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Mango is a popular tropical fruit with a great diversity in taste and aroma, contributed primarily by terpenoids. Phosphomevalonate kinase (PMK) is a key enzyme for isoprenoid biosynthesis in the mevalonic acid (MVA) pathway responsible for terpenoids. In this study, two cultivars of mango, "Dashehari" and "Banganpalli", showing opposite spatio-temporal patterns of ripening polarity, were investigated for studying the role of MiPMK in aroma production. MiPMK transcription and enzyme activity increased during ripening in both varieties. Expression in the early-ripening inner zones preceded that in the later-ripening outer zones of "Dashehari" while it was higher in the early ripening outer zones in "Banganpalli". Polypeptide sequences of the two enzymes showed differences in a few amino acids that were also reflected in kinetic properties such as specific activity and pH optima. Silencing of MiPMK in "Dashehari" fruit by VIGS suppressed the kinase activity and led to changes in relative contributions of the mevalonic acid (MVA) and methylerythritol 4-phosphate (MEP) pathways. This also altered the fruit metabolite profile with a reduction/disappearance of sesquiterpenes such as geranyl geraniol, trans-farnesol, ß-caryophyllene, ß-pinene, bisabolene and guaiane but the appearance of menthol and d-limonene in silenced fruit. The study shows that MiPMK levels may control downstream metabolite flux of the MVA pathway in mango.

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Long regarded as a disease exclusively found amongst Northern Europeans, Dupuytren's disease was seldom studied amongst Black Africans. Thus, we sought to study the impact of Dupuytren's disease, its etiological, clinical and evolutionary peculiarities on a segment of the Senegalese population. This study analyzed data derived from clinical observations carried out between January 2006 and December 2018. It involved Senegalese subjects with Dupuytren's disease, the patients' history, profession, habitus, clinical findings, therapeutic modalities and disease staging. The population included 20 men and 6 women averaging 63.5 years of age (range 45-77). None of the patients reported a family of Dupuytren's disease. Twelve patients had diabetes, 11 were smokers and 22 were engaged exclusively in manual labor. The condition was bilateral in 14 cases. Tubiana stages N, I, II, III and IV were found in 31, 15, 9, 5 and 6 rays, respectively. Conservative treatment was done in 11 patients. Surgical treatment was carried out in the other 15 patients: needle fasciotomy (N=10) including two bilateral involvement and open fasciectomy (N=7). Functional outcomes were satisfactory. Lesions were all stable in the short and medium term. Two patients had progressive lesions on a longer-term basis. Dupuytren's disease is real among Afro-descendants from Senegal even though it is seldom studied. Based on the patients' recollection of Dupuytren's disease in their families, heredity is not yet a proven factor. The early forms are more common, and the lesions remain stable for a long time.

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INTRODUCTION: The aim of this work was to evaluate the diagnostic contribution of magnetic resonance imaging and genourob compared to intraoperative arthroscopy. The objective was to implement a protocol based on magnetic resonance imaging and / or genourob. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We did a cross-sectional study from July 18, 2016 to July 19, 2017 at the Maltese hospital comparing the results of MRI and GNRB from 30 patients compared to intraoperative arthroscopy data. RESULTS: Complete break.- In MRI, we obtained a sensitivity (Se) of 95.7%, a specificity (Sp) of 85.7%.- At the GNRB, we found a Se of 87%, a Sp of 42.9%.Partially broken.- In MRI we obtained a Se of 85.7%, a Sp of 95.7%.- At the GNRB, we found a Se of 42.9%, a Sp of 87%. CONCLUSION: MRI is better than GNRB. The GNRB does not improve the results of the MRI. It has no diagnostic contribution in the rupture of the ACL knee. It is a device used by the orthopedists to evaluate knee laxity that does not depend on the ACL alone.

INTRODUCTION: Le but de ce travail était d'évaluer l'apport diagnostique de l'imagerie par résonance magnétique (IRM) et du genourob (GNRB) par rapport à l'arthroscopie per opératoire. L'objectif était de mettre en place un protocole basé sur l'IRM et / ou le GNRB. MATÉRIELS ET MÉTHODES: Nous avons fait une étude transversale allant du 18 Juillet 2016 au 19 juillet 2017au centre hospitalier de l'ordre de malte en comparant les résultats d'IRM et du GNRB de 30 patients par rapport aux données de l'arthroscopie per opératoire. RÉSULTATS: ✓ Rupture complète.- En IRM, nous avons obtenu une sensibilité (Se) de 95,7 %, une spécificité(Sp) de 85,7%.- Au GNRB, nous avons trouvé une Se de 87 %, une Sp de 42,9%.✓ Rupture partielle.- En IRM, nous avons obtenu une Se de 85,7 %, une Spde 95,7%.- Au GNRB, nous avons trouvé uneSe de 42,9 %, une Sp de 87%. CONCLUSION: L'IRM est plus performante que le GNRB. Le GNRB ne permet pas d'améliorer les résultats de l'IRM. Il n'a pas d'apport diagnostique dans la rupture du LCA du genou. C'est un dispositif utilisé par les orthopédistes pour évaluer une laxité du genou qui ne dépend pas du LCA à lui seul.

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Introduction:Le but de ce travail était d'évaluer l'apport diagnostique de l'imagerie par resonance magnétique (IRM) et du genourob (GNRB) parrapport à l'arthroscopie per opératoire.L'objectif était de mettre en place un protocole basé sur l'IRMet / ou le GNRB.Matériels et méthodes:Nous avons fait une étude transversale allant du 18 Juillet 2016 au 19 juillet 2017au centre hospitalier de l'ordre de malte en comparant les résultats d'IRM et du GNRB de 30 patients par rapport aux données del'arthroscopie per opératoire. Résultats Rupture complète:En IRM, nous avons obtenu une sensibilité (Se) de 95,7 %, une spécificité(Sp) de 85,7%;Au GNRB, nous avons trouvé une Se de 87 %, une Sp de 42,9%.Rupture partielle:En IRM,nous avons obtenu une Se de 85,7 %,une Spde 95,7%;Au GNRB, nous avons trouvé une Se de 42,9 %, une Sp de 87%.Conclusion:L'IRM est plus performante que le GNRB Le GNRB ne permet pas d'améliorer les résultats de l'IRM. Il n'a pas d'apport diagnostique dans la rupture du LCA du genou. C'est un dispositif utilisé par les orthopédistes pour évaluer une laxité du genou qui ne dépend pas du LCA à lui seul

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Acylated ghrelin (AG) is a gastrointestinal (GI) peptide mainly secreted by the stomach that promotes cytosolic lipid droplets (CLD) hypertrophy in adipose tissues and liver. However, the role of AG in the regulation of lipid metabolism in the intestine remains unexplored. This study aimed at determining whether AG influences CLD production and chylomicron (CM) secretion in the intestine. The effects of AG and oleic acid on CLD accumulation and CM secretion were first investigated in cultured Caco-2/15 enterocytes. Intestinal lipid metabolism was also studied in Syrian Golden Hamsters submitted to conventional (CD) or Western (WD) diets for 8 weeks and continuously administered with AG or physiological saline for the ultimate 2 weeks. In cultured Caco-2/15 enterocytes, CLD accumulation influenced CM secretion while AG reduced fatty acid uptake. In WD hamsters, continuous AG treatment amplified chylomicron output while reducing postprandial CLD accumulation in the intestine. The present study supports the intimate relationship between CLD accumulation and CM secretion in the intestine and it underlines the importance of further characterizing the mechanisms through which AG exerts its effects on lipid metabolism in the intestine.

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The aim of this study was to find alternatives to conventional synthetic fungicides to control postharvest decay of longan fruit. The antifungal potential of thymol, carvacrol and trans-cinnamaldehyde was evaluated against four major longan pathogens, Lasiodiplodia spp., Phomopsis spp., Pestalotiopsis spp. and Geotrichum candidum, using vapor phase and direct contact methods. The vapor phase of all active compounds was more effective on fungal growth than direct contact. A volatile vapor of thymol and carvacrol had strong antifungal activity against the tested fungi, exhibiting minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) in the range of 40 to 80 mg/L air; trans-cinnamaldehyde showed the least efficiency, with MIC ranging from 80 to 160 mg/L air for G. candidum and Phomopsis spp., while it could not inhibit Lasiodiplodia spp. and Pestalotiopsis spp. at 160 mg/L air. The minimum fungicidal concentration (MFC) of thymol and carvacrol varied from 40 to 80 mg/L air, while trans-cinnamaldehyde completely inhibited the mycelial growth of the tested fungi at higher concentrations. Mycelial growth of all tested fungi decreased with increasing active compound concentration, except for trans-cinnamaldehyde. Thymol proved to be the most effective compound against the four tested fungi, with effective concentration 50 (EC50) of 5.68 ±â€¯0.59, 6.86 ±â€¯0.52, 8.27 ±â€¯0.22 and 9.99 ±â€¯1.28 mg/L air for Lasiodiplodia spp., Phomopsis spp., Pestalotiopsis spp. and G. candidum, respectively. Fungal growth curves were adequately fitted (0.958 < R2 < 0.996) by a modified Gompertz model. For all tested fungi, the lag phase (λ) of fungal mycelia exposed to thymol and carvacrol increased, while the maximum colony diameter (A) and maximum growth rate (vm) decreased. A combination of thymol and carvacrol exhibited an antagonistic effect against G. candidum but an indifferent effect against Lasiodiplodia spp., Phomopsis spp. and Pestalotiopsis spp.

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INTRODUCTION: Osteotomy performed below the femoral neck plays a leading role in the treatment of slipped capital femoral epiphysis (SCFE). It results in anatomical reduction. Several modifications have been made to Dunn's original osteotomy technique. We have developed another modification to this technique that uses an anterior surgical approach on a traction table with fluoroscopy control. HYPOTHESES: Will this technique help to reduce the number of complications? Will its results be superior to those achieved with the standard Dunn osteotomy procedure? MATERIAL AND METHODS: This was a retrospective single-center study of 26 cases in 24 patients (2 bilateral cases). Patients were positioned supine on a traction table with fluoroscopy control. An anterior surgical approach was used. A trapezoid-shaped osteotomy was performed below the femoral head. The head's reduction was checked on the fluoroscope and the fixation confirmed. The Postel Merle d'Aubigné (PMA) score was used for the clinical assessment. The radiographic assessment was based on Southwick's angle. RESULTS: The mean slip angle of the femoral head was 57°. A mean correction of 47° was achieved. Based on the PMA score, good and excellent results were achieved in 20 cases (77%) and poor results occurred in 6 cases (23%). The surgical treatment had a significant effect on the PMA score (P=0.0008). In terms of complications, there were five cases of chondrolysis and one case of necrosis associated with chondrolysis. DISCUSSION: The anterior approach provides direct access to the femoral neck, and thereby a cautious osteotomy at the site of the slip itself. Use of a traction table makes the external manipulations, reduction and fixation procedures easier to carry out. The results of this study were comparable to published results. LEVEL OF PROOF: IV, retrospective treatment study.

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Black-grain mycetomas are fungal and cannot be healed by antifungals only.We conducted this study to determine the interest of carcinologic surgery only in the management of those black-grain mycetomas.We led a retrospective study concerning 44 patients over a period of 52 months. The mean age of patients was 32.5 years. The main location of mycetomas was the foot (21 cases), the ankle (10 cases), the knee (8 cases), the leg (3 cases), the chest, the back and the pulp of the fourth finger once each. The bone was affected in 21 cases. The surgery consisted in a carcinologic excision or amputation depending on the extension of the lesion and the degree of bony infringement, with ganglionic cleaning out in case of lymphadenopathy. In the average retrospect of 25.5 months, we noted 8 cases of recurrences among which 2 on the amputated patients and 6 on the patients treated by carcinologic excision. The surgery constitutes the main therapeutic issue of the fungal mycetomas.

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Introduction: Plusieurs techniques permettent de traiter les pseudarthroses des os longs. L'objectif de ce travail était d'évaluer les résultats préliminaires du traitement de ces lésions avec la méthode d'Ilizarov. Matériels et méthodes: Dans cette étude prospective réalisée entre janvier 2007 et juin 2013, 11 patients avec un âge moyen de26ansontétéopérésselon laméthoded'Ilizarov. Ils'agissaitdeneuf pseudarthroses post-traumatiques et deux pseudarthroses congénitales. La pseudarthrose siégeait au tibia (n=9), à l'humérus (n=1), et au fémur (n=1). Les modalités thérapeutiques étaient une compression pure sans abord du foyer (n=8), une compression après abord du foyer pour ablation de matériel d'ostéosynthèse et débridement (n=2) et une compression-distraction bifocale ou technique de « l'ascenseur »( n=1). Les résultats ont été analysés avec un recul moyen de 2,5 ans selon les critères anatomiques et fonctionnels de l'ASAMI. Résultats: La consolidation osseuse était obtenue chez 10 patients qui ont tous repris leur activité. Les résultats anatomiques étaient excellents (n=5), bons (n=4), moyen (n=1), et mauvais (échec) (n=1). Les résultats fonctionnels étaient excellents (n=3),bons(n=5), moyens(n=2) et mauvais (n=1). Conclusion: Dans cette étude préliminaire portant sur 11 cas de pseudarthroses des os longs traitées par la méthode d'Ilizarov la consolidation osseuse a été obtenue chez 10 patients qui ont tous repris leur activité. Cette technique est contraignante pour le chirurgien et le malade, mais constitue une alternative fiable pour le traitement des pseudarthroses

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Introduction: L'ostéotomie tibiale de valgisation par ouverture médiale est indiquée dans les gonarthrose fémorotibiales varisantes modérées. Ses indications pourraient être étendues aux arthroses avancées dans les pays en développement du fait de l'accessibilité limitée des prothèses. L'objectif de cette étude était d'évaluer les résultats de l'ostéotomie tibiale de valgisation par ouverture médiale dans les gonarthroses évoluées. Matériel et méthodes: Une étude rétrospective monocentrique de 3 ans a été réalisée. Quatorze patients totalisant 16 gonarthroses avec un âge moyen 48 ans ont été opérés selon cette technique. L'ostéotomie a été fixée par une plaque verrouillée type SURFIX® Treize genoux étaient classés au stade III et trois au stade IV de la classification de Ahlbäck. L'angle tibial interne préopératoire moyen était de 82°. l'IKS genou était en moyenne de 58,33 et l'IKS fonction de 52,08. Résultats: Les patients ont été évalués avec un recul moyen de 30 mois. La correction angulaire moyenne était de 7,81°. L'IKS genou était en moyenne 87,08 et l'IKS fonction 89,16. L'angle tibial interne était de 89°. La comparaison des variations de l'IKS avant et après l'opération était significative. Onze patients étaient satisfaits du résultat de l'intervention. Conclusion: Les résultats de l'ostéotomie tibiale de valgisation par ouverture médiale instrumentée par une plaque verrouillée sont satisfaisants. Ils nous encouragent à élargir les indications dans les gonarthroses avancées dans un contexte où l'indication d'arthroplastie du genou dans le traitement des gonarthroses sévères se heurte à des difficultés économiques des patients

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Anterior transolecranon fracture-dislocations of the elbow are rare in children and the literature is poor in recommendations for the management of these lesions. We report a new case with a type of lesion that has not been described previously and discuss this pathology. Based on a literature review, we propose a classification into four types of anterior transolecranon fracture-dislocations of the elbow in children, thereby guiding surgical indications. We recommend reduction and synthesis using a figure-eight tension-band wire in avulsions and transverse type I and II fractures. The bone plate is the best indication in type III oblique fractures in older children.

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Fungal mycetoma are inflammatory pseudo-tumors of subcutaneous tissues and possibly bones due to exogenous fungi. They have a chronic course, often poly-fistulated with an emission of fungal grains. We report the case of a 65-year-old farmer with a thoracic fungal mycetoma discovered incidentally, associated with bone involvement. The diagnosis was confirmed by the positive culture to Madurella mycetomatis. The outcome was favorable with terbinafine 1g per day for 12 months associated with complete excision of oncologic type followed by a skin graft.

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We report on the spreading of triboelectrically charged glass particles on an oppositely charged surface of a plastic cylindrical container in the presence of a constant mechanical agitation. The particles spread via sticking, as a monolayer on the cylinder's surface. Continued agitation initiates a sequence of instabilities of this monolayer, which first forms periodic wavy-stripe-shaped transverse density modulation in the monolayer and then ejects narrow and long particle-jets from the tips of these stripes. These jets finally coalesce laterally to form a homogeneous spreading front that is layered along the spreading direction. These remarkable growth patterns are related to a time evolving frictional drag between the moving charged glass particles and the countercharges on the plastic container. The results provide insight into the multiscale time-dependent tribolelectric processes and motivates further investigation into the microscopic causes of these macroscopic dynamical instabilities and spatial structures.

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INTRODUCTION. Le but de ce travail etait d'evaluer les resultats des embrochages intra-focaux selon Kapandji des fractures de Pouteau-Colles realises dans la plupart des cas sous anesthesie locale et sans amplificateur de brillance. MATeRIEL ET MeTHODE. Il s'agissait d'une etude dynamique sur une periode de 12 mois qui a consiste a l'examen clinique complet et a la radiographie du poignet qui nous permettaient de calculer les indices radiologiques de face et de profil. Nos criteres d'inclusion concernaient les patients presentant une fracture de Pouteau-Colles vraie ages de 18 ans au moins; traites par embrochage intra-focal selon la technique de Kapandji effectivement suivis; revus et evalues. L'evaluation des patients se faisait apres un recul moyen de 9 semaines et nous avons utilise les criteres de Castaing.ReSULTATS. Pendant la periode d'etude nous avons enregistre 57 patients pour fracture de Pouteau Colles Parmi eux 35 ont ete operes selon la technique de Kapandji soit 61;4%. L'age moyen des patients etait de 38 ans. Nous avons note une predominance masculine de 16 hommes avec un sex-ratio de 1;2. Par rapport a la comminution posterieure (classification de Grumillier); nous avons note type I 34%; type II 43%; type III 23%. L'operation a ete realisee sans utilisation de l'amplificateur de brillance dans 74;3% des cas. A l'evaluation nous avons obtenu les resultats suivants ont ete obtenus :- Resultats subjectifs; 74;19% de tres bon et bon resultats ; 6;45% de mauvais resultats; - Resultats objectifs; 90;33% de tres bon et bon resultats ; 3;22% de mauvais resultats - resultats radiologiques; 83;88% de tres bon et bon resultats ; 6;45% de mauvais resultats. CONCLUSION.L'embrochage intra-focal selon Kapandji est une methode qui permet de traiter avec succes la plupart des fractures de Pouteau-Colles. L'aspect particulier de notre etude reside sur le fait que; cette technique chirurgicale s'etait executee dans la majeure partie des cas sous anesthesie locale et sans l'utilisation de l'amplificateur de brillance

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Little published data exist on the morbidity and mortality associated with poor trauma care in developing countries. This report highlights our experience with iatrogenic limb gangrene related to fracture management by traditional bonesetters. Children with bonesetter's gangrene were identified from a prospectively recorded paediatric surgery database at the Regional Hospital of Kaolack in Central Senegal. 21 children were treated for bonesetter's gangrene during a 18-month period (January 2007 up to June 2008). The average age was 10 years (range, 5 to 15 years). Bonesetter's gangrene was more common in boys (90.5%) and occurred almost exclusively in children from rural areas where access to health care was limited. 16 children underwent proximal extremity amputation. Complications included one case of tetanus. Bonesetter's gangrene is a preventable complication that results from a failure of child health planners to recognize the importance of basic trauma care. Management of fractures should be considered an essential component of child health programs in developing countries.

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Space-filling assemblies of athermal hydrophobic particles floating at an air-water interface, called particle rafts, are shown to undergo an unusual phase transition between two amorphous states, i.e., a low density "less-rigid" state and a high density "more-rigid" state, as a function of particulate number density (Φ). The former is shown to be a capillary bridged solid and the latter is shown to be a frictionally coupled one. Simultaneous studies involving direct imaging as well as measuring its mechanical response to longitudinal and shear stresses show that the transition is marked by a subtle structural anomaly and a weakening of the shear response. The structural anomaly is identified from the variation of the mean coordination number, mean area of the Voronoi cells, and spatial profile of the displacement field with Φ. The weakened shear response is related to local plastic instabilities caused by the depinning of the contact line of the underlying fluid on the rough surfaces of the particles.

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INTRODUCTION: Neglected elbow dislocations often result in contracture and functional impairment. Surgical treatment is challenging because of the accompanying triceps retraction. We wanted to share our experience in treating these neglected dislocations using the posterior approach. PATIENTS AND METHODS: This was a consecutive, prospective study over a 4.5-year period (January 2003 to June 2007) that included all the patients who presented with a neglected elbow dislocation that was older than 21 days. We treated 22 patients (17 men, five women) with an average age of 22.8±8.2 years (range 14 to 46 years). The dislocations were 8.5±4.2 months old on average (range 2 to 17 months). Average elbow flexion was 46.0°±25.9° (10° to 90°) and the extension deficit was 19.5°±18.4° (0° to 60°) before the surgery. A paratricipital approach was used in all patients. In 14 patients, the dislocation was reduced without triceps lengthening. In eight patients, a V-Y plasty of the triceps muscle was required. RESULTS: The average follow-up was 21 months (range 12 to 30 months). The improvement in the overall range of motion was statistically significant. Average elbow flexion was 112.7°±13.3° (60° to 130°) and the extension deficit was 26.6°±17.0° (0° to 60°). The average Mayo Clinic Elbow Performance Index score was 86 (range 50 to 100), with 14 excellent, four good, two average and two poor results. Complications included three cases of ulnar nerve paresis, which subsided within three months, and one case of superficial infection. DISCUSSION: Although surgical treatment is challenging, the functional improvement in neglected elbow dislocations is outstanding. The best functional results can be expected when the triceps splitting approach to the elbow is not used. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: IV.

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OBJECTIFS: Consensual treatment of the Galeazzi's fracture is a plate osteosynthesis of the radius more or less associated to the confection of a plaster cast in distal radio-ulnar joint (DRUJ) dislocation. The authors are reporting in this study the clinical and functionnal results of the intra-medullary pinning of the radius in this type of fracture in adult. METHODS: During a prospective study from January 2003 to December 2006, 23 patients (20 men and three women), average-aged of 32 years (16-70 years) presenting with a Galeazzi's fracture were treated by an intra-medullary pinning of the radius. The DRUJ dislocations were locked 17 times by a brachio-ante-brachio-palmar plaster cast in the supination position, and six times by an ulno-radial pinning. Only the 16 over-aged patients presenting with closed recent fractures were included in this study. The DRUJ dislocation was ranked according to Mansat, the radial fracture according to Müller (AO). The assessment of the treatment results used Mestdagh's criteria. In this study, each pseudarthrosis of the radius was considered as a failure. RESULTS: The DRUJ dislocation was reparted into six sprains, eight subdislocations, and three Galeazzi's fracture equivalents. The radius fractures were simple (n=20) or wedge fractures (n=3). These fractures were located at the proximal third (n=13), middle third (n=7) and distal third (n=3). The average consolidation delay was 10 weeks (8 to16 weeks). Two pseudarthrosis have been observed and then treated by a plate osteosynthesis. At the mean follow up of 37 months (18 to 41 months), the mean score according to Mestdagh was 7.8 points, with 20 satisfying results. Nineteen patients were satisfied by their treatment; the reasons were: the esthetic care of their scar, and the good functionnal resumption, as well as before the fracture. CONCLUSION: The intra-medullary pinning of radius in Galeazzi's fractures, in contrary to the previous studies, give good results compared to a plate osteosynthesis treatment. The systematic complementary lock by brachio-ante-brachio-palmar plaster cast during 3 to 4 weeks has balanced the stability defect that Mikic was reproaching to it. Moreover, it confers the benefits of elastic closed osteosynthesis. That less simple and less expensive method represents an alternative to a plate osteosynthesis in Galeazzi's fractures in adult, if it is well standardized.

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AIMS: Evaluate the technique of Bristow-Latarjet in the treatment of the recurrent dislocation of the shoulder. PATIENTS AND METHODS: It was a continuous retrospective study on 46 cases selected in the CHU of Dakar over 11 years. From our criteria of inclusion, 41 patients were retained. There were 37 men for 4 women, whose average age at the time of the intervention was 29 years (extreme: 20 - 44 years). The management of the first episode was unsuited in 25 times. The average time of the first repetition was 10 months and its number varied between 5 and 36 episodes. The treatment of the recurrences was also misfit in 23 times. All our patients were treated according to the technique of Bristow-Latarjet. A standard immobilization Mayo clinic during 3 weeks was made with a systematic rehabilitation. The evaluation was done according to the scale of Constant with 45,6 months an average retreat. RESULTS: We found: 7 excellent cases (17%); 14 very good cases (34%); 9 good cases (22%); 6 average cases (15%); 5 bad cases (12%). Five cases of omarthrosis (3 types II and 2 types III of Samilson-Prieto) were found like two surface cases of sepsis. There was neither post-operative recurrence nor iatrogenic nervous attack. CONCLUSION: The recurrent anterior dislocation of the shoulder represents a frequent complication of primary dislocations of the shoulder touching especially young subjects. Stabilization by the anterior coracoid abutment according to the technique of Bristow-Latarjet led well represents one of the best techniques for its treatment.

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Colloidal thin films of varying rigidity detaching from a substrate under an electric field induced stress are studied by video microscopy. For soft films, the process of detachment shows single-particle dynamics, analogous to desorption. For rigid films, a collective delamination spanning hundreds of particles occurs. A competition among the rigidity of the film, the interaction with the substrate, and the external stress leads to a correlation length over which the film delaminates at a critical stress. The phenomenon is described as a dynamical transition in a disordered elastic medium.