RESUMEN
Population growth combined with the need for electrical energy resulted in the construction of hundreds of hydroelectric plants in the state of São Paulo, Brazil. The consequence of these interventions was the fragmentation of rivers, forming barriers, that hinder the mobility of migratory fish species, generating an impact on the life cycle of these species, especially about movement between breeding and feeding areas. For this reason, this article aimed to evaluate the state-of-the-art knowledge regarding dams, free stretches, and migratory species in the three main river basins of the state of São Paulo and its tributaries. Through a systematic review from 2003 to 2023, 89 articles were obtained, 48 of which were about dams, 5 which addressed fish transposition systems, and 36 portraying migratory species. In the first half, research focused more on the impacts of dams on fish fauna, while in the second half of the period studied, studies of migratory fish were dominant. Most research was conducted in the main rivers, with few in the tributaries. Finally, 16 migratory species, considered long-distance, were studied, the most studied being P. lineatus, P. maculatus, L. friderici, M. obtusidens and S. hilarri and the ones that occurred most frequently in rivers are Prochilodus lineatus, Pimelodus maculatus, Megaleporinus obtusidens and Salminus hilarii. Therefore, we recommend maintaining the natural flow regime that still exists in the main rivers and tributaries of the state of São Paulo, to maintain healthy populations of the inventoried species.
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Migración Animal , Peces , Ríos , Animales , Brasil , Peces/clasificación , Peces/fisiología , Migración Animal/fisiología , Dinámica PoblacionalRESUMEN
For 175 years, an unremarkable bass, the Grape-eye Seabass (Hemilutjanus macrophthalmos), has been known from coastal waters in the Eastern Pacific. To date, its phylogenetic placement and classification have been ignored. A preliminary osteological examination of Hemilutjanus hinted that it may have affinities with the Acropomatiformes. To test this hypothesis, we conducted a phylogenetic analysis using UCE and Sanger sequence data to study the placement of Hemilutjanus and the limits and relationships of the Acropomatiformes. We show that Hemilutjanus is a malakichthyid, and our results corroborate earlier studies that have resolved a polyphyletic Polyprionidae; accordingly, we describe Stereolepididae, new family, for Stereolepis. With these revisions, the Acropomatiformes is now composed of the: Acropomatidae; Banjosidae; Bathyclupeidae; Champsodontidae; Creediidae; Dinolestidae; Epigonidae; Glaucosomatidae; Hemerocoetidae; Howellidae; Lateolabracidae; Malakichthyidae; Ostracoberycidae; Pempheridae; Pentacerotidae; Polyprionidae; Scombropidae; Stereolepididae, new family; Symphysanodontidae; Synagropidae; and Schuettea. Finally, using our new hypothesis, we demonstrate that acropomatiforms repeatedly evolved bioluminescence and transitioned between shallow waters and the deep sea.
Durante más de 175 años el Serranido ojo de uva (Hemilutjanus macrophthalmos), un pez parecido a la lubina común, se conoce de las zonas costeras del Pacífico Oriental. Al día de hoy la posición filogenética de esta especie se desconoce. Un estudio preliminar de Hemilutjanus basado en caracteres osteológicos sugirió que esta especie puede tener afinidades con el orden Acropomatiformes. Para investigar la posición filogenética de Hemilutjanus y los límites y relaciones dentro del orden Acropomatiformes realizamos análisis filogenéticos utilizando datos de secuencias Sanger y de UCEs. Demostramos que Hemilutjanus es un malakichthyid y nuestros resultados recobran Polyprionidae como una familia polifilética corroboran así estudios anteriores. En consecuencia, diagnosticamos y describimos una nueva familia de peces, Stereolepididae, que incluye ambas especies del genero Stereolepis. Con esta revisión, ahora el orden Acropomatiformes se compone de las familias: Acropomatidae; Banjosidae; Bathyclupeidae; Champsodontidae; Creediidae; Dinolestidae; Epigonidae; Glaucosomatidae; Hemerocoetidae; Howellidae; Lateolabracidae; Malakichthyidae; Ostracoberycidae; Pempheridae; Pentacerotidae; Polyprionidae; Scombropidae; Stereolepididae, nueva familia; Symphysanodontidae; Synagropidae; y Schuettea. Finalmente, utilizando nuestra hipótesis filogenética, demostramos que bioluminiscencia ha evolucionado varias veces dentro de los miembros de Acropomatiformes y tambien demostramos múltiples transiciones entre aguas someras y zonas profundas del océano dentro de este grupo.
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Animales , Filogenia , Especificidad de la Especie , Lubina/anatomía & histología , Perciformes/anatomía & histología , Océano PacíficoRESUMEN
BACKGROUND: The Leprosy Post-Exposure Prophylaxis (LPEP) program explored the feasibility and impact of contact tracing and the provision of single dose rifampicin (SDR) to eligible contacts of newly diagnosed leprosy patients in Brazil, India, Indonesia, Myanmar, Nepal, Sri Lanka and Tanzania. As the impact of the programme is difficult to establish in the short term, we apply mathematical modelling to predict its long-term impact on the leprosy incidence. METHODOLOGY: The individual-based model SIMCOLEP was calibrated and validated to the historic leprosy incidence data in the study areas. For each area, we assessed two scenarios: 1) continuation of existing routine activities as in 2014; and 2) routine activities combined with LPEP starting in 2015. The number of contacts per index patient screened varied from 1 to 36 between areas. Projections were made until 2040. PRINCIPAL FINDINGS: In all areas, the LPEP program increased the number of detected cases in the first year(s) of the programme as compared to the routine programme, followed by a faster reduction afterwards with increasing benefit over time. LPEP could accelerate the reduction of the leprosy incidence by up to six years as compared to the routine programme. The impact of LPEP varied by area due to differences in the number of contacts per index patient included and differences in leprosy epidemiology and routine control programme. CONCLUSIONS: The LPEP program contributes significantly to the reduction of the leprosy incidence and could potentially accelerate the interruption of transmission. It would be advisable to include contact tracing/screening and SDR in routine leprosy programmes.
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Trazado de Contacto/métodos , Lepra/epidemiología , Lepra/prevención & control , Tamizaje Masivo/métodos , Prevención Primaria/métodos , Brasil , Humanos , India , Indonesia/epidemiología , Leprostáticos/uso terapéutico , Mianmar/epidemiología , Nepal/epidemiología , Profilaxis Posexposición/métodos , Rifampin/uso terapéutico , Sri Lanka/epidemiología , Tanzanía/epidemiologíaRESUMEN
A vaccine containing doses ranging from 2 µg to 50 µg of integral membrane proteins from Haemonchus contortus intestinal cells (H11 and H-gal-GP complex) has been shown to be effective for lambs. A vaccine for H. contortus was tested in two-month old grazing Corriedale lambs during an eight-month trial on the outskirts of Bagé, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. The animals were kept in a single paddock and allocated to five similar groups according to weight, sex and faecal egg counts (FEC). Vaccinated lambs received 0, 2, 5, 10 or 50 µg of the same antigen diluted in QuilA adjuvant. Vaccine injections were given at days 0, 21, 49, 91, 133, and 175. Lambs were sampled weekly for FEC, packed cell volume (PCV), and plasma ELISA antibody titre. Lambs with PCVs ≤15 % were drenched with levamisole (7.5 mg/kg body weight) as a salvage treatment. During days 77-98 an artificial challenge was administered to increase parasite transmission. Post-artificial challenge (from day 98-217), the FEC of the vaccinated lambs were 59.3 % lower than those of the control lambs. Antigen dose correlated with changes in PCV (r = 0.387 p-value < 0.001). Vaccinated lambs also had higher PCV than controls (p < 0.001; contrast analysis). Salvage treatment was needed in 16.7 % of vaccinated lambs and 88 % of control lambs.
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Hemoncosis/veterinaria , Glicoproteínas de Membrana/inmunología , Enfermedades de las Ovejas/prevención & control , Vacunas/inmunología , Animales , Antihelmínticos/administración & dosificación , Antihelmínticos/uso terapéutico , Relación Dosis-Respuesta Inmunológica , Heces/parasitología , Hemoncosis/prevención & control , Haemonchus , Levamisol/administración & dosificación , Levamisol/uso terapéutico , Recuento de Huevos de Parásitos , Ovinos , Vacunas/administración & dosificaciónRESUMEN
Background: Innovative approaches are required for leprosy control to reduce cases and curb transmission of Mycobacterium leprae. Early case detection, contact screening, and chemoprophylaxis are the most promising tools. We aimed to generate evidence on the feasibility of integrating contact tracing and administration of single-dose rifampicin (SDR) into routine leprosy control activities. Methods The leprosy post-exposure prophylaxis (LPEP) programme was an international, multicentre feasibility study implemented within the leprosy control programmes of Brazil, India, Indonesia, Myanmar, Nepal, Sri Lanka, and Tanzania. LPEP explored the feasibility of combining three key interventions: systematically tracing contacts of individuals newly diagnosed with leprosy; screening the traced contacts for leprosy; and administering SDR to eligible contacts. Outcomes were assessed in terms of number of contacts traced, screened, and SDR administration rates. Findings Between Jan 1, 2015, and Aug 1, 2019, LPEP enrolled 9170 index patients and listed 179 769 contacts, of whom 174782 (97·2%) were successfully traced and screened. Of those screened, 22 854 (13·1%) were excluded from SDR mainly because of health reasons and age. Among those excluded, 810 were confirmed as new patients (46 per 10 000 contacts screened). Among the eligible screened contacts, 1182 (0·7%) refused prophylactic treatment with SDR. Overall, SDR was administered to 151 928 (86·9%) screened contacts. No serious adverse events were reported. Interpretation Post-exposure prophylaxis with SDR is safe; can be integrated into different leprosy control programmes with minimal additional efforts once contact tracing has been established; and is generally well accepted by index patients, their contacts, and health-care workers. The programme has also invigorated local leprosy control through the availability of a prophylactic intervention; therefore, we recommend rolling out SDR in all settings where contact tracing and screening have been established(AU).
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Rifampin/uso terapéutico , Profilaxis Posexposición/métodos , Lepra/prevención & control , Estudios de Factibilidad , Tamizaje Masivo , Salud Pública/métodos , Medicina de Precisión/métodos , Leprostáticos/uso terapéuticoRESUMEN
The Leprosy Post-Exposure Prophylaxis (LPEP) program explored the feasibility and impact of contact tracing and the provision of SDR to eligible contacts of newly diagnosed leprosy patients in states or districts of Brazil, India, Indonesia, Myanmar, Nepal, Sri Lanka and Tanzania. This study investigated the long-term impact of the LPEP program on the leprosy new case detection rate (NCDR). Our results show that LPEP could reduce the NCDR beyond the impact of the routine leprosy control programme and that many new cases could be prevented. The benefit of LPEP increases gradually over time. LPEP could accelerate the time of reaching predicted NCDR levels of 2040 under routine program by up to six years. Furthermore, we highlighted how the impact varies between countries due to differences in the number of contacts per index patient screened and differences in leprosy epidemiology and national control programme. Generally, including both household contacts and neighbours (> 20 contacts per index patient) would yield the highest impact.
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Humanos , Prevención Primaria/métodos , Trazado de Contacto/métodos , Profilaxis Posexposición , Lepra/prevención & control , Lepra/epidemiología , Rifampin/uso terapéutico , Sri Lanka/epidemiología , Tanzanía/epidemiología , Brasil , Tamizaje Masivo , Mianmar/epidemiología , India , Indonesia/epidemiología , Nepal/epidemiologíaRESUMEN
Objective: To report the results of a survey of all percutaneous injuries that occurred between 2009 2014 among students and interns at the dental school in Trinidad and to evaluate compliance with the protocol for the management of percutaneous injuries. Methods: Data was collected via questionnaires administered to 186 clinical students and interns in 2012 and 2014. Data were analysed using SPSS® 17.0 Statistical software. Results: A 90% response rate was obtained. Forty-eight persons (29%) reported one or more sharps injuries at the dental school. Of the 76 sharps injuries reported, 55 were percutaneous. Needle sticks and burs accounted for the majority of injuries and mostly occurred while working on patients. There were no significant relationships (p>0.05) between sex nor student year with the occurrence of injuries. 76% of the respondents described their concern for contracting blood borne injuries from sharps injuries as "high." After injury, 41% of the respondents followed the school's protocol for sharps injuries. Conclusion: The prevalence of percutaneous injuries among students and interns at the UWI dental school in Trinidad is 23% and occur most commonly while working on patients. Compliance with the protocol for percutaneous injuries needs to be improved. The protocol needs to be audited to improve efficiency and reinforced to the students, interns and clinical supervisors during their clinical years.
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Humanos , Facultades de Odontología , Trinidad y Tobago , Odontología , Lesiones por Pinchazo de Aguja , Región del CaribeRESUMEN
Objective: The School of Dentistry introduced an Objective Structured Clinical Examination (OSCE) in 2014 for Year 3 students in its Doctor of Dental Surgery (DDS) programme, designed to ensure patient care competency. The objective of the study was to determine student and examiner perceptions of thedental OSCE which takes place in Year 3 Semester I. Design and Methodology: All year 3 dental students (n=27) and examiners (n=14) took part in the study. Following ethical approval, a cross-sectional survey method was used. Data were collected on structured questionnaires administered to students and examiners to obtain their perceptions of the OSCE stations which included: History taking, Examination of a patient, Radiographic examination, Basic Life Support and six other specialty stations. Results: Student survey: Fifteen (15) students (55.6%) agreed that the OSCE was fair and 73.1% agreed they were well organized. However, only 55.6% thought there was sufficient time. Nearly 75% felt the OSCE was representative of real clinical scenarios but only 48.1% agreed it was valid in terms of assessing clinical competence. Examiner Survey: Nearly 93% of examiners thought their OSCE station was well organized and that the time allocated was sufficient. One hundred percent (100%) agreed that their OSCE station was fair, a good assessment of the students' competency to begin seeing patients and that the OSCE was a valid form of assessing clinical competence. Conclusion: While less than half of students thought that the OSCE was valid in terms of assessing clinical competence, all of the Examiners thought that it was valid. The discrepancy between student and examiner perceptions needs further investigation.
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Humanos , Masculino , Femenino , Adulto , Persona de Mediana Edad , Estudiantes de Odontología , Percepción , Trinidad y TobagoRESUMEN
Dairy slurry is used commonly as an animal-sourced fertilizer in agronomic production. However, residual effects of slurry application on intake and digestibility of alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) silage from subsequent harvests are not well known. The objective of this study was to determine if moisture concentration of alfalfa silage and timing of dairy slurry application relative to subsequent harvest affected intake and digestibility by sheep. Katahdin crossbred ewes (n = 18; 48 ± 5.3 kg) in mid-gestation were stratified by BW and allocated randomly in each of two periods to one of six treatments arranged in a two × three factorial arrangement. Treatments consisted of recommended (RM; 46.8%) or low (LM; 39.7%) moisture at baling after either no slurry application (NS), slurry application to stubble immediately after removal of the previous cutting (S0), or slurry application 14 d after removal of the previous cutting (S14). Silages were chopped through a commercial straw chopper, packed into plastic trash cans, and then offered to ewes within 4 d of chopping. Period 1 of the intake and digestion study consisted of a 14-d adaptation followed by a 7-d fecal collection period. Period 2 followed period 1 after a 4-d rest and consisted of an 11-d adaptation followed by 7 d of fecal collection. Ewes were housed individually in 1.4 × 4.3-m pens equipped with rubber mat flooring. Feces were swept from the floor twice daily, weighed, and dried at 50 °C. Ewes had ad libitum access to water and were offered chopped silage for a minimum of 10% refusal (DM). Blood samples were collected immediately prior to feeding, and 4 and 8 h after feeding on the day prior to the end of each period. Organic matter intake (g/kg BW) and OM digestibility tended (P < 0.10) to be, and digestible OM intake (g/kg BW) was reduced by slurry application. Lymphocytes (% of total white blood cells) were greater (P < 0.05) from LM vs. RM and from NS vs. S0 and S14. Red blood cell concentrations were greater (P < 0.05) from S14 vs. S0 and from S0 and S14 vs. NS. Serum urea N concentrations did not differ (P > 0.17) across treatments. Therefore, moisture concentration of alfalfa silage within the range used in this study may not affect voluntary intake or digestibility, but slurry application may have an effect on digestible OM intake. Also, moisture concentration of alfalfa silage and time of dairy slurry application may affect specific blood hemograms.
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Fertilizantes/análisis , Medicago sativa , Ovinos/fisiología , Ensilaje/análisis , Animales , Nitrógeno de la Urea Sanguínea , Dieta/veterinaria , Digestión , Heces , Femenino , Fermentación , Fertilizantes/efectos adversos , Estiércol , Distribución AleatoriaRESUMEN
The ongoing transmission of Mycobacterium (M.) leprae reflected in a very slow decline in leprosy incidence, forces us to be innovative and conduct cutting-edge research. Single dose rifampicin (SDR) as post-exposure prophylaxis (PEP) for contacts of leprosy patients, reduces their risk to develop leprosy by 60%. This is a promising new preventive measure that can be integrated into routine leprosy control programmes, as is being demonstrated in the Leprosy Post-Exposure Programme that is currently ongoing in eight countries.The limited (60%) effectiveness of SDR is likely due to the fact that some contacts have a preclinical infection beyond the early stages for which SDR is not sufficient to prevent the development of clinical signs and symptoms of leprosy. An enhanced regimen, more potent against a higher load of leprosy bacteria, would increase the effectiveness of this preventive measure significantly.The Netherlands Leprosy Relief (NLR) is developing a multi-country study aiming to show that breaking the chain of transmission of M. leprae is possible, evidenced by a dramatic reduction in incidence. In this study the assessment of the effectiveness of an enhanced prophylactic regimen for leprosy is an important component. To define the so called PEP++ regimen for this intervention study, NLR convened an Expert Meeting that was attended by clinical leprologists, public health experts, pharmacologists, dermatologists and microbiologists.The Expert Meeting advised on combinations of available drugs, with known efficacy against leprosy, as well as on the duration of the intake, aiming at a risk reduction of 80-90%. To come to a conclusion the Expert Meeting considered the bactericidal, sterilising and bacteriostatic activity of the potential drugs. The criteria used to determine an optimal enhanced regimen were: effectiveness, safety, acceptability, availability, affordability, feasibility and not inducing drug resistance.The Expert Meeting concluded that the enhanced regimen for the PEP++ study should comprise three standard doses of rifampicin 600 mg (weight adjusted when given to children) plus moxifloxacin 400 mg given at four-weekly intervals. For children and for adults with contraindications for moxifloxacin, moxifloxacin should be replaced by clarithromycin 300 mg (weight adjusted).
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Profilaxis Posexposición , Lepra/prevención & control , Lepra/terapia , Control de Enfermedades Transmisibles , Lepra/tratamiento farmacológicoRESUMEN
The relationship of both asymmetric (ADMA) and symmetric (SDMA) dimethylarginine with carotid wall thickness is inconclusive especially among black populations. We aimed to compare carotid intima media thickness (cIMT) and dimethylarginine levels in 75 black and 91 white men at baseline and after a 3-year follow-up, and to investigate associations of percentage change in cIMT with percentage change in dimethylarginine levels (ADMA and SDMA). Plasma levels of ADMA and SDMA were determined with a liquid chromatography mass spectrometry method and B-mode ultrasonography was used to determine the cIMT at baseline and follow-up. In black men, mean cIMT (p = 0.79) and ADMA levels (p = 0.67) remained the same, but SDMA levels were lower (p < 0.001) when comparing baseline and follow-up. In white men, cIMT increased (p < 0.001), but both mean ADMA and SDMA levels decreased (p < 0.001) over time. In black men, percentage change in cIMT was positively associated with percentage change in ADMA (R 2 = 0.49; ß = 0.46; p < 0.001) and percentage change in SDMA (R 2 = 0.46; ß = 0.41; p < 0.001). These associations were absent in the white men. Despite lower mean SDMA and similar ADMA and cIMT in black men, percentage change in cIMT was independently associated with percentage change in ADMA and percentage change in SDMA. These results suggest an important role for ADMA and SDMA lowering strategies to delay carotid wall thickening, especially in black populations prone to the development of cardiovascular disease.
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Arginina/análogos & derivados , Enfermedades Cardiovasculares/sangre , Enfermedades Cardiovasculares/fisiopatología , Grosor Intima-Media Carotídeo , Adulto , Arginina/sangre , Población Negra , Enfermedades Cardiovasculares/etnología , Enfermedades Cardiovasculares/metabolismo , Estudios de Seguimiento , Humanos , Masculino , Persona de Mediana Edad , Estudios Prospectivos , Análisis de Regresión , América del Sur/etnología , Población BlancaRESUMEN
Objective: The objective of this study was to evaluate employers' and graduates' perceptions of the competence of dental graduates from the School of Dentistry, University of the West Indies (UWI). Method: Anonymous questionnaires were sent to employers of the dental graduates in 2013. Similar questionnaires were also completed by graduates of the class of 2011 and 2012. Respondents were asked to rate employees or self assess the UWI School of Dentistry (SoD) curriculum's 23 competency areas and 6 domains of dental practice including: professionalism, assessment of a patient, establishment and maintenance of oral health. Results: Response rates of 48.3%, 100% and 95.7% were obtained from the employers, class of 2011 and class of 2012 respectively. The graduates' self-rated competency means were satisfactory or higher (better) in all competency areas. Employers rated the competency of UWI graduates higher than average in all competency areas except temporomandibular joint/occlusion therapy, orthodontic therapy and dental office administration. Overall, the graduates consistently rated themselves significantly higher than the employers except for periodontal therapy, minor oral surgery, removable prosthodontics and dental office administration. The graduating class of 2011 rated themselves significantly higher than class of 2012 in most (15 out of 23) competency areas. Conclusion: Employers and graduates rated UWI dental graduate competency above average in all areas except orthodontics and dental office administration. UWI dental graduates have a better perception of their competency than do their employers. The School of Dentistry needs to pay particular attention to the areas highlighted and review the curriculum accordingly.
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Humanos , Región del Caribe , Odontología , Ortodoncia , Facultades de Odontología , Consultorios OdontológicosRESUMEN
Introduction : The School of Dentistry undertakes the training of dental students, where they provide fixed dental prostheses such as crowns bridges and onlays to patients of the dental polyclinic. The aim of this study was to determine the patient satisfaction with their ixed prostheses and the quantity of remakes at the School of Dentistry polyclinic during the period 2008-2012. Methods : The lab records of ixed prosthetic work during the period 2008-2012 were analyzed. Patients who received treatment during this period were contacted via telephone for a structured interview via a questionnaire. Results : Ninety-six (96) patients were contacted via telephone and 72% of patients were female. Fifty-six (56) crowns and onlays, 22 conventional bridges and 18 resin-retained bridges were provided for patients. Ninety-six (96%) of patients were satisied with the aesthetics (appearance) of their prosthesis immediately after itting and 90.7 % were still satisied with the appearance at the time of interview. 79.2% of prostheses were still in place at the time of interview but patients reported that 18% of crowns failed, 22.7% of conventional bridges and 27.8% of resin-retained bridges had failed. Fifteen (15%) of the ixed prostheses were remade. However, the majority of patients (99 %) were overall satisied with their services at the School of Dentistry in Trinidad. Conclusion : Patients are generally satisied with the ixed prosthetic work delivered at the School of Dentistry polyclinic and highly satisied with the services provided. The amount of remakes whilst small can be reduced with more stringent quality assurance measures.
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Humanos , Masculino , Femenino , Estudiantes de Odontología , Trinidad y Tobago , Prótesis Dental , Odontología , Satisfacción del Paciente , Región del Caribe , CoronasRESUMEN
Cryptosporidium and Giardia spp. are waterborne, fecally-transmitted pathogens that cause economic loss due to gastroenteritis and beach closures. We applied quantitative microbial risk assessment (QMRA) to determine the health risks for humans and sea otters due to waterborne exposure of Cryptosporidium and Giardia spp. when swimming in three types of surface waters: river, stormwater and wastewater effluent during the wet and dry seasons in the central coast of California. This is the first application of QMRA to estimate both the probability of infection in Southern sea otters and the probability of illness in humans, using microbial source tracking (MST) as a variable. Children swimming close to stormwater discharges had an estimated Cryptosporidium-associated illness probability that exceeded the accepted U.S. EPA criteria (32 illnesses/1000 swimmers or 3.2%). Based on the assumption that sea otters are as susceptible as humans to Cryptosporidium infection, the infection probabilities were close to 2% and 16% when sea otters were swimming at the end of points of rivers and stormwater discharges, respectively. In the case of Giardia, infection probabilities of 11% and 23% were estimated for sea otters swimming at the end of point of wastewater discharges, assuming that sea otters are as susceptible as gerbils and humans, respectively. The results of this QMRA suggest that 1) humans and sea otters are at risk when swimming at outflow sites for rivers, stormwater and treated wastewater effluent; 2) reduced loads of viable protozoan cysts and oocysts in recreational water can lessen the probability of infection of humans and sea otters; and 3) the risk of infection of humans and sea otters can be reduced with the treatment of wastewater to decrease oocyst and cyst viability before effluent is released into the sea.
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Cryptosporidium , Nutrias , Animales , Giardia , Humanos , Oocistos , Estados Unidos , Microbiología del AguaRESUMEN
GS-9857, an inhibitor of the hepatitis C virus (HCV) nonstructural protein (NS) 3/4A, demonstrates potent activity against HCV genotypes 1-6 and improved coverage against commonly encountered NS3 resistance-associated variants (RAVs). In this study, the safety, tolerability, antiviral activity and pharmacokinetics (PK) of GS-9857 were evaluated in patients with chronic HCV genotype 1-4 infection. Patients with genotype 1-4 infection received placebo or once-daily GS-9857 at doses ranging from 50 to 300 mg for 3 days under fasting conditions. GS-9857 was well tolerated; all reported adverse events (AEs) were mild or moderate in severity. Diarrhoea and headache were the most commonly reported AEs. Grade 3 or 4 laboratory abnormalities were observed in 17% of patients receiving GS-9857; there were no Grade 3 or 4 abnormalities in alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase or alkaline phosphatase levels. GS-9857 demonstrated potent antiviral activity in patients with chronic HCV infection, achieving mean and median maximum reductions in HCV RNA of ≥3 log10 IU/mL following administration of a 100-mg dose in patients with HCV genotype 1a, 1b, 2, 3 or 4 infection. The antiviral activity of GS-9857 was unaffected by the presence of pretreatment NS3 RAVs. In patients with genotype 1-4 infection, GS-9857 exhibited linear PK and was associated with a median half-life of 29-42 h, supporting once-daily dosing. Thus, the tolerability, efficacy and pharmacokinetic profile of GS-9857 support its further evaluation for treatment of patients with chronic HCV infection.
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Antivirales/administración & dosificación , Genotipo , Hepacivirus/clasificación , Hepacivirus/genética , Hepatitis C Crónica/tratamiento farmacológico , Hepatitis C Crónica/virología , Compuestos Macrocíclicos/administración & dosificación , Sulfonamidas/administración & dosificación , Adolescente , Adulto , Anciano , Ácidos Aminoisobutíricos , Antivirales/efectos adversos , Antivirales/farmacocinética , Antivirales/farmacología , Ciclopropanos , Método Doble Ciego , Efectos Colaterales y Reacciones Adversas Relacionados con Medicamentos/epidemiología , Efectos Colaterales y Reacciones Adversas Relacionados con Medicamentos/patología , Femenino , Hepacivirus/aislamiento & purificación , Humanos , Lactamas Macrocíclicas , Leucina/análogos & derivados , Compuestos Macrocíclicos/efectos adversos , Compuestos Macrocíclicos/farmacocinética , Compuestos Macrocíclicos/farmacología , Masculino , Persona de Mediana Edad , Placebos/administración & dosificación , Prolina/análogos & derivados , Quinoxalinas , Sulfonamidas/efectos adversos , Sulfonamidas/farmacocinética , Sulfonamidas/farmacología , Resultado del Tratamiento , Carga Viral , Adulto JovenAsunto(s)
Articulación del Tobillo/cirugía , Pie Diabético/cirugía , Grupo de Atención al Paciente/organización & administración , Procedimientos de Cirugía Plástica/efectos adversos , Complicaciones Posoperatorias/terapia , Articulación del Tobillo/fisiopatología , Artropatía Neurógena/fisiopatología , Artropatía Neurógena/cirugía , Pie Diabético/fisiopatología , Femenino , Humanos , Masculino , Evaluación de Resultado en la Atención de Salud , Atención Perioperativa/métodos , Complicaciones Posoperatorias/fisiopatología , Procedimientos de Cirugía Plástica/métodosRESUMEN
The development of antimicrobial resistance among bacteria (AMR) is currently one of the world's most pressing public health problems. The use of antimicrobial agents in humans and animals has resulted in AMR which has narrowed the potential use of antibiotics for the treatment of infections in humans. To monitor AMR and to develop control measures, some countries, such as the USA, Canada and Denmark, have established national integrated surveillance systems (FDA, , CIPARS, 2007, DANMAP,2002). The components of these programs monitor changes in susceptibility/resistance to antimicrobial agents of selected zoonotic pathogens and commensal organisms recovered from animals, retail meats and humans. The rapid development of Colombia's animal production industry has raised food safety issues including the emergence of antibiotic resistance. The Colombian Integrated Surveillance Program for Antimicrobial Resistance (COIPARS) was established as a pilot project to monitor AMR on poultry farms, slaughter houses and retail markets.
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Antiinfecciosos/efectos adversos , Farmacorresistencia Microbiana , Microbiología de Alimentos/métodos , Vigilancia de la Población/métodos , Asociación entre el Sector Público-Privado , Mataderos , Crianza de Animales Domésticos , Animales , Antiinfecciosos/administración & dosificación , Campylobacter/efectos de los fármacos , Campylobacter/aislamiento & purificación , Colombia , Comercio , Enterococcus/efectos de los fármacos , Enterococcus/aislamiento & purificación , Humanos , Cooperación Internacional , Pruebas de Sensibilidad Microbiana , Proyectos Piloto , Aves de Corral , Salmonella/efectos de los fármacos , Salmonella/aislamiento & purificación , Streptococcus/efectos de los fármacos , Streptococcus/aislamiento & purificaciónRESUMEN
Cryptosporidium and Giardia are of public health importance, with recognized transmission through recreational waters. Therefore, both can contaminate marine waters and shellfish, with potential to infect marine mammals in nearshore ecosystems. A 2-year study was conducted to evaluate the presence of Cryptosporidium and Giardia in mussels located at two distinct coastal areas in California, namely, (i) land runoff plume sites and (ii) locations near sea lion haul-out sites, as well as in feces of California sea lions (CSL) (Zalophus californianus) by the use of direct fluorescent antibody (DFA) detection methods and PCR with sequence analysis. In this study, 961 individual mussel hemolymph samples, 54 aliquots of pooled mussel tissue, and 303 CSL fecal samples were screened. Giardia duodenalis assemblages B and D were detected in hemolymph from mussels collected near two land runoff plume sites (Santa Rosa Creek and Carmel River), and assemblages C and D were detected in hemolymph from mussels collected near a sea lion haul-out site (White Rock). These results suggest that mussels are being contaminated by protozoa carried in terrestrial runoff and/or shed in the feces of CSL. Furthermore, low numbers of oocysts and cysts morphologically similar to Cryptosporidium and Giardia, respectively, were detected in CSL fecal samples, suggesting that CSL could be a source and a host of protozoan parasites in coastal environments. The results of this study showed that Cryptosporidium and Giardia spp. from the feces of terrestrial animals and CSL can contaminate mussels and coastal environments.