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OBJECTIVES: To develop a protocol for assessment of the bulk viscoelastic behavior of dentin extracellular matrix (ECM), and to assess relationships between induced collagen cross-linking and viscoelasticity of the dentin ECM. METHODS: Dentin ECM was treated with agents to induce exogenous collagen cross-linking: proanthocyanidins (PACs) from Vitis vinifera - VVe, PACs from Pinus massoniana - PMe, glutaraldehyde - (GA), or kept untreated (control). A dynamic mechanical strain sweep method was carried out in a 3-point bending submersion clamp at treatment; after protein destabilization with 4 M urea and after 7-day, 6-month, and 12-month incubation in simulated body fluid. Tan δ, storage (E'), loss (E"), and complex moduli (E*) were calculated and data were statistically analyzed using two-way ANOVA and post-hoc tests (α = 0.05). Chemical analysis of dentin ECM before and after protein destabilization was assessed with ATR-FTIR spectroscopy. RESULTS: Significant interactions between study factors (treatment vs. time points, p < 0.001) were found for all viscoelastic parameters. Despite a significant decrease in all moduli after destabilization, PAC-treated dentin remained statistically higher than control (p < 0.001), indicating permanent mechanical enhancement after biomodification. Covalently crosslinked, GA-treated dentin was unaffected by destabilization (p = 0.873) and showed the lowest damping capacity (tan δ) at all time points (p < 0.001). After 12 months, the damping capacity of PMe and VVe groups decreased significantly. Changes in all amide IR resonances revealed a partial chemical reversal of PAC-mediated biomodification. SIGNIFICANCE: Viscoelastic measurements and IR spectroscopy aid in elucidating the role of inter-molecular collagen cross-linking in the mechanical behavior of dentin ECM.

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Objective: the aim of this study was to assess the effects of whitening dentifrices on the surface roughness of three commercial nanofiller-based composite. Material and Methods: two optical analyses were performed: stereomicroscopy and atomic force microscopy (AFM). Disks (8.0 diam. x 2.0 mm thick.) of the nanocomposite Z350 (3M ESPE) and two nano-hybrid composites (EsthetXHD, Dentsply and Premisa, Kerr) were submitted to in vitro brushing (1000 cycles) with three whitening dentifrices (Colgate Luminous White, Oral-B 3D White e Close-Up Diamond Attraction) and a control (Colgate Total12). The results were analyzed by stereomicroscopy and rated according to the following criteria: 0 – no observed roughness, 1 – average roughness, 2 – great roughness. Data was submitted to Kruskall-Wallis non-parametric test followed by Tukey test (p = 0.05). Z350 specimens were assessed by AFM. Results: the surface roughness of composites brushed with whitening dentifrices was statistically higher than the roughness found in specimens brushed with conventional dentifrice. AFM analyses showed that, at a submicrometric scale, there was an increase in the number of peaks and irregularities in specimens brushed with whitening dentifrices. Conclusion: Whitening dentifrices may have an impact on the longevity of dental composites by an increase in its roughness. It is strongly recommended that clinicians guide their patients, warning them about the risks and consequences of their use.

Objetivo: o objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar os efeitos da abrasão produzida por dentifrícios clareadores sobre as superfícies de três marcas comerciais de resinas compostas contendo partículas nanométricas. Materiais e Métodos: A resina nanoparticulada Z350 (3M ESPE) e as resinas nano-híbridas EsthetXHD (Dentsply) e Premisa (Kerr) foram submetidas à escovação in vitro com três diferentes dentifrícios clareadores (Colgate Luminous White, Oral-B 3D White e Close-Up Diamond Attraction). Os espécimes de resina foram confeccionados com 8mm de diâmetro e 2mm de espessura. Foram produzidos 45 corpos de prova para os grupos experimentais e mais 15 espécimes para o grupo controle (dentifrício Colgate Total12). Após a realização de 1.000 ciclos de escovação, os espécimes foram armazenados em saliva artificial. A análise das superfícies escovadas foi obtida por estereomicroscópio. As rugosidades foram mensuradas segundo os critérios: 0 – sem rugosidade, 1 – média rugosidade e 2 – com muita rugosidade. Os dados obtidos foram analisados estatisticamente por teste não-paramétrico de Kruskall-Wallis seguido pelo teste de Tukey (p < 0,05). Os espécimes confeccionados com Z350 foram avaliados por microscopia de força atômica (AFM). Resultados: A rugosidade superficial dos espécimes de resina composta foi estatisticamente maior quando escovados com os dentifrícios clareadores em relação ao dentifrício controle convencional. Análise por AFM demonstrou, em uma escala submicrométrica, um aumento no número de picos na superfície dos espécimes da resina em que foi realizada a escovação com dentifrícios clareadores em comparação com o grupo controle. Conclusão: Os dentifrícios clareadores aumentaram a rugosidade superficial das resinas compostas podendo, assim, diminuir a sua longevidade.

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This work tested continuous CO2 laser as a surface treatment to dental porcelain and compared it to oven glaze (auto-glaze) by means of roughness and color parameters. Three commercial veneering porcelains with different crystalline content were tested: VM7, VM9, and VM13. Porcelain discs (3.5 × 2.0 mm, diameter × height) were sintered and had one side ground by a diamond bur (45 µm) simulating a chairside adjustment in a clinical office. Specimens (n = 7) were divided into the following groups: C--control (no treatment), G--auto-glaze (oven), and L--surface continuous irradiation with CO2 laser (Gem Laser, Coherent; λ = 10.6 µm). Laser was tested in three exposure times (3, 4, or 5 min) and two irradiances (45 and 50 W/cm(2)). Roughness parameters (Ra, Rz, and Rpm/Rz) were measured using a rugosimeter (Surftest 301, Mitutoyo). Color differences (ΔE) between the G and L groups were calculated (VITA Easyshade); ΔE values up to 3.3 were considered as not perceivable. A surface analysis was conducted by stereomicroscopy (Olympus SZ61) and SEM (Stereoscan 440, LEO). Crystalline content of specimens from groups C and L (50 W/cm(2), 5 min) was assessed by X-ray diffraction and then compared. Surface roughness (Ra and Rz) observed for laser-irradiated groups was similar to G for all studied porcelains. Rpm/Rz ratios were near 1.0 for all groups that indicated a sharp ridge profile for all specimens. Only one laser condition studied (50 W/cm(2), 3 min) from VM7 porcelain resulted in color difference (ΔE = 3.5) to G. Specimens irradiated with 50 W/cm(2) for 5 min presented the smoother surface observed by SEM, comparable to G. X-ray diffraction data revealed an increase in leucite crystallite size for VM9 and VM13 porcelains after laser treatment. Regarding roughness, continuous CO2 laser applied on porcelain surface was as effective as conventional oven auto-glaze.

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Objective: This study investigated CO2 laser sintering of dental porcelain as an alternative to a conventional furnace by means of porosity, density, fracture toughness and microhardness tests. Methods: Two commercial veneering porcelains were chosen for this study: VM7 and VM9 (VITA Zahnfabrik). 25 porcelain green discs (4.1 mm dia. x 2.4 mm) of each commercial brand were confectioned and divided into 5 groups: a control group (oven-glazed specimens) and 4 groups of specimens sintered by continuous CO2 laser (Coherent, USA – 35 W e λ= 10.6 μm) with different fluences: 6000, 6900, 12000 and 13800 J/cm2. After sintering, the discs had one of their surfaces mirror polished until the final dimension of 3.5 mm x 2.0 mm was achieved. The amount of superficial pores (%) was assessed by the Image J software through images obtained from an optical microscope (Shimadzu - 100x). Apparent density was measured by the Archimedean’s method. Microhardness and fracture toughness (Indentation Fracture - IF) were determined with a Vickers indenter (Shimadzu). Results: Porosity ranged between 4.0 to 5.9% for the irradiated specimens; the control group had 6.0 and 4.7% of porosity for porcelain VM7 and VM9, respectively. The density of the VM7 porcelain irradiated in 13800 J/cm2 fluence was significantly higher than the control group. The microhardness and fracture toughness of the irradiated specimens were similar to the control. The indentation marks of some irradiated groups were not possible to achieve because the surface cracked during the test. Conclusions: Porcelain sintered with CO2 laser in studied fluences produced a material with superficial porosity similar to that obtained in a conventional oven. Depending on the commercial brand and/or the laser fluence, the irradiated specimens presented a density, fracture toughness and microhardness results that differed from the control group.

Objetivo: Este estudo testou o laser de CO2 como um agente de sinterização de porcelanas dentárias e o comparou ao forno convencional por meio das seguintes caracterizações: porosidade, densidade, tenacidade à fratura e microdureza. Materiais e métodos: Duas porcelanas comerciais foram escolhidas para o estudo: VM7 e VM9 (VITA Zahnfabrik). 25 discos (4,1 mm dia. x 2,4 mm) de cada porcelana foram confeccionados e divididos em 5 grupos: 1 grupo controle (espécimes sinterizados no forno) e 4 grupos de espécimes sinterizados pelo laser de CO2 de forma contínua (Coherent, USA – 35 W e λ= 10,6 μm) em diferentes fluências: 6000, 6900, 12000 e 13800 J/cm2. Após a sinterização, os discos tiveram uma de suas faces polidas. A dimensão final dos espécimes foi de 3,5 x 2,0 mm. A contagem de poros superficiais (%) foi feita pelo programa Image J (domínio público) através de imagens obtidas em um microscópio óptico (Shimadzu - 100x). A densidade aparente foi medida por Arquimedes. A microdureza e a tenacidade à fratura (método IF - Indentation Fracture) foram determinadas por um indentador Vickers (Shimadzu). Resultados: A porosidade variou entre 4,0 e 5,9% para os espécimes irradiados; o grupo controle apresentou a porosidade de 6,0 e 4,7% para o grupo controle das porcelanas VM7 e VM9, respectivamente. A densidade da porcelana VM7 irradiada na fluência de 13800 J/cm2 foi significantemente maior do que a observada no grupo controle. A microdureza e a tenacidade à fratura dos espécimes irradiados foram similares ao grupo controle, porém em alguns grupos não foi possível se obter as marcas de indentação devido ao trincamento da superfície, o que inviabilizou o teste. Conclusões: A sinterização com o laser de CO2 produziu uma porcelana com porosidade superficial semelhante àquela obtida em forno convencional. Dependendo da marca comercial ou da fluência do laser, os resultados de densidade, tenacidade à fratura e microdureza diferiram dos do grupo controle

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