-wide transcriptome profiling analysis. A total of 49280 garlic unigenes with an average length of 1337 bp were de novo assembled, 20231 of which were achieved for functional annotation. When being suffered from 10, 15, and 40 days of low-temperature treatment, an increased degree of discoloration was observed, and a total of 4757, 4401, and 2034 unigenes showed a differential expression, respectively. Finally, 5923 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were found to respond to the low-temperature stress, of which 3921 were identified in at least two treatments. Among these stress-responsive unigenes, there were large numbers of enzyme-encoding genes, which significantly enriched the pathway "proteasome," many genes of which are potentially involved in the garlic discoloration, such as 7 alliinase-encoding genes, 5 γ-glutamyltranspeptidase-encoding genes, and 1 δ-aminolevulinic acid dehydratase-encoding gene. These stress-responsive enzyme-encoding genes are possibly responsible for the low-temperature-induced garlic discoloration. The identification of large numbers of DEGs provides a basis for further elucidating the mechanism of low-temperature-induced green discoloration in garlic.

RESUMEN

Extracellular matrix (ECM) degrading enzymes, including matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs), are critical for cartilage destruction in the progression of osteoarthritis (OA). Thus, identifying novel drugs, which suppress the synthesis of MMPs may facilitate the treatment of OA. The cytotoxicity of lycorine was determined using a CCK8 assay. The effects of lycorine on IL­1ß­induced upregulation of MMPs and activation of mitogen­activated protein kinase pathways were detected by western blot analysis and reverse transcription­quantitative polymerase chain reaction. Hematoxylin and eosin staining and Safranin O staining were used to evaluate the effect of lycorine in a mouse anterior cruciate ligament transection model. In the present study, it was demonstrated for the first time, to the best of our knowledge, that lycorine (LY) suppressed interleukin­1ß (IL­1ß)­induced synthesis of MMP­3 and MMP­13 in vitro. Molecular analysis revealed that LY abrogated the phosphorylation of c­Jun N­terminal kinase (JNK) and the activation of the nuclear factor (NF)­κB signaling pathway caused by IL­1ß stimulation. In addition, in vivo experiments in a mouse anterior cruciate ligament transection model confirmed the protective role of LY on cartilage. Taken together, the data obtained in the present study demonstrated that LY suppressed the IL­1ß­induced expression of MMP­3 and MMP­13 through inhibition of the JNK and NF­κB pathways, suggesting that LY may be used as a potential drug for the treatment of OA.

Asunto(s)

Alcaloides de Amaryllidaceae/uso terapéutico , Antiinflamatorios/uso terapéutico , Condrocitos/efectos de los fármacos , Interleucina-1beta/inmunología , Metaloproteinasa 13 de la Matriz/inmunología , Metaloproteinasa 3 de la Matriz/inmunología , Osteoartritis/tratamiento farmacológico , Fenantridinas/uso terapéutico , Sustancias Protectoras/uso terapéutico , Amaryllidaceae/química , Alcaloides de Amaryllidaceae/química , Alcaloides de Amaryllidaceae/farmacología , Animales , Antiinflamatorios/química , Antiinflamatorios/farmacología , Cartílago Articular/efectos de los fármacos , Cartílago Articular/inmunología , Cartílago Articular/patología , Supervivencia Celular/efectos de los fármacos , Células Cultivadas , Condrocitos/inmunología , Condrocitos/patología , Modelos Animales de Enfermedad , Masculino , Ratones , Ratones Endogámicos C57BL , FN-kappa B/inmunología , Osteoartritis/inmunología , Osteoartritis/patología , Fenantridinas/química , Fenantridinas/farmacología , Sustancias Protectoras/química , Sustancias Protectoras/farmacología , Ratas , Ratas Sprague-Dawley

RESUMEN

Osteoclasts play an important role in diseases involving bone loss. In this study, we assessed the effect of a plant-derived natural alkaloid (lycorine, or LY) on osteoclastogenesis in vitro and in vivo. Our in vitro study showed that receptor activator of nuclear factor-κB ligand (RANKL)-induced osteoclastogenesis could be inhibited by LY; this effect was due to inhibition of mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signalling via MAP kinase kinases (MKKs). The MAPK agonist anisomycin could partially rescue the inhibitory effect of LY. Furthermore, LY also played a protective role in both a murine ovariectomy (OVX)-induced osteoporosis model and a titanium particle-induced osteolysis model. These results confirmed that LY was effective in preventing osteoclast-related diseases in vivo. In conclusion, our results show that LY is effective in suppressing osteoclastogenesis and therefore could be used to treat OVX-induced osteoporosis and wear particle-induced osteolysis.

Asunto(s)

Alcaloides de Amaryllidaceae/farmacología , Conservadores de la Densidad Ósea/farmacología , Osteogénesis/efectos de los fármacos , Osteólisis/prevención & control , Osteoporosis/prevención & control , Fenantridinas/farmacología , Ligando RANK/genética , Animales , Médula Ósea/efectos de los fármacos , Diferenciación Celular/efectos de los fármacos , Supervivencia Celular/efectos de los fármacos , Modelos Animales de Enfermedad , Femenino , Regulación de la Expresión Génica , MAP Quinasa Quinasa 4/genética , MAP Quinasa Quinasa 4/metabolismo , MAP Quinasa Quinasa 7/genética , MAP Quinasa Quinasa 7/metabolismo , Macrófagos/efectos de los fármacos , Macrófagos/metabolismo , Macrófagos/patología , Masculino , Ratones , Ratones Endogámicos C57BL , Ratones Transgénicos , Osteoclastos/efectos de los fármacos , Osteoclastos/metabolismo , Osteoclastos/patología , Osteólisis/inducido químicamente , Osteólisis/genética , Osteólisis/patología , Osteoporosis/genética , Osteoporosis/metabolismo , Osteoporosis/patología , Ovariectomía , Cultivo Primario de Células , Ligando RANK/antagonistas & inhibidores , Ligando RANK/metabolismo , Transducción de Señal , Titanio

RESUMEN

Hexahydrocurcumin, 1-dehydro-[6]-gingerdione, 6-dehydroshogaol and 6-shogaol were evaluated for their antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities in the present study. The relative antioxidant potencies of ginger compounds decreased in similar order of 1-dehydro-[6]-gingerdione, hexahydrocurcumin>6-shogaol>6-dehydroshogaol in both 1,1-diphenyl-2-picyrlhydrazyl (DPPH) radical-scavenging and trolox equivalent antioxidant capacity (TEAC) assays. All tested compounds could attenuate lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-elicited increase of prostaglandin E2 (PGE(2)) in murine macrophages (RAW 264.7) in a concentration-dependent manner but hexahydrocurcumin of 7µM and 6-shogaol of 7µM. The strongest inhibitory effect was observed for 6-dehydroshogaol and 6-shogaol at 14µM with the inhibition of 53.3% and 48.9%, respectively. Furthermore, both 6-dehydroshogaol and 1-dehydro-[6]-gingerdione significantly suppressed the expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) proteins in a concentration-dependent fashion. These results contribute to our theoretical understanding of the potential beneficial effects of consuming ginger as a food and/or dietary supplement.

Asunto(s)

Antiinflamatorios/farmacología , Antioxidantes/farmacología , Catecoles/farmacología , Curcumina/análogos & derivados , Guayacol/análogos & derivados , Extractos Vegetales/farmacología , Zingiber officinale/química , Animales , Antiinflamatorios/análisis , Antioxidantes/análisis , Catecoles/análisis , Línea Celular , Curcumina/análisis , Curcumina/farmacología , Ciclooxigenasa 2/genética , Ciclooxigenasa 2/metabolismo , Guayacol/análisis , Guayacol/farmacología , Macrófagos/efectos de los fármacos , Macrófagos/enzimología , Ratones , Óxido Nítrico Sintasa de Tipo II/antagonistas & inhibidores , Óxido Nítrico Sintasa de Tipo II/genética , Óxido Nítrico Sintasa de Tipo II/metabolismo , Extractos Vegetales/análisis

RESUMEN

An amorphous MnO(2)·nH(2)O/microporous carbon spheres (α-MnO(2)·nH(2)O/MCS) composite electrode material is prepared by a chemical co-precipitation method. It is observed that the amorphous MnO(2) particles are deposited on the surface of the MCS, which form a network with a uniquely developed three-dimensional open porous system containing macropores, mesopores and micropores. The electrochemical measurements reveal that the composite electrode material presents a much more stable and reversible capacitance behavior compared to the pure α-MnO(2)·nH(2)O in 1 M of Na(2)SO(4) electrolyte. The composite containing 25 wt% MCS exhibits optimal specific capacitance of 218.2 F g(-1) at 2 mV s(-1), and is still as high as 112.4 F g(-1) at 100 mV s(-1), while a drastic reduction from 197.0 F g(-1) at 2 mV s(-1) to only 40.7 F g(-1) at 100 mV s(-1) occurs for the pure α-MnO(2)·nH(2)O. The composite also shows a rather high electrode-specific capacitance of 3.13 F cm(-2) and a long cycle life. The remarkable enhancement in the electrochemical performance is mainly attributed to the microporous structure of the MCS contributing to the deposition of MnO(2) particles on the surface of the MCS, and the uniquely developed porous network of the composite facilitating the rapid transport of the electrolyte. These factors result in the high electrochemical utilization of MnO(2), a great reduction of the equivalent series resistance, and hence the relatively high and stable electrochemical behavior.

RESUMEN

A series of intrinsically fluorescent particles were synthesized, including nanoparticles with independently tunable diameters, nanotubes and microspheres, based on a highly crosslinked organic-inorganic hybrid polyphosphazene material. The nanoparticles exhibit high fluorescent intensity and excellent thermal and photobleaching stability, and can be well dispersed in both aqueous and organic media.

Asunto(s)

Reactivos de Enlaces Cruzados/química , Colorantes Fluorescentes/química , Microesferas , Nanopartículas/química , Nanotubos/química , Compuestos Organofosforados/química , Polímeros/química , Fenoles/química , Termogravimetría

RESUMEN

A new pyrrolidine derivative, 3-hydroxy-5-(hydroxymethyl)-4-(4'-hydroxyphenoxy)pyrrolidin-2-one (1), and eight known steroids, (22E,24R)-7beta,8beta-epoxy-3beta,5alpha,9alpha-trihydroxyergosta-22-en-6-one (2, a reassigned structure of (22E,24R)-5alpha,6alpha-epoxy-3beta,8beta,14alpha-trihydroxyergosta-22-en-7-one), (22E,24R)-3beta,5alpha,9alpha-trihydroxyergosta-7,22-dien-6-one (3), (22E,24R)-3beta,5alpha-dihydroxyergosta-7,22-dien-6-one (4), (22E,24R)-ergosta-7,22-dien-3beta/,5alpha,6beta-triol (5), (22E,24R)-ergosta-5,22-dien-3beta-ol (6), (22E,24R)-5alpha,8alpha-epidioxyergosta-6,22-dien-3beta-ol (7), (22E,24R)-5alpha,8alpha-epidioxyergosta-6,9(11),22-trien-3beta-ol (8), and (22E,24R)-1(10 --> 6)-abeo-ergosta-5,7,9,22-tetraen-3alpha-ol (9), were isolated from the cultures of Gibberella zeae, an endophytic fungus isolated from the marine green alga Codium fragile. Their structures and relative stereochemistry were elucidated by 1D, 2D NMR and mass spectroscopic techniques. Compound 1 showed cytotoxicity against A-549 and BEL-7402 cell lines.

Asunto(s)

Gibberella/química , Pirrolidinas/química , Esteroides/química , Chlorophyta/química , Estructura Molecular

RESUMEN

This study reports a noncovalent functionalization of MWCNTs with a fluorinated cross-linked polymer coating of poly[cyclotriphosphazene-co-(4,4'-(hexafluoroisopropylidene)diphenol)] and their application as the support of Pt for electrocatalytic oxidation of methanol.

Asunto(s)

Nanotubos de Carbono/química , Compuestos Organofosforados/química , Platino (Metal)/química , Polímeros/química , Catálisis , Electroquímica , Metanol/química , Estructura Molecular , Oxidación-Reducción , Tamaño de la Partícula , Propiedades de Superficie

RESUMEN

Uniform carbon spheres with hollow core and porous shell structures were controllably fabricated through carbonizing fine core/shell particles of polystyrene/cross-linked poly(cyclotriphosphazene-co-4,4'-sulfonyldiphenol), obtained by a simple template approach.

RESUMEN

This study reports a novel super-hydrophobic surface with fluorinated cross-linked poly[cyclotriphosphazene-co-(4,4'-(hexafluoroisopropylidene)diphenol)] microspheres prepared via a single-step precipitation polymerization and simple dip-coating route.