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This work reports for the first time the evaluation of the cytotoxicity and inflammatory potential of Acmella oleracea extract treated with active charcoal in THP-1 monocytes. A. oleracea flower ethanolic extract was treated with 4% activated charcoal (TCEE). Later, THP-1 human monocyte cytotoxicity assay was performed using resazurin fluorometric method. Gene expression of inflammatory cytokines in THP-1 cells were evaluated through RT-PCR by ΔΔCt method using IL-1ß, IL-6, IL-8, and TNF genes primers. Finally, antioxidant assay was carried out with DPPH radical scavenging method. TCEE had a LD50 of 592.5 µg/mL and did not induce pro-inflammatory gene expression in THP-1 cells after 6 h of treatment. Lastly, TCEE (AA% of 69.4 ± 1.4%) and CEE (AA% of 63.0 ± 0.9%) showed moderate antioxidant activity. A. oleracea treated flower extract showed low cytotoxicity in THP-1 monocytes and does not induce inflammation in THP-1 cells, in addition to presenting antioxidant potential.

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Syzigium aromaticum essential oil (EO), eugenol, and ß-caryophyllene were evaluated regarding antifungal, antibiofilm, and in vitro toxicity. Additionally, in vivo toxicity of EO was observed. Anti-Candida activity was assessed through broth microdilution assay for all compounds. Time-kill assay (0, 1, 10, 30 min, 1, 2, and 4 h) was used to determine the influence of EO and eugenol on Candida Growth kinetics. Thereafter, both compounds were evaluated regarding their capacity to act on a biofilm formation and on mature biofilm, based on CFU/ml/g of dry weight. Cell Titer Blue Viability Assay was used for in vitro cytotoxicity, using oral epithelial cells (TR146) and human monocytes (THP-1). Lastly, Galleria mellonella model defined the EO in vivo acute toxicity. All compounds, except ß-cariofilene (MIC > 8000 µg/ml), presented antifungal activity against Candida strains (MIC 500-1000 µg/ml). The growth kinetics of Candida was affected by the EO (5xMIC 30 min onward; 10xMIC 10 min onward) and eugenol (5xMIC 10 min onward; 10xMIC 1 min onward). Fungal viability was also affected by 5xMIC and 10xMIC of both compounds during biofilm formation and upon mature biofilms. LD50 was defined for TR146 and THP1 cells at, respectively, 59.37 and 79.54 µg/ml for the EO and 55.35 and 84.16 µg/ml for eugenol. No sign of toxicity was seen in vivo up to 10mg/ml (20 x MIC) for the EO. S. aromaticum and eugenol presented antifungal and antibiofilm activity, with action on cell growth kinetics. In vivo acute toxicity showed a safe parameter for the EO up to 10 mg/ml.

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This study analysed the phytochemical profile of Acmella oleracea extract and the molecular interactions of its main compounds with TRPV1 and CB2, target receptors in the Burning Mouth Syndrome (BMS) pathogenesis. The phytochemical profile of A. oleracea's floral buds extract treated with activated charcoal (TCEE) was analysed by High-Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) coupled to Mass Spectrometry (LC-MS). The quantification of spilanthol was analysed by HPLC coupled to a Diode-Array Detector (HPLC-DAD). The phytochemical analysis revealed the presence of nine alkylamides and phenolic compounds. The TCEE showed a significant increase in spilanthol content compared to the crude extract (CEE), going from 28.33 mg/g to 117.96 mg/g. The molecular docking indicated a behaviour of the alkylamides as partial TRPV1 agonists and CB2 agonists and, for the first time, indicates the action of these compounds in the symptomatic management of BMS.

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Phytochemical analysis of Croton blanchetianus leaves was performed by. After that, a high performance liquid chromatography method was developed and validated for the determination of rutin in herbal drug and products of C. blanchetianus. The separation was achieved on a C18 column, and the mobile phase was composed of ultrapure water and methanol (acidified with trifluoroacetic acid) with a gradient of 0.8 ml/min. The method was validated following international guidelines. The chemical analysis revealed the presence of flavonoids. Among them rutin was used as the standard for validation. In the HPLC the presence of rutin was observed at 24.7 min. The method was robust, with no significant variations, and linear in the range evaluated with R2 > 0.99. Regarding the matrix effect, it was possible to prove the absence of interference of the constituents in the herbal drug. The precision was determined with a relative standard deviation of <1.34%. The recovery results were achieved between 89.29 and 101.21%. Furthermore, with partial validation, the method was proved to be suitable for the liquid extract, dry extract and effervescent granules. Therefore, this study demonstrated that the method is effective for the quality control analysis of C. blanchetianus leaves and products.

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BACKGROUND: Natural products are useful agents for the discovery of new lead- compounds and effective drugs to combat coronaviruses (CoV). OBJECTIVE: The present work provides an overview of natural substances, plant extracts, and essential oils as potential anti-SARS-CoV agents. In addition, this work evaluates their drug-like properties which are essential in the selection of compounds in order to accelerate the drug development process. METHODS: The search was carried out using PubMed, ScienceDirect and SciFinder. Articles addressing plant-based natural products as potential SARS-CoV or SARS-CoV-2 agents within the last seventeen years were analyzed and selected. The descriptors for Chemometrics analysis were obtained in alvaDesc and the principal component analysis (PCA) was carried out in SIMCA version 13.0. RESULTS: Based on in vitro assays and computational analyses, this review covers twentynine medicinal plant species and more than 300 isolated substances as potential anti-coronavirus agents. Among them, flavonoids and terpenes are the most promising compound classes. In silico analyses of drug-like properties corroborate these findings and indicate promising candidates for in vitro and in vivo studies to validate their activity. CONCLUSION: This paper highlights the role of ethnopharmacology in drug discovery and suggests the use of integrative (in silico/ in vitro) and chemocentric approaches to strengthen current studies and guide future research in the field of antiviral agents.

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