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Palm stearin fractionate (PSF), obtained from palm stearin by further fractionation with solvents and n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (n-3 PUFA) rich fish oil (FO) were subjected to interesterification at 1:1, 1:2, 1:3, 2:1 and 3:1 substrate molar ratio and catalyzed by lipase from Thermomyces lanuginosa for obtaining a product with triacylglycerol (TAG) structure similar to that of human milk fat (HMF). The parameters (molar ratio and time) of the interesterification reaction were standardized. The temperature of 60 °C and enzyme concentration of 10 % (w/w) were kept fixed as these parameters were previously optimized. The reactions were carried out in a stirred tank reactor equipped with a magnetic stirrer for 6, 12, 18 and 24 h. The blends were analyzed for fatty acid (FA) composition of both total FAs and those at the sn-2 position after pancreatic lipase hydrolysis. All the blended products were subjected to melting point determination and free fatty acid content. Finally, blend of PSF and FO at 2:1 molar ratio with 69.70 % palmitic acid (PA) content and 12 h of reaction produced the desired product with 75.98 % of PA at sn-2 position, 0.27 % arachidonic acid (AA), 3.43 % eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and 4.25 % docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) and with melting point of 42 °C. This study portrayed a successful preparation of TAG containing unique FA composition i.e. ≥ 70 % of the PA, by weight, were esterified at the sn-2 position which could be used in infant formulation with health benefits of n-3 PUFAs.

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The study aimed to evaluate the in vitro antioxidant activity of medium chain fatty acid (MCFA) rich-rice bran oils in comparison with native rice bran oil. Different in vitro methods were used to evaluate the free radical scavenging activity, metal chelation activity, reducing acitivity, ABTS radical scavenging activity, thiobarbituric acid (TBA) value and so on at different concentrations of the oils such as 10-100 µg/mL. Inhibition of lipid peroxidation was evaluated measuring thiobarbituric acid responsive substance (TBARS) and conjugated diene formation. All the oils showed potent antioxidant activity at 100 µg/mL concentration. TBARS formation and conjugated diene formation was lower with MCFA rich oils i.e. the inhibition of lipid peroxidation was more in MCFA rich oils than original rice bran oil. Caprylic acid rich rice bran oil showed maximum antioxidant activity in comparison to capric- and lauric acid rich rice bran oils. Overall the MCFA rich rice bran oils showed to be more potent antioxidant than rice bran oil due to their lower unsaturated fatty acid content.

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Sterol esters are currently gaining importance because of their recent recognition and application in the food and nutraceutical industries. Phytosterol esters have an advantage over phytosterols, naturally occurring antioxidants, with better fat solubility and compatibility. Antioxidants and hypocholesterolemic agents are known to reduce hypercholesterolemic atherosclerosis. The objective of the study was to determine the effects of different sterol esters on cardiac and aortic lipid profile and oxidative stress parameters and on the development of atherosclerosis in rats fed a high-cholesterol diet. Thirty six rats were divided into six groups: control group, hypercholesterolemic group and four experimental groups fed with EPA-DHA rich sitosterol ester in two different doses, 0.25 g/kg body wt/day and 0.5 g/kg body wt/day, and ALA rich sitosterol ester in two different doses, 0.25 g/kg body wt/day and 0.5 g/kg body wt/day. The sterol esters were gavaged to the rats once daily for 32 days. The cardiac and aortic total cholesterol, non-HDL cholesterol and triglyceride level which were elevated in hypercholesterolemia were significantly lowered by both the doses of sterol esters. Antioxidant enzyme activities were significantly decreased and peroxidation product, malondialdehyde was increased in hypercholesterolemia. But administration of both the sterol esters was able to increase enzyme activities and decrease MDA level in the tissues. Histological study of cardiac tissues showed fatty changes in hypercholesterolemic group which was reduced by treatment with sterol esters. The higher doses of sterol-ester caused better effects against hypercholesterolemic atherosclerosis.

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A comparative study was done on the production of different medium chain fatty acid (MCFA) rich mustard oil using a stirred tank batchreactor (STBR) and packed bed bio reactor (PBBR) using three commercially available immobilised lipases viz. Thermomyces lanuginosus, Candida antarctica and Rhizomucor meihe. Three different MCFAs capric, caprylic and lauric acids were incorporated in the mustard oil. Reaction parameters, such as substrate molar ratio, reaction temperature and enzyme concentration were standardized in the STBR and maintained in the PBBR. To provide equal time of residence between the substrate and enzyme in both the reactors for the same amount of substrates, the substrate flow rate in the PBBR was maintainedat 0.27 ml/min. Gas liquid chromatography was used to monitor the incorporation of MCFA in mustard oil. The study showed that the PBBR was more efficient than the STBR in the synthesis of structured lipids with less migration of acyl groups. The physico-chemical parameters of the product along with fatty acid composition in all positions and sn-2 positions were also determined.

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The present study was adopted to evaluate the antioxidant efficacy of medium chain fatty acid (caprylic, capric and lauric) rich rice bran oils in comparison to rice bran oil in terms of altered biochemical parameters of oxidative stress following sodium arsenite treatment in rats. Animals were divided into ten groups; five normal groups and five arsenite treated groups. Results showed that activities of antioxidant enzymes in liver, brain and erythrocyte membrane increased with the administration of rice bran oil and MCFA rich rice bran oils both in normal and arsenite treated cases. Lipid peroxidation increased with the administration of sodium arsenite, but again administration of rice bran oil and MCFA rich rice bran oils decreased the lipid peroxidation. Caprylic acid rich rice bran oil showed the best ameliorative effects.

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Hypercholesterolemia is a major cause of coronary heart disease. Erythrocyte membrane is affected during hypercholesterolemia. The effect of EPA-DHA rich sterol ester and ALA rich sterol ester on erythrocyte membrane composition, osmotic fragility in normal and hypercholesterolemic rats and changes in antioxidant status of erythrocyte membrane were studied. Erythrocyte membrane composition, osmotic fragility of the membrane and antioxidant enzyme activities was analyzed. Osmotic fragility data suggested that the erythrocyte membrane of hypercholesterolemia was relatively more fragile than that of the normal rats' membrane which could be reversed with the addition of sterol esters in the diet. The increased plasma cholesterol in hypercholesterolemic rats could also be lowered by the sterol ester administration. There was also marked changes in the antioxidant enzyme activities of the erythrocyte membrane. Antioxidant enzyme levels decreased in the membrane of the hypercholesterolemic subjects were increased with the treatment of the sterol esters. The antioxidative activity of ALA rich sterol ester was better in comparison to EPA-DHA rich sterol ester. In conclusion, rat erythrocytes appear to be deformed and became more fragile in cholesterol rich blood. This deformity and fragility was partially reversed by sterol esters by virtue of their ability to lower the extent of hypercholesterolemia.

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Structured lipids were prepared from mustard oil by enzymatic acidolysis reaction with capric acid (C10) using lipase enzyme TLIM from Thermomyces lanuginosus as biocatalyst. Parameters such as substrate molar ratio, enzyme concentration, reaction temperature, stirring speed and time of maximum incorporation, were studied for the optimization of the reaction. The optimized set of process conditions was predicted by response surface methodology (RSM) and genetic algorithm (GA). The robustness of GA and RSM was evaluated using regression coefficient and p value. The R(2) found out by GA was 0.996 while from RSM was 0.973. The results proved that GA models have better performance than RSM models. From the result, it could be concluded that optimal conditions for synthesis of capric acid rich mustard oil were: Temperature = 39.5 °C ; time = 21.1 hr; Substrate ratio = 3.5; Enzyme content = 8.8%; Speed = 570.8 rpm.

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The aim of the present study is to evaluate the effect of eicosapentaenoic acid-docosahexaenoic acid (EPA-DHA) rich sterol ester and A-linolenic Acid (ALA) rich sterol ester on the atherogenic disturbances in hypercholesterolemic atherogenic animals. Six groups of male Wistar rats were employed in this study, wherein five groups were fed with a high cholesterol diet (stock diet supplemented with 1% cholesterol) for 30 days, among which, two groups of rats were also treated with EPA-DHA rich sterol ester in two doses (25 and 50 mg/rat/day, oral gavage) and two groups were treated with ALA rich sterol ester also in two doses (25 and 50 mg/rat/day, oral gavage). The remaining one group served as control. Abnormal increases in the levels of malondialdehyde, as well as depressed antioxidants status, were observed in hepatic tissue of hypercholesterolemic control group. Hypercholesterolemia induced abnormal elevation in the activities of marker enzymes in liver (aspartate transaminase, alanine transaminase and alkaline phosphatase) and was accompanied by increased hepatic cholesterol level and altered fatty changes in the histology of liver. These changes were restored partially in the groups administered with lower doses (25 mg/rat/day) of sterol esters. However, the higher doses (50 mg/rat/day) of sterol esters almost ameliorated the hypercholesterolemic-oxidative changes in the hypercholesterolemic rats. The results of this study present oxidative injury induced by hypercholesterolemic diet and administration of the treatment with higher doses of sterol esters afforded sound protection against lipemic-oxidative injury.

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With a view to investigate the ameliorative effects of sitosterol esters against degenerative effects of hypercholesterolemia brain antioxidant enzyme assays, brain lipid profile, brain phospholipid compositional change and brain neurotransmitter concentrates (glutamic acid, asparctic acid, glycine) were measured in hypercholesterolemic rats. The results indicated that phytosterol esters have a role in countering hypercholesterolemia-related changes in the brain by decreasing the cholesterol levels, increasing the phospholipid levels and increasing the level of antioxidant enzymes. The results suggest that phytosterol esters may be of therapeutic significance and may offer new and effective options for the treatment of hypercholesterolemia-induced changes in the brain.

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The present study evaluated the effect of mustard oil enriched in capric acid, a medium-chain fatty acid, on antioxidant enzyme activities in liver and brain and on the levels of malondialdehyde (MDA) in liver, brain and plasma in rats; the effect of adding cholesterol to the diet was also investigated. Charles Foster male albino rats weighing 80-100 g were fed one of four diets for 30 d (six rats per group). In the absence of added dietary cholesterol, the addition of capric acid to the diet resulted in lower plasma total cholesterol, non-HDL-cholesterol and TAG concentrations, higher HDL-cholesterol concentrations, higher antioxidant enzyme activities in liver and brain and lower MDA concentrations in liver, brain and plasma. Adding cholesterol to the diet increased plasma total cholesterol, non-HDL-cholesterol and TAG concentrations, decreased HDL-cholesterol concentration, decreased the activities of antioxidant enzymes and increased tissue and plasma MDA concentrations. Including capric acid in the diet of rats receiving cholesterol at least partly prevented the effects of the increased cholesterol. It is concluded that compared with native mustard oil, capric acid-enriched mustard oil improves blood lipids, enhances antioxidant protection and reduces lipid peroxidation.

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OBJECTIVE: The hypolipidemic effect of two structured lipids prepared from mustard oil was studied: one was medium chain fatty acid (MCFA) rich mustard oil and the other was polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) rich mustard oil. METHODS: Thirty-six rats were involved in the study with six rats in each group. Three groups were normal, whereas the others were hypercholesterolemic. Hypolipidemic effects were investigated in both plasma and tissues. RESULTS: Both structured lipids with similar content of functional fatty acids (about 19%) were fed (20% of diet weight) to normal and hypercholesterolemic male albino rats. After 28 d of feeding, the fat and protein digestibility increased by administration of the two structured lipids in comparison with the control group fed with normal mustard oil. In both normal and hypercholesterolemic condition plasma cholesterol, non-high-density lipoprotein, and triacylglycerols were reduced by feeding the rats with experimental oils, but the reduction was in lesser amount in rats fed with MCFA-rich mustard oil than in rats fed with PUFA-rich mustard oil and same findings were also seen in hypercholesterolemia. However the HDL levels increased with the administration of both experimental oils. CONCLUSION: Mustard oil can be enriched with MCFA and n-3 PUFA and these modified lipids exhibited hypocholesterolemic and hypolipidemic effects in rats when compared to unmodified mustard oil.

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PURPOSE: To assess the effect of medium-chain fatty acid (MCFA)-rich mustard oil and polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA)-rich mustard oil on erythrocyte membrane composition and osmotic fragility in normal and hypercholesterolemic rats. METHOD: Membrane composition was analyzed using standard kits. Osmotic fragility was determined using method described by Dacie and Lewis. Fatty acid composition of membrane was analyzed using gas chromatographic methods. Membrane shape analysis was performed using scanning electron microscope. RESULTS: Osmotic fragility data suggested that the erythrocyte membrane of hypercholesterolemic rats were relatively more fragile than that of the normal rat's membrane, which could be reversed with the addition of MCFA- and PUFA-rich oil in the diet. The increased plasma cholesterol in hypercholesterolemic rats could also be lowered by the experimental oils. There was also marked changes in the fatty acid composition of the plasma and erythrocyte membrane phospholipids. Polyunsaturated fatty acids decreased in the plasma of the hypercholesterolemic subjects were increased with the treatment of the experimental oils. Shape changes of the membrane holes were observed in the hypercholesterolemic condition, which was brought to normal shape with the administration of the experimental oils. CONCLUSION: In conclusion, rat erythrocytes appear to be deformed and became more fragile in cholesterol-rich blood. This deformity and fragility was partially reversed by experimental oils by virtue of their ability to lower the extent of hypercholesterolemia.

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The effect of the consumption of medium-chain fatty acid (MCFA)-rich and polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA)-rich mustard oil on platelet aggregation, haematological parameters and the liver was studied in male albino rats. The rats were fed on standard stock diet with control (mustard oil) and experimental oils for 28 days. Haematological examinations in the normal condition showed that there was no significant variation in the platelet count, total white blood cell (WBC) and red blood cell (RBC) counts, haematocrit value and mean cell haemoglobin concentration (MCHC) percentage in the rats fed with control and experimental oils. Haematological examinations in the hypercholesterolaemic condition revealed that there was a significant increase in the platelet count by 39.38% in hypercholesterolaemia, which was decreased by 27.29 and 42.71% by the administration of the experimental oils, respectively. The haemoglobin level was decreased by 5.3%, whereas the haematocrit value was increased by 12.52% in hypercholesterolaemia, which were normalised by treatment with the experimental oils. The platelet aggregation study indicated that the adenosine diphosphate (ADP)-induced platelet aggregation increased by 71.67% in hypercholesterolaemia, but the experimental oils beneficially reduced platelet aggregation by 26.33 and 68.33%, respectively. There was increased total cholesterol, non-high-density lipoprotein (non-HDL) cholesterol and triglyceride levels in liver in hypercholesterolaemia, which was also recovered by the administration of experimental oils. Organopathological examination showed that there was deposition of cholesterol in the liver in the hypercholesterolaemic condition, which was also reduced by treatment with the two experimental oils.

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