RESUMEN

Plant parasitic cyst nematode Heterodera zeae is a pest, causing substantial economic losses in agriculture. Organic pesticides, based on plant products have emerged as eco-benign nematicidal agents. Ceriops tagal is a well-known marine medicinal plant which has not been evaluated against any nematode. Petroleum ether extract of the aerial parts of the plant (CTP), exhibited promising activity against infective stage larvae of H. zeae. On subjecting to classical solvent-solvent separation, it afforded petroleum ether soluble (CTP-S), methanol soluble (CTPMS-1, CTPMS-2) and insoluble (CTPM-IN-2) fractions, which exhibited activity against the cyst nematode within 24 h exposure. GC, GC/MS and HR-ESI-MS analyses of CTPMS-1 and CTPMS-2 fractions resulted in the identification of a number of compounds, including pentacyclic triterpenoids, lupeol (1), betunal (2), betulin (3), lupenone (4), betulonaldehyde (5), betulonic acid (7), methyl 3-acetoxy-27-O-(3,4-dihydroxy-E-cinnamoyl)-20(29)-lupen-28-oate (8) and ß-amyrin, along with phenylpropanoid esters, fatty acids and their derivatives, benzamide, and indole derivatives. CTPM-IN-2 which mainly contained lupeol (1) exhibited maximum nematicidal activity, with 91 % and 93 % mortality of the larvae of H. zeae, after exposure for 72 h at the concentration of 0.5 % and 1 %, respectively. Its fractionation and purification through column chromatography resulted in the isolation and identification of four lupane-type triterpenoids 1, 3, 4 and betulinic acid (6). One of its most abundant column fractions CC-9-18 (145 mg) which exhibited substantial activity, with 81 % mortality at the lowest concentration of 0.125 % after 48 h of incubation mainly contained lupeol. It seems lupeol, a wide spread bio-privileged triterpenoid is the nematicidal principle of the plant as its authentic sample showed LC50 value of 0.061 after 72 h exposure. It is for the first time that nematicidal activity is reported for any part of C. tagal and that of lupeol against H. zeae. Pentacyclic triterpenoids 1-8 are biosynthetically related. Of the twenty-four compounds isolated or identified in the present investigation only five constituents 1, 3, 6, 7 and palmitic acid have been isolated previously from C. tagal.

Asunto(s)

Quistes , Petróleo , Rhizophoraceae , Tylenchoidea , Alcanos , Animales , Bioensayo , Triterpenos Pentacíclicos , Petróleo/análisis , Componentes Aéreos de las Plantas/química , Extractos Vegetales/química , Solventes

RESUMEN

Seaweeds have been used as nutraceuticals because of certain metabolites present in some species including polyphenols. Seven species of seaweeds collected from the Karachi coast were screened for the first time both for phycochemical analysis and pharmacological activities. The phycochemicals quantified included phenols, flavonoids, tannins and saponins. Melanothamnus afaqhusainii showed the highest content of phenols (2.16mg GAE/g) while highest flavonoids were observed in Coelarthrum muelleri (4.59mg RE/g). Tannins were found in low amounts while saponins were observed as major constituents among the seaweeds ranging from 1.34-3.47% in Sargassum swartzii and Codium flabellatum, respectively. Saponins were not analysed in Rhodophyta due to gel formation. Pharmacological screening revealed analgesic and anti-inflammatory effects. Both the methods of analgesic activities have shown significant increase in reaction time when methanol extracts were used. The reason for delayed anti-inflammatory activity of Solieria robusta and C. muelleri was found correlating with its gel forming ability. While Cystoseira indica and C. flabellatum exhibited highly significant effect from 1st to 5th h. Results suggested that selected seaweeds had potential in combating both acute and chronic inflammation and pain and hence can be used for therapeutic efficacy.

Asunto(s)

Flavonoides/análisis , Fenoles/análisis , Saponinas/análisis , Algas Marinas/química , Taninos/análisis , Pakistán , Rhodophyta , Sargassum

RESUMEN

Present investigation reports first phytochemical profile of Cordia sinensis Lam. stems utilising GC-FID and GC-MS analyses. Moreover, antibacterial, antifungal, phytotoxic and insecticidal potential of stems was also evaluated. Altogether 33 (∼69%) compounds were identified. n-Hexadecanoic acid (15.62-35.55%), methyl hexadecanoate (11.22-29.49%), methyl octadecanoate (4.10-8.66%) and n-octadecanoic acid (4.24-6.64%), present in all the fractions were the major components identified. Overall 4 hydrocarbons, 7 fatty acids, 12 fatty acid esters, 3 phytosterols, 2 terpenes, a terpenoid and 4 aromatics were identified. It is important to note that methanolic mother extract showed moderate phytotoxic activity at higher dose only. However, GC-MS identifications revealed the presence of several phytoconstituents with reported bioactive potential. Moreover, biogenetic correlation of identified phytoconstituents with other parts of plant confirms their natural existence. Newly identified secondary metabolites of C. sinensis stems may also serve as the chemotaxonomic markers and can be correlated with the genus Cordia and Boraginaceae.

Asunto(s)

Cordia/química , Fitoquímicos/análisis , Fitoquímicos/farmacología , Tallos de la Planta/química , Antibacterianos/química , Antibacterianos/farmacología , Antifúngicos/química , Antifúngicos/farmacología , Cordia/metabolismo , Evaluación Preclínica de Medicamentos , Ácidos Grasos/análisis , Cromatografía de Gases y Espectrometría de Masas , Insecticidas/química , Insecticidas/farmacología , Metanol/química , Estructura Molecular , Fitosteroles/análisis , Extractos Vegetales/química , Metabolismo Secundario , Terpenos/análisis

RESUMEN

Crude extracts and fractions of Cordia sinensis leaves were subjected to gas chromatography-flame ionisation detection (GC-FID), gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analyses and preliminary screening for biological potentials using antibacterial, antifungal, phytotoxic, cytotoxic, insecticidal, antileishmanicidal and antiglycation bioassays. Overall thirty-one phytochemicals including three hydrocarbons, seven fatty acids, fifteen fatty acid esters, three terpenes, one each of phytosterol, terpenoid, and polyunsaturated aldehyde were identified. n-Hexadecanoic acid (13.2%), methyl hexadecanoate (9.0%), octadec-9Z-enoic acid (8.3%) and methyl octadec-9Z,12Z,15Z-trienoate (7.8%) were the main components. Presumably, this is a first report of twenty, thirteen and twenty phytochemicals from C. sinensis, Cordia and Boraginaceae, respectively. Moreover, ethyl acetate fraction exhibited significant insecticidal and antifungal activity against Sitophilus oryzae and Microsporum canis, respectively. Similarly, n-hexane fraction significantly inhibited (77.4%) advanced glycation end products in antiglycation assay. Conclusively, C. sinensis leaves with bioactive metabolites are a potential source for the development of insecticides, fungicides and pharmaceutically active antidiabetic drugs.

Asunto(s)

Antifúngicos/análisis , Cordia/química , Cromatografía de Gases y Espectrometría de Masas/métodos , Insecticidas/análisis , Hojas de la Planta/química , Antibacterianos/farmacología , Antifúngicos/química , Antifúngicos/farmacología , Glicosilación , Insecticidas/química , Insecticidas/farmacología , Microsporum/efectos de los fármacos , Fitoquímicos/farmacología , Extractos Vegetales/química

RESUMEN

Application of synthetic pesticides over decades to control insects, pests, and disease vectors has resulted in negative impacts on environment and health. The current study assessed the toxicological effects of 12 botanicals obtained from 4 different red seaweeds against the dengue vector mosquito Aedes aegypti L. (Diptera: Culicidae). Four species of red seaweeds, namely Laurencia karachiana, Gracilaria foliifera, Jania rubens, Asparagopsis taxiformis, were collected from Karachi coast and extracted with hexane, dichloromethane and methanol. The efficiency of these extracts was determined by using a dose-response bioassay method against 4th instar larvae of Ae. aegypti. Separate investigations on the toxicity and IGI effects were done. Comparative studies showed that the hexane extracts induced more toxic effects. Based on the LC50 values, obtained after 24 h of treatments, hexane extract of J. rubens (HJ) exhibited toxic effects with LC50 32 µg/mL, (equivalent to GHS category 3), followed by G. foliifera (HG) (LC50 76.8 µg/mL). HJ also showed prominent neurotoxic effects within 1-6 h. Comparatively, higher morphological abnormalities and growth inhibiting (IGI) effects were obtained in the dichloromethane and methanol extracts treated larvae, after 48-96 h, resulting in the formation of immature life forms such as larvi-pupae and pupi-adult. Presumptive growth inhibiting effects were also noted. These included formation of albino and black pupae, deformities in the internal structure of the treated larvae and the chitin synthesis related effects such as 'inhibiting effect on adult emergence'. Finding revealed that red seaweeds, harvested from the Arabian Sea, have potentials to affect Ae. aegypti survival and thus can be utilized as green pesticides.

Asunto(s)

Aedes , Insecticidas , Mosquitos Vectores , Rhodophyta , Algas Marinas , Aedes/crecimiento & desarrollo , Animales , Dengue/transmisión , Larva , Dosificación Letal Mediana , Extractos Vegetales , Pupa

RESUMEN

Gentamicin sulfate (GEN), a well-known broad-spectrum antibiotic is mostly administered through intramuscular injections and entirely excreted in un-metabolized form through urination from patient's body. Quantitative detection of GEN by direct UV absorption is usually challenging due to lack of chromophores and fluorophores in structure. The current study described the hesperidin coated silver nanoparticles (HSPAgNPs) based novel colorimetric quantitative assay for GEN. HSPAgNPs, based colorimetric detection involved a transition from characteristic yellow colour to blackish brown upon addition of GEN, accompanied by a significant quenching in localized surface plasmon resonance (LSPR) band at λmax 398 nm. Moreover, the synthesized HSPAgNPs were employed to rapid and quantitative detection of GEN in concentration range of 5 to 100 µM. Limit of detection (LOD) and limit of quantification (LOQ) was calculated by standard deviation of the ordinate intercept and slope of the regression line and estimated to be 6.89 µM and 20.88 µM respectively, with a linear correlation factor R2 equal to 0.9990 which strictly followed Beer's law. Furthermore, the utility and effectiveness of HSPAgNPs was also explored for selective recognition of GEN in tap water, serum, human blood plasma and urine.

Asunto(s)

Gentamicinas/análisis , Hesperidina/química , Nanopartículas del Metal/química , Plata/química , Espectrofotometría Ultravioleta/métodos , Calibración , Dispersión Dinámica de Luz , Gentamicinas/sangre , Gentamicinas/orina , Tecnología Química Verde , Hesperidina/aislamiento & purificación , Humanos , Concentración de Iones de Hidrógeno , Límite de Detección , Microscopía Electrónica de Rastreo , Espectroscopía Infrarroja por Transformada de Fourier , Resonancia por Plasmón de Superficie

RESUMEN

Dalbergia sissoo (Roxb.) is one of the important plant species having extensive commercial and medicinal uses. The current study aims to assess the chemical constituents in pod oil of Dalbergia sissoo (Roxb.) by using two spectroscopic techniques i.e. GC-FID (Gas Chromatography Flame Ionization Detection) and GC-MS (Gas Chromatography Mass Spectroscopy). In GC-FID technique, nine fatty acids were identified with their respective composition, capric acid (1) (1.496%) lauric acid (2) (5.695%), myristic acid (3) (4.925%), palmitic acid (4) (10.130%), palmitoleic acid (5) (2.166%), stearic acid (6) (2.862%), oleic acid (7) (10.232%), linoleic acid (8) (22.350%) and behenic acid (9) (9.283%). In second technique, i.e. GC-MS, a series of hydrocarbons (10-37) along with two triterpenoids (38-39) were found in pod oil of the plant used. Important structure indices such as Iodine value and Saponification values were also determined. These findings can be helpful to understand the important medicinal and commercial aspects of seeds oil of the plant, like fuel value, degree of unsaturation and oxidative stability. Antioxidant testing (DPPH-Radical Scavenging Assay) was also performed on pods oil but no any significant activity was found.

Asunto(s)

Antioxidantes/química , Dalbergia/química , Aceites de Plantas/química , Ácidos Grasos/química , Cromatografía de Gases y Espectrometría de Masas/métodos , Semillas/química

RESUMEN

Oxytropis glabra DC. is a plant with enormous therapeutic vitality. In the present study a comparison of lipophilic profiling of different parts of O. glabra has been carried out by using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. A total of 32 compounds have been identified from this plant, amongst which 31 have been identified for the first time. These compounds have been further confirmed from their Van den Dool and Kratz (I) Indices. Out of these 32 compounds, 18 have been identified from flower (80.94%), 15 from fruit (85.36%), 11 from leaves (66.35%) and 11 from root (45.96%). The major class of metabolite identified from different parts is fatty acid. Hydrocarbons have also been detected in flower and fruit but not in root and leaves. The extracts were screened for their immunomodulatory activity on whole blood cells. The root oil was found to be moderately active (IC50 32.3 µg/mL). At present only limited data is available on the phytochemical composition of O. glabra.

Asunto(s)

Factores Inmunológicos/aislamiento & purificación , Oxytropis , Componentes Aéreos de las Plantas , Extractos Vegetales/aislamiento & purificación , Aceites de Plantas/aislamiento & purificación , Raíces de Plantas , Flores , Frutas , Factores Inmunológicos/química , Extractos Vegetales/química , Hojas de la Planta , Aceites de Plantas/química

RESUMEN

Gallbladders bile of three well known commercial fish of South Asia region named Muraenesox bagio (locally called bam), Pomadasys argenteus (dother) and Lobeo rohita (rohu) were analysed on GC-MS, after derivatising the bile alcohols and bile acids as trimethylsilyl ether and trimethylsilyl-methyl ester, respectively. Cholic acid (1) and chenodeoxycholic acid (2) were found as major bile acids in all three species. Major bile alcohol in these fish was cholesterol (4), which was not detected in freshwater specie (L. rohita). M. bagio was also found to contain 3αα,7α,12α-trihydroxy-23-cholesten-26-oic acid (3). Other bile acids and bile alcohols identified in L. rohita were allo deoxycholic acid (5), 12-oxo-3α-hydroxycholanic acid (6), 3α,7α,12α-trihydroxy-24-cholesten-26-oic acid (7), 5α- and 5ß-anhydrocyprinol (8 and 9, respectively) and 5ß-homocholane-3α,7α,12α-25-tetrol (10). Besides acting as emulsifying agent in the digestion process, in non-mammalian vertebrates, e.g., fish, reptiles, etc. the analytical and elucidative studies on the bile contents disclose the diversity in metabolic pathways of cholesterol and indicate the existence of molecular evolution in the basic C27 skeleton of cholesterol.

Asunto(s)

Ácidos y Sales Biliares/análisis , Colestanoles/análisis , Peces/metabolismo , Vesícula Biliar/química , Animales , Evolución Molecular , Cromatografía de Gases y Espectrometría de Masas , Estructura Molecular

RESUMEN

Brown seaweeds exhibit several health benefits in treating and managing wide array of ailments. In this study, the antidepressant-like effect of methaolic extracts from Sargassum swartzii (SS), Stoechospermum marginatum (SM), and Nizamuddinia zanardinii (NZ) was examined in forced swimming test (FST), in rats. Oral administration of SS, SM, and NZ extract (30-60 mg/kg) exhibited antidepressant-like activity in FST by reducing immobility time as compared to control group, without inducing significant change in ambulatory behavior in open field test. In order to evaluate the involvement of monoaminergic system, rats were pretreated with the inhibitor of brain serotonin stores p-chlorophenylalanin (PCPA), dopamine (SCH23390 and sulpiride), and adrenoceptor (prazosin and propranolol) antagonists. Rats receiving treatment for 28 days were decapitated and brains were analyzed for monoamine levels. It may be concluded that the extracts of SS, SM, and NZ produces antidepressant-like activity via modulation of brain monoaminergic system in a rat model.

Asunto(s)

Antidepresivos/farmacología , Depresión/prevención & control , Phaeophyceae/química , Receptores Adrenérgicos/genética , Receptores Dopaminérgicos/genética , Receptores de Serotonina/genética , Algas Marinas/química , Antagonistas Adrenérgicos/farmacología , Animales , Antidepresivos/aislamiento & purificación , Benzazepinas/farmacología , Depresión/genética , Depresión/metabolismo , Depresión/fisiopatología , Antagonistas de Dopamina/farmacología , Fenclonina/farmacología , Regulación de la Expresión Génica/efectos de los fármacos , Masculino , Aprendizaje por Laberinto/efectos de los fármacos , Metanol , Prazosina/farmacología , Propranolol/farmacología , Ratas , Ratas Wistar , Receptores Adrenérgicos/metabolismo , Receptores Dopaminérgicos/metabolismo , Receptores de Serotonina/metabolismo , Antagonistas de la Serotonina/farmacología , Solventes , Sulpirida/farmacología , Natación

RESUMEN

Recently, considerable attention has been paid to drug exploration from natural sources for treating memory loss, a major manifestation of various neurodegenerative diseases. Increasing evidences implicate brain serotonin metabolism in learning and memory, supporting the notion that targeting 5-HT (5-hydroxytryptamine) and its receptors would be beneficial in the treatment of cognitive disorders. In the present study, behavioral and neurochemical effects were examined following administration of Sargassum swartzii extracts in albino Wistar rats. Increase in spatial working memory and recognition memory was exhibited by the seaweed-treated rats as compared to controls. Plasma tryptophan, brain 5-HT, and 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid levels were measured using HPLC-ECD, and a significant increase in brain 5-HT metabolism was observed in the seaweed-treated rats. The increase in memory functions following repeated administration of S. swartzii extracts is suggested to be due to the increased serotonergic neurotransmission in the brain of seaweed-treated rats.

RESUMEN

CONTEXT: An ethnobotanical survey of Cordia rothii Roem. & Schult. (Boraginaceae) reveals it as a medicinal plant. OBJECTIVE: Antimicrobial and antioxidant potential evaluation and identification of chemical constituents via GC-MS of C. rothii roots fractions. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first systematic investigation of the roots exploiting GC-MS. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Extraction and fractionation of C. rothii roots furnished various fractions using solvents of varying polarity, i.e., n-hexane, chloroform, ethyl acetate, acetone and methanol. In vitro antimicrobial and antioxidant screening was performed using disk diffusion and DPPH methods, respectively. MIC of active fractions was also determined using disk diffusion method. GC-MS was used to identify constituents which may be responsible for these activities. RESULTS: Among various fractions from C. rothii roots, fraction KA-C showed strong antibacterial activity against 17 microorganisms tested, with MIC ranging from 250-31.25 µg/mL. Fractions KA-A, KM and KM-A exhibited significant antioxidant potential with EC50 46.875 µg/mL, while fractions KEA-PE, KM-PE and KM-M were good with EC50 93.750 µg/mL. Forty-five phytochemicals were identified in GC-MS studies including eight hydrocarbons, six free fatty acids, 11 fatty acids esters, two phenylpropanoids, four aromatics, four terpenoid quinones/hydroquinones, three triterpenes, four phytosterols, two hexose metabolites and a DNA base. Of these, 32 constituents have been reported for the first time from C. rothii, 24 from genus Cordia and 15 from Boraginaceae. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION: Strong antibacterial and antioxidant potential of C. rothii roots may be due to the contribution of phytoconstituents identified through GC-MS studies.

Asunto(s)

Antiinfecciosos/análisis , Antioxidantes/análisis , Cordia/química , Cromatografía de Gases y Espectrometría de Masas/métodos , Extractos Vegetales/análisis , Antiinfecciosos/farmacología , Antioxidantes/farmacología , Extractos Vegetales/farmacología , Raíces de Plantas/química

RESUMEN

Bile from gallbladders of Arius platystomus (Singhara), Arius tenuispinis (Khagga), Pomadasys commersonni (Holoola) and Kishinoella tonggol (Dawan) were derivatised and analysed by GC-MS for identification of bile acids and bile alcohols. Cholic acid and Chenodeoxycholic acid were found as major bile acids in Arius platystomus, Arius tenuispinis and Pomadasys commersonni. Other bile acids identified in Arius platystomus were allochenodeoxycholic acid, allodeoxycholic acid, 3α,7α,12α-trihydroxy-24-methyl-5ß-cholestane-26-oic acid, and 3α,7α,12α, 24-tetrahydroxy-5α-cholestane-26-oic acid. Cholesterol was found as major bile alcohol in Arius platystomus, Arius tenuispinis and Pomadasys commersonni. Cholic acid was the major bile acid identified in the bile of Kishinoella tonggol while other bile acids included 3α,7α,12α-tridydroxy-5α-cholestanoic acid and 3α,7α,12α-tridydroxy-5ß-cholestanoic acid. Bile alcohol 5ß-cyprinol was present in significant amounts with 5ß-cholestane-3α,7α,12α,24-tetrol being the other contributors in the bile of Kishinoella tonggol.

Asunto(s)

Bilis/química , Bagres/metabolismo , Peces/metabolismo , Vesícula Biliar/química , Animales , Ácidos y Sales Biliares/análisis , Colestanoles/análisis , Cromatografía de Gases , Cromatografía de Gases y Espectrometría de Masas

RESUMEN

The aim of this study was to investigate the chemical composition and provide a pharmacological base for the medicinal use of the essential oil of Perovskia abrotanoides (Pa.Oil) in gastrointestinal disorders, such as colic. The chemical investigation resulted in the identification of 26 compounds, of which tricyclene, beta-trans-ocimene, terpinene-4-acetate, terpinen-4-ol, caran-3beta-ol, linalyl acetate, beta-caryophyllene oxide and alpha-elemene had not previously been reported from P. abrotanoides. Major constituents were 1,8-cineol and delta-3-carene, which constituting 50% of the oil. In the isolated rabbit jejunum preparation Pa.Oil caused inhibition of spontaneous and high K+ (80 mM)-induced contractions, with respective EC50 values of 0.13 (0.08-0.20; n = 4) and 0.90 mg/mL (0.50-1.60; n = 5), thus showing that spasmolytic activity is mediated possibly through calcium channel blockade (CCB). The CCB activity was confirmed when pre-treatment of the tissue with Pa.Oil (0.03-0.1 mg/mL) caused a rightward shift in the Ca++ concentration-response curves, similar to that caused by verapamil, a standard calcium channel blocker. These data indicate that the essential oil of P. abrotanoides possesses spasmolytic activity mediated possibly through inhibition of voltage-dependent calcium channels, which may explain its medicinal use in colic and possibly diarrhea.

Asunto(s)

Bloqueadores de los Canales de Calcio/farmacología , Lamiaceae/química , Aceites Volátiles/análisis , Animales , Calcio/metabolismo , Femenino , Técnicas In Vitro , Masculino , Aceites Volátiles/farmacología , Conejos

RESUMEN

In view of the reputation of genus Salvia in folklore medicine and its abundance in our region, the chemical composition and antimicrobial activity of essential oil from S. santolinifolia Boiss. was analyzed. Chemical analysis, using gas chromatography and gas chromatography mass spectrometry, retention indices and C-13 nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy has resulted in identification of 116 constituents, comprising about 97% of the total constituents. Out of these 116, 78 constituents are hitherto unreported from this source. The species belongs to α-pinene chemotype. In antibacterial assay, gram negative gastropathogens (Shigella boydii, S. flexneri, S. dysenteriae, Vibrio cholerae); causative agent of urinary tract infection (Proteus mirabilis and P. vulgaris) and pneumonia (Klebsiella pneumoniae) were found sensitive to this essential oil while Corynebacteria species and Staphylococcus epidermidis were significantly inhibited in antibacterial assay against gram positive bacteria. Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute protocol was used for determining antimicrobial activity. Thus the essential oil from this species can be utilized as potential chemotherapeutic agent.

Asunto(s)

Antiinfecciosos/farmacología , Bacterias/efectos de los fármacos , Aceites Volátiles/farmacología , Extractos Vegetales/farmacología , Aceites de Plantas/farmacología , Salvia , Antiinfecciosos/química , Antiinfecciosos/aislamiento & purificación , Bacterias/crecimiento & desarrollo , Cromatografía de Gases y Espectrometría de Masas , Espectroscopía de Resonancia Magnética , Pruebas de Sensibilidad Microbiana , Estructura Molecular , Aceites Volátiles/química , Aceites Volátiles/aislamiento & purificación , Componentes Aéreos de las Plantas , Extractos Vegetales/química , Extractos Vegetales/aislamiento & purificación , Aceites de Plantas/química , Aceites de Plantas/aislamiento & purificación , Plantas Medicinales , Salvia/química

RESUMEN

This study describes the chemical composition of the essential oil of Artemisia maritima (Am.Oil) and the pharmacological basis for its medicinal use in gut and airways disorders. Twenty five compounds, composing 93.7% of the oil, were identified; among these, chrysanthenyl propionate and elixene were identified for the first time from any Artemisia species. The Am.Oil (0.3-1.0 mg/mL) suppressed spontaneous and high K(+) (80 mM)-induced contractions in isolated rabbit jejunum, suggestive of an antispasmodic effect mediated possibly through calcium channel blockade. The calcium channel blockade activity was confirmed when pre-treatment of the tissue with Am.Oil (0.01-0.03 mg/mL) shifted the Ca(++) concentration-response curves to the right, similar to verapamil and papaverine. In isolated tracheal strips, Am.Oil inhibited carbachol (CCh; 1 µM)-induced contractions more than that induced by K(+) and shifted the isoprenaline-induced inhibitory CRCs to the left, similar to papaverine, suggestive of potentiation, while, verapamil was more potent against K(+) than CCh-induced contractions and had no potentiating effect on isoprenaline-induced inhibitory CRCs. These data indicate that the Am.Oil exhibited spasmolytic and bronchodilator activities mediated possibly through dual blockade of calcium channels and phosphodiesterase, which provides the pharmacological basis to the medicinal use of Artemisia maritima in colic, diarrhea and possibly asthma.

Asunto(s)

Artemisia/química , Broncodilatadores/farmacología , Bloqueadores de los Canales de Calcio/farmacología , Aceites Volátiles/química , Aceites Volátiles/farmacología , Parasimpatolíticos/farmacología , Inhibidores de Fosfodiesterasa/farmacología , Animales , Broncodilatadores/química , Bloqueadores de los Canales de Calcio/química , Alcanfor/análisis , Ciclohexanoles/análisis , Eucaliptol , Femenino , Cobayas , Atrios Cardíacos/efectos de los fármacos , Yeyuno/fisiología , Masculino , Monoterpenos/análisis , Contracción Muscular , Parasimpatolíticos/química , Inhibidores de Fosfodiesterasa/química , Fitoterapia , Cloruro de Potasio/metabolismo , Conejos , Tráquea/efectos de los fármacos

RESUMEN

Two new acylated flavonol glycosides, 3-O-{[2-O-beta-D-glucopyranosyl]-3-[O-beta-D-glucopyranosyl]-4-[(6-O-p-coumaroyl)-O-beta-D-glucopyranosyl]}-alpha-L-rhamnopyranosyl-kaempferol 7-O-alpha-L-rhamnopyranoside and 3-O-{2-[(6-O-p-coumaroyl)-O-beta-D-glucopyranosyl]-3-[O-beta-D-glucopyranosyl]-4-[(6-O-p-coumaroyl)-O-beta-D-glucopyranosyl]}-alpha-L-rhamnopyranosyl-kaempferol 7-O-alpha-L-rhamnopyranoside, trivially named as brauhenefloroside E (1) and F (2), respectively, were isolated from the fruits of Stocksia brauhica and their structures were elucidated using spectroscopic methods, including 2D NMR experiments.

Asunto(s)

Flavonoides/química , Flavonoles/química , Frutas/química , Glicósidos/química , Sapindaceae/química , Acilación , Espectroscopía de Resonancia Magnética , Estructura Molecular

RESUMEN

The present article describes the analysis of an n-hexane soluble fraction of fresh flowers of Azadirachta indica A. Juss (Neem), possessing larvicidal activity against Anopheles stephensi Liston, a vector of malarial parasite. Forty-one compounds were identified in non-polar to less-polar fraction as well as in essential oil. These identifications were basically made through GC-EIMS. Thus 5 sesquiterpenes, 3 aromatics, 17 fatty acids, 5 fatty acid esters, three steroids and 8 hydrocarbons were identified. The compounds 1-5, 10, 14-17, 21a and 36-38 were reported previously from different parts of the tree including flowers. The rest of the compounds are reported for the first time from flowers.

Asunto(s)

Azadirachta/química , Cromatografía de Gases/métodos , Flores/química , Insecticidas/química , Ácidos Grasos/química , Hidrocarburos/química , Extractos Vegetales/química , Sesquiterpenos/química , Espectrometría de Masa por Ionización de Electrospray , Esteroides/química , Triterpenos/química

RESUMEN

AIM OF THE STUDY: The study was aimed to investigate the chemical composition and pharmacological basis for traditional use of essential oil of Nepeta cataria L. (Limiaceae) (Nc.Oil) in gastrointestinal and respiratory disorders. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Chemical analysis was carried out through GC-EIMS, 13C NMR and Kovats Retention Indices while pharmacological study was carried out in isolated tissues preparations. RESULTS: Four major components; 1,8-cineol (21.00%), alpha-humulene (14.44%), alpha-pinene (10.43%) and geranyl acetate (8.21%) were identified among the 27 compounds in Nc.Oil. In isolated rabbit jejunum, Nc.Oil, papaverine and verapamil inhibited spontaneous and high K+(80 mM) precontractions, as well as shifted the Ca++ concentration-response curves (CRCs) to right, indicating calcium channel blocking activity. In isolated guinea-pig trachea, Nc.Oil and papaverine inhibited carbachol (1 microM) and K+ precontractions with similar potency, while verapamil was more potent against K+. Nc.Oil also potentiated isoprenaline inhibitory CRCs, similar to papaverine, indicating papaverine-like PDE inhibitor activity. In isolated guinea-pig atria, Nc.Oil caused cardiodepression at around 25-80 times higher concentrations, similar to papaverine. CONCLUSIONS: These data indicate that Nepeta cataria possesses spasmolytic and myorelaxant activities mediated possibly through dual inhibition of calcium channels and PDE, which may explain its traditional use in colic, diarrhea, cough and asthma.

Asunto(s)

Broncodilatadores/farmacología , Contracción Muscular/efectos de los fármacos , Nepeta , Aceites Volátiles/farmacología , Parasimpatolíticos/farmacología , Extractos Vegetales/farmacología , Animales , Canales de Calcio/efectos de los fármacos , Femenino , Cobayas , Masculino , Músculo Liso/efectos de los fármacos , Aceites Volátiles/química , Papaverina/farmacología , Extractos Vegetales/química , Conejos , Verapamilo/farmacología