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Introduction: Waltheria indica Linn (Malvaceae) is a widely distributed plant in West Africa. It is commonly used in Burkina Faso to treat inflammation-related diseases, including asthma. Previous reviews have focused on the ethnobotanical, traditional uses, phytochemistry, and pharmacological properties of Waltheria indica. This report aims to compile the biological and pharmacological activities that highlight the anti-asthmatic properties of Waltheria indica L. (W. indica). Method: Electronic databases, such as PubMed, Scopus, Hinari, SciFinder, Google Scholar, and ScienceDirect, were used to gather data on Watheria indica. Data on the toxicological, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and bronchorelaxant effects of W. indica were collected. Results: Twenty-three studies describing the biological and pharmacological activities relevant to assessing the anti-asthmatic properties of W. indica were found. Nine articles investigated the anti-inflammatory effects, and three manuscripts were found to have bronchorelaxant activity. Five publications reported the antioxidant activity of the plant extracts. Research on the extracts revealed a tolerable safety profile in rats and mice with an LD50 ranging from 300 to 5000 mg/kg body weight, depending on the parts of the plant used. Phenolic compounds, particularly flavonoids, alkaloids, and saponins, were found to be responsible for the activities involved in the assessment of anti-asthmatic properties. Conclusion: The results of this review suggest that W. indica could be a valuable resource for the treatment of asthma and other respiratory diseases. However, further chemical and pharmacological investigations are needed to understand its mechanism of action in treating asthma.
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Background: Sclerocarya birrea (A. Rich). Hochst, popularly known as Morula, is a plant in the Anacardiaceae family. The bark, fruits, and leaves have traditionally been used to manage a variety of health conditions, most especially diabetes. Unfortunately, there is a scarcity of data and publications on the toxicity and safety of this plant. Purpose: The current study was designed to assess the acute and chronic toxicity of a hydro-ethanolic extract of Sclerocarya birrea in albino rats. Materials and Methods: Sclerocarya birrea was extracted using an 80-20% hydro-ethanolic solution. For the acute toxicity study, female Wistar albino rats were treated with hydro-ethanolic leaf extract at a dose of 5000 mg/kg body weight and followed-up for 14 days. In the chronic toxicity study, 40 healthy Wistar albino rats were divided in 4 groups. The three treatment groups were administered the leaf hydro-ethanolic extract orally at dosages of 30, 150, and 1000 mg/kg once day for 90 days and the fourth group was a control group. Body and organs weights, haematological, serum biochemical, and histopathological parameters were measured at the end of the experiment. Results: Single-dose oral administration of hydro-ethanolic leaf extract of Sclerocarya birrea at 5000 mg/kg produced no mortality indicating the LD50 is greater than 5000 mg/kg body weight. Following 90 days of administration of a hydro-ethanolic extract of Sclerocarya birrea leaves, there was no significant change in body and organs weights. Furthermore, biochemical, haematological and histopathological parameters did not vary significantly. Conclusion: This data indicates neither acute or chronic toxicity in rats and is consistent with the widespread and long-term usage of Sclerocarya birrea in African traditional medicine.
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A robust, well-functioning immune system is the cornerstone of good health. Various factors may influence the immune system's effectiveness, potentially leading to immune system failure. This review aims to provide an overview of the structure and action of immunomodulators isolated from African medicinal plants. The research was conducted according to PRISMA guidelines. Full-text access research articles published in English up to December 2023, including plant characteristics, isolated phytochemicals, and immuno-modulatory activities, were screened. The chemical structures of the isolated compounds were generated using ChemDraw® (version 12.0.1076), and convergent and distinctive signaling pathways were highlighted. These phytochemicals with demonstrated immunostimulatory activity include alkaloids (berberine, piperine, magnoflorine), polysaccharides (pectin, glucan, acemannan, CALB-4, GMP90-1), glycosides (syringin, cordifolioside, tinocordiside, aucubin), phenolic compounds (ferulic acid, vanillic acid, eupalitin), flavonoids (curcumin, centaurein, kaempferin, luteolin, guajaverin, etc.), terpenoids (oleanolic acid, ursolic acid, betulinic acid, boswellic acids, corosolic acid, nimbidin, andrographolides). These discussed compounds exert their effects through various mechanisms, targeting the modulation of MAPKs, PI3K-Akt, and NF-kB. These mechanisms can support the traditional use of medicinal plants to treat immune-related diseases. The outcomes of this overview are to provoke structural action optimization, to orient research on particular natural chemicals for managing inflammatory, infectious diseases and cancers, or to boost vaccine immunogenicity.
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Fitoquímicos , Plantas Medicinales , Plantas Medicinales/química , Fitoquímicos/farmacología , Fitoquímicos/química , Humanos , Extractos Vegetales/química , Extractos Vegetales/farmacología , Agentes Inmunomoduladores/farmacología , Agentes Inmunomoduladores/química , Agentes Inmunomoduladores/aislamiento & purificación , Factores Inmunológicos/farmacología , Factores Inmunológicos/química , Factores Inmunológicos/aislamiento & purificación , África , AnimalesRESUMEN
BACKGROUND: Klebsiella pneumoniae has become one of the major threats to public health as it causes nosocomial and community-acquired infections like lobar pneumonia. This infection causes acute inflammation in the lung, characterized by the recruitment of polymorphonuclear cells, generating free radicals, and decreasing the endogenous antioxidant balance system. Many experimental studies have focused on the induction, progression and resolution of infection up to its peak, but these documented processes remain highly random and their sex dependence un-elicited. These fluctuations of physiopathological parameters would impact disease progression depending on the animal's model and bacterial strain used. The present study investigated the sex-dependent vulnerability of Wistar rats to K. pneumoniae ATCC 43816 lobar pneumonia induced by the intranasal instillation method. METHODS: Experimental pneumonia was induced by K. pneumoniae ATCC 43816 in male and female Wistar rats following intranasal instillation. The physiopathogenesis of the disease was studied by bacteriological and histopathological exams, histomorphometric analysis of the blood and/or lung tissue, and body weight loss in infected animals. In addition, the overall severity of lesions was determined by the total score obtained by averaging the individual scores from the same group of animals. RESULTS: The K. pneumoniae ATCC 43816 strain showed inoculation dose-, incubation time of the disease- and sex-dependent- differences in its ability to induce lobar pneumonia. Evaluation of different parameters showed that the disease peaked on day 15 post-inoculation, with more pathogenic effects on female rats. This observed sex-dependence difference in Wistar rats was mainly highlighted by the determined lethal dose 50 (LD50), bacterial load count in whole blood and lung tissues, body weight loss, inflammatory granulomas forming and diffuse alveolar damages. The pathogenicity was confirmed by scoring the severity of pathologic lesions of lung tissues. CONCLUSIONS: The results obtained highlighted the gender-dependency in the physiopathogenesis processes of K. pneumoniae ATCC 43816 induced-lobar pneumonia, in Wistar rats. Female Wistar rats' susceptibility is useful in studying pathology and in preclinical trial investigations of new treatments for infectious pneumonia.
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Increased albuminuria is associated with obesity and diabetes and is a risk factor for cardiovascular and renal disease. However, the link between early albuminuria and adiposity remains unclear. To determine whether adiponectin, an adipocyte-derived hormone, is a communication signal between adipocytes and the kidney, we performed studies in a cohort of patients at high risk for diabetes and kidney disease as well as in adiponectin-knockout (Ad(-/-)) mice. Albuminuria had a negative correlation with plasma adiponectin in obese patients, and Ad(-/-) mice exhibited increased albuminuria and fusion of podocyte foot processes. In cultured podocytes, adiponectin administration was associated with increased activity of AMPK, and both adiponectin and AMPK activation reduced podocyte permeability to albumin and podocyte dysfunction, as evidenced by zona occludens-1 translocation to the membrane. These effects seemed to be caused by reduction of oxidative stress, as adiponectin and AMPK activation both reduced protein levels of the NADPH oxidase Nox4 in podocytes. Ad(-/-) mice treated with adiponectin exhibited normalization of albuminuria, improvement of podocyte foot process effacement, increased glomerular AMPK activation, and reduced urinary and glomerular markers of oxidant stress. These results suggest that adiponectin is a key regulator of albuminuria, likely acting through the AMPK pathway to modulate oxidant stress in podocytes.
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Adiponectina/metabolismo , Albuminuria/metabolismo , Podocitos/metabolismo , Proteínas Quinasas Activadas por AMP , Adiponectina/genética , Adulto , Albúminas/metabolismo , Animales , Células Cultivadas , Femenino , Humanos , Enfermedades Renales/etiología , Enfermedades Renales/patología , Enfermedades Renales/orina , Masculino , Proteínas de la Membrana/genética , Proteínas de la Membrana/metabolismo , Ratones , Ratones Endogámicos C57BL , Ratones Noqueados , Complejos Multienzimáticos/metabolismo , NADPH Oxidasa 4 , NADPH Oxidasas/genética , NADPH Oxidasas/metabolismo , Obesidad/complicaciones , Obesidad/orina , Estrés Oxidativo , Fosfoproteínas/genética , Fosfoproteínas/metabolismo , Podocitos/citología , Podocitos/patología , Proteínas Serina-Treonina Quinasas/metabolismo , Transducción de Señal/fisiología , Proteína de la Zonula Occludens-1RESUMEN
AIMS: Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)-induced endothelial cell migration and angiogenesis are associated with the vascular complications of diabetes mellitus, and adiponectin is an abundant plasma adipokine that exhibits salutary effects on endothelial function. We investigated whether adiponectin suppresses VEGF-induced migration and related signal transduction responses in human coronary artery endothelial cells (HCAECs). METHODS AND RESULTS: Using a modified Boyden chamber technique and a monolayer 'wound-healing' assay, both the recombinant adiponectin globular domain and full-length adiponectin protein potently suppressed the migration of HCAEC induced by VEGF. Adiponectin did not increase endothelial cell apoptosis, as measured by terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase biotin-dUTP Nick End Labelling assay. Adiponectin also suppressed VEGF-induced reactive oxygen species generation, activation of Akt, the mitogen-activated protein kinase ERK and the RhoGTPase RhoA, and induction of the formation of actin stress fibres and focal cellular adhesions. VEGF-stimulated cell migration was inhibited by activation of adenylyl cyclase with forskolin, and adiponectin treatment increased cellular cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) levels and protein kinase A (PKA) enzymatic activity. Pharmacological inhibition of either adenylyl cyclase or PKA significantly abrogated the effect of adiponectin globular domain to suppress VEGF-induced cell migration. CONCLUSION: Adiponectin suppresses VEGF-stimulated HCAEC migration via cAMP/PKA-dependent signalling, an important effect with implications for a regulatory role of adiponectin in vascular processes associated with diabetes and atherosclerosis.
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Movimiento Celular , Células Endoteliales/metabolismo , Neovascularización Fisiológica , Factor A de Crecimiento Endotelial Vascular/metabolismo , Inhibidores de Adenilato Ciclasa , Adenilil Ciclasas/metabolismo , Adiponectina/metabolismo , Apoptosis , Movimiento Celular/efectos de los fármacos , Células Cultivadas , AMP Cíclico/metabolismo , Proteínas Quinasas Dependientes de AMP Cíclico/antagonistas & inhibidores , Proteínas Quinasas Dependientes de AMP Cíclico/metabolismo , Células Endoteliales/efectos de los fármacos , Células Endoteliales/enzimología , Activación Enzimática , Activadores de Enzimas/farmacología , Inhibidores Enzimáticos/farmacología , Quinasas MAP Reguladas por Señal Extracelular/metabolismo , Adhesiones Focales/metabolismo , Humanos , Neovascularización Fisiológica/efectos de los fármacos , Fosforilación , Proteínas Proto-Oncogénicas c-akt/metabolismo , Especies Reactivas de Oxígeno/metabolismo , Proteínas Recombinantes/metabolismo , Fibras de Estrés/metabolismo , Cicatrización de Heridas , Proteína de Unión al GTP rhoA/metabolismoRESUMEN
Adiponectin is a protein secreted from adipocytes that exhibits salutary effects in the vascular endothelium by signaling mechanisms that are not well understood. In obesity-related disease states and type 2 diabetes, circulating substances, including tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNFalpha) and high glucose, activate IkappaB kinase (IKK)beta and reduce the abundance of its substrate, inhibitor of kappaB (IkappaB)alpha, leading to nuclear translocation of the transcription factor NF-kappaB and stimulation of an inflammatory signaling cascade closely associated with endothelial dysfunction. The present study demonstrates that the globular domain of adiponectin (gAd) potently suppresses the activation of IKKbeta by either TNFalpha or high glucose in human umbilical vein endothelial cells and ameliorates the associated loss of IkappaBalpha protein. Interestingly, activation of AMP kinase was substantially more effective than cAMP signaling in suppressing high glucose-induced IKKbeta activity, whereas both pathways were comparably active in suppressing the TNFalpha-induced increase in IKKbeta. Both cAMP/protein kinase A signaling and activation of the AMP kinase pathway played a role in the suppression by gAd of TNFalpha- and high glucose-mediated IKKbeta activation. These findings support an important role for adiponectin in anti-inflammatory signaling in the endothelium and also imply that multiple pathways are involved in the cellular effects of adiponectin.
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Células Endoteliales/efectos de los fármacos , Glucosa/farmacología , Quinasa I-kappa B/metabolismo , Factor de Necrosis Tumoral alfa/farmacología , Proteínas Quinasas Activadas por AMP , Inhibidores de Adenilato Ciclasa , Adenilil Ciclasas/metabolismo , Adiponectina/farmacología , Aminoimidazol Carboxamida/análogos & derivados , Aminoimidazol Carboxamida/farmacología , Células Cultivadas , Colforsina/farmacología , AMP Cíclico/antagonistas & inhibidores , AMP Cíclico/metabolismo , Proteínas Quinasas Dependientes de AMP Cíclico/antagonistas & inhibidores , Proteínas Quinasas Dependientes de AMP Cíclico/genética , Proteínas Quinasas Dependientes de AMP Cíclico/metabolismo , Didesoxiadenosina/análogos & derivados , Didesoxiadenosina/farmacología , Células Endoteliales/citología , Células Endoteliales/metabolismo , Inhibidores Enzimáticos/farmacocinética , Humanos , Proteínas I-kappa B/metabolismo , Complejos Multienzimáticos/antagonistas & inhibidores , Complejos Multienzimáticos/genética , Complejos Multienzimáticos/metabolismo , Inhibidor NF-kappaB alfa , Fragmentos de Péptidos/farmacología , Fosforilación/efectos de los fármacos , Proteínas Serina-Treonina Quinasas/antagonistas & inhibidores , Proteínas Serina-Treonina Quinasas/genética , Proteínas Serina-Treonina Quinasas/metabolismo , Pirazoles/farmacología , Pirimidinas/farmacología , ARN Interferente Pequeño/genética , Ribonucleótidos/farmacología , Transducción de Señal/efectos de los fármacos , Transducción de Señal/fisiologíaAsunto(s)
Factor de Transcripción Activador 1/metabolismo , Adiponectina/farmacología , Células Endoteliales/efectos de los fármacos , FN-kappa B/metabolismo , Hormonas Peptídicas/farmacología , Angiotensina II/fisiología , Proliferación Celular/efectos de los fármacos , Células Endoteliales/fisiología , Fibroblastos/efectos de los fármacos , Corazón/efectos de los fármacos , Corazón/fisiopatología , Humanos , Especies Reactivas de Oxígeno/metabolismoRESUMEN
This study reports on what we believe are novel mechanism(s) of the vascular protective action of adiponectin. We used intravital microscopy to measure leukocyte-endothelium interactions in adiponectin-deficient (Ad(-/-)) mice and found that adiponectin deficiency was associated with a 2-fold increase in leukocyte rolling and a 5-fold increase in leukocyte adhesion in the microcirculation. Measurement of endothelial NO (eNO) revealed that adiponectin deficiency drastically reduced levels of eNO in the vascular wall. Immunohistochemistry demonstrated increased expression of E-selectin and VCAM-1 in the vascular endothelium of Ad(-/-) mice. Systemic administration of the recombinant globular adiponectin domain (gAd) to Ad(-/-) mice significantly attenuated leukocyte-endothelium interactions and adhesion molecule expression in addition to restoring physiologic levels of eNO. Importantly, prior administration of gAd also protected WT mice against TNF-alpha-induced leukocyte-endothelium interactions, indicating a pharmacologic action of gAd. Mechanistically, blockade of eNOS with N(omega)-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester ( L-NAME) abolished the inhibitory effect of gAd on leukocyte adhesion, demonstrating the obligatory role of eNOS signaling in the antiinflammatory action of gAd. We believe this is the first demonstration that gAd protects the vasculature in vivo via increased NO bioavailability with suppression of leukocyte-endothelium interactions. Overall, we provide evidence that loss of adiponectin induces a primary state of endothelial dysfunction with increased leukocyte-endothelium adhesiveness.
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Células Endoteliales/fisiología , Leucocitos/fisiología , Adiponectina/química , Adiponectina/deficiencia , Adiponectina/genética , Adiponectina/farmacología , Animales , Adhesión Celular/efectos de los fármacos , Adhesión Celular/fisiología , Selectina E/metabolismo , Células Endoteliales/efectos de los fármacos , Técnicas In Vitro , Rodamiento de Leucocito/efectos de los fármacos , Rodamiento de Leucocito/fisiología , Leucocitos/efectos de los fármacos , Masculino , Ratones , Ratones Endogámicos C57BL , Ratones Noqueados , Óxido Nítrico/metabolismo , Estructura Terciaria de Proteína , Proteínas Recombinantes/química , Proteínas Recombinantes/farmacología , Regulación hacia Arriba , Molécula 1 de Adhesión Celular Vascular/metabolismoRESUMEN
Adiponectin is an abundant adipocyte-derived plasma protein with antiatherosclerotic effects. Vascular signal transduction by adiponectin is poorly understood and may involve 5'-AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK), cAMP signaling, and other pathways. Hyperglycemia sharply increases the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS), which play a key role in endothelial dysfunction in diabetes. Because the recombinant globular domain of human adiponectin (gAd) reduces the generation of endothelial ROS induced by oxidized LDL, we sought to determine whether adiponectin could also suppress ROS production induced by high glucose in cultured human umbilical vein endothelial cells. Incubation in 25 mmol/l glucose for 16 h increased ROS production 3.8-fold (P<0.05), using a luminol assay. Treatment with gAd for 16 h suppressed glucose-induced ROS in a dose-dependent manner up to 81% at 300 nmol/l (P<0.05). The AMPK activator 5-aminoimidazole-4-carboxamide-1-beta-D-ribofuranoside (AICAR; 1 mmol/l, 16 h) only partially decreased glucose-induced ROS by 22% (P<0.05). Cell pretreatment with AMPK inhibitors, however, failed to block the effect of gAd to suppress glucose-induced ROS, suggesting that the action of gAd was independent of AMPK. Interestingly, activation of cAMP signaling by treatment with forskolin (2 micromol/l) or dibutyryl-cAMP (0.5 mmol/l) reduced glucose-induced ROS generation by 43 and 67%, respectively (both P<0.05). Incubation with the cAMP-dependent protein kinase (PKA) inhibitor H-89 (1 micromol/l) fully abrogated the effect of gAd, but not that of AICAR, on ROS induced by glucose. gAd also increased cellular cAMP content by 70% in an AMPK-independent manner. Full-length adiponectin purified from a eukaryotic expression system also suppressed ROS induced by high glucose or by treatment of endothelial cells with oxidized LDL. Thus, adiponectin suppresses excess ROS production under high-glucose conditions via a cAMP/PKA-dependent pathway, an effect that has implications for vascular protection in diabetes.
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AMP Cíclico/metabolismo , Células Endoteliales/efectos de los fármacos , Glucosa/farmacología , Especies Reactivas de Oxígeno/metabolismo , Transducción de Señal/efectos de los fármacos , Proteínas Quinasas Activadas por AMP , Adiponectina/genética , Adiponectina/farmacología , Aminoimidazol Carboxamida/análogos & derivados , Aminoimidazol Carboxamida/farmacología , Western Blotting , Bucladesina/farmacología , Células Cultivadas , Colforsina/farmacología , Proteínas Quinasas Dependientes de AMP Cíclico/antagonistas & inhibidores , Proteínas Quinasas Dependientes de AMP Cíclico/metabolismo , Electroforesis en Gel de Poliacrilamida , Células Endoteliales/citología , Células Endoteliales/metabolismo , Activación Enzimática/efectos de los fármacos , Humanos , Peróxido de Hidrógeno/metabolismo , Isoquinolinas/farmacología , Lipoproteínas LDL/farmacología , Complejos Multienzimáticos/antagonistas & inhibidores , Complejos Multienzimáticos/metabolismo , Proteínas Serina-Treonina Quinasas/antagonistas & inhibidores , Proteínas Serina-Treonina Quinasas/metabolismo , Proteínas Recombinantes/química , Proteínas Recombinantes/farmacología , Ribonucleósidos/farmacología , Sulfonamidas/farmacologíaRESUMEN
The present work explored 3-alkylamino-4H-1,2,4-benzothiadiazine 1,1-dioxides diversely substituted in the 7-position. Those compounds, structurally related to previously described potassium channel openers such as the benzothiadiazine dioxide BPDZ 73, were tested as putative K(ATP) channel activators on the pancreatic endocrine tissue and on the vascular smooth muscle tissue. The nature of the substituent introduced in the 7-position as well as the nature of the alkylamino side chain in the 3-position strongly affected both potency and tissue selectivity of 4H-1,2,4-benzothiadiazine 1,1-dioxides. Thus, compounds bearing in the 7-position a methyl or a methoxy group or devoid of a substituent in this position, and bearing an ethyl, an isopropyl, or a cyclobutylamino group in the 3-position were found to be potent and selective inhibitors of insulin release from rat pancreatic B-cells (i.e. 10a, 10b, 12b, 12d, 22c). In contrast, 3-alkylamino-7-trifluoromethyl- (20a-c) and 3-alkylamino-7-pentyl-4H-1,2,4-benzothiadiazine 1,1-dioxides (11a,b) expressed a marked myorelaxant activity on rat aorta ring. Among the latter compounds, the 3-alkylamino-7-pentyl derivative (11a) showed a clear selectivity for the vascular smooth muscle tissue. The present work gives new insights into the role of the substituent in both the 7- and the 3-position for the design of 4H-1,2,4-benzothiadiazine 1,1-dioxide potassium channel openers exhibiting different tissue selectivity profiles.
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Adenosina Trifosfato/fisiología , Benzotiadiazinas/síntesis química , Canales de Potasio/agonistas , Animales , Aorta/efectos de los fármacos , Aorta/fisiología , Benzotiadiazinas/química , Benzotiadiazinas/farmacología , Técnicas In Vitro , Insulina/metabolismo , Secreción de Insulina , Activación del Canal Iónico , Islotes Pancreáticos/efectos de los fármacos , Islotes Pancreáticos/metabolismo , Contracción Muscular/efectos de los fármacos , Músculo Liso Vascular/efectos de los fármacos , Músculo Liso Vascular/fisiología , Ratas , Ratas Wistar , Relación Estructura-Actividad , Vasodilatadores/síntesis química , Vasodilatadores/química , Vasodilatadores/farmacologíaRESUMEN
3-(Alkylamino)-7-halo-4H-1,2,4-benzothiadiazine 1,1-dioxides were synthesized, and their activity on rat-insulin-secreting cells and rat aorta rings was compared to that of the K(ATP) channel activators diazoxide and pinacidil. Structure-activity relationships indicated that an improved potency and selectivity for the pancreatic tissue was obtained by introducing a fluorine atom in the 7-position and a short linear (preferably ethyl) or cyclic (preferably cyclobutyl) hydrocarbon chain on the nitrogen atom in the 3-position. By contrast, strong myorelaxant activity was gained by the introduction of a halogen atom different from the fluorine atom in the 7-position and a bulky branched alkylamino chain in the 3-position. Thus, 3-(ethylamino)-7-fluoro-4H-1,2,4-benzothiadiazine 1,1-dioxide (11) expressed a marked inhibitory activity on pancreatic B-cells (IC(50) = 1 microM) associated with a weak vasorelaxant effect (ED(50) > 300 microM), whereas 7-chloro-3-(1,1-dimethylpropyl)amino-4H-1,2,4-benzothiadiazine 1,1-dioxide (27), which was only slightly active on insulin-secreting cells (IC(50) > 10 microM), was found to be very potent on vascular smooth muscle cells (ED(50) = 0.29 microM). Radioisotopic and electrophysiological investigations performed with 7-chlorinated, 7-iodinated, and 7-fluorinated 3-alkylamino-4H-1,2,4-benzothiadiazine 1,1-dioxides confirmed that the drugs activated K(ATP) channels. The present data revealed that subtle structural modifications of 3-(alkylamino)-7-halo-4H-1,2,4-benzothiadiazine 1,1-dioxides can generate original compounds activating K(ATP) channels and exhibiting different in vitro tissue selectivity profiles.
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Benzotiadiazinas , Diazóxido/análogos & derivados , Diazóxido/síntesis química , Islotes Pancreáticos/efectos de los fármacos , Canales de Potasio/efectos de los fármacos , Adenosina Trifosfato/metabolismo , Animales , Aorta/efectos de los fármacos , Aorta/fisiología , Diazóxido/química , Diazóxido/farmacología , Femenino , Glucosa/farmacología , Técnicas In Vitro , Insulina/metabolismo , Secreción de Insulina , Activación del Canal Iónico , Islotes Pancreáticos/metabolismo , Isomerismo , Conformación Molecular , Relajación Muscular/efectos de los fármacos , Músculo Liso Vascular/efectos de los fármacos , Músculo Liso Vascular/fisiología , Oocitos/efectos de los fármacos , Oocitos/fisiología , Especificidad de Órganos , Técnicas de Placa-Clamp , Ratas , Ratas Wistar , Relación Estructura-Actividad , Xenopus laevisRESUMEN
Orexins (hypocretins) are novel neuropeptides that appear to play a role in the regulation of energy balances. Orexin-A (OXA) increases food intake in rodents, and fasting activates OXA neurons in both the lateral hypothalamic area and gut. OXA is also found in the endocrine pancreas; however, little is known about its release or functional significance. In this study, we show that depolarizing stimuli evoke the release of OXA from rat pancreatic islets in a calcium-dependent manner. Moreover, OXA release is stimulated by low glucose (2.8 mmol/l), similar to glucagon secretion, and inhibited by high glucose (16.7 mmol/l). Fasting increases plasma OXA, supporting the idea that orexin is released in response to hypoglycemia. Cells that secrete glucagon and insulin contain OXA and both cell types express orexin receptors. OXA increases glucagon secretion and decreases glucose-stimulated insulin release from isolated islets. OXA infusion increases plasma glucagon and glucose levels and decreases plasma insulin in fasted rats. We conclude that orexin-containing islet cells, like those in the brain and gut, are glucosensitive and part of a network of glucose "sensing" cells that becomes activated when blood glucose levels fall. OXA may modulate islet hormone secretion to maintain blood glucose levels during fasting.
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Proteínas Portadoras/metabolismo , Glucosa/fisiología , Péptidos y Proteínas de Señalización Intracelular , Islotes Pancreáticos/metabolismo , Neuropéptidos/metabolismo , Animales , Glucemia/análisis , Proteínas Portadoras/farmacología , Técnicas de Cultivo , Ayuno/sangre , Femenino , Glucagón/sangre , Glucagón/metabolismo , Glucosa/farmacología , Inmunohistoquímica , Insulina/sangre , Insulina/metabolismo , Secreción de Insulina , Islotes Pancreáticos/efectos de los fármacos , Masculino , Neuropéptidos/farmacología , Receptores de Orexina , Orexinas , Ratas , Ratas Sprague-Dawley , Receptores Acoplados a Proteínas G , Receptores de Neuropéptido/metabolismo , Estimulación QuímicaRESUMEN
Pancreatic islets contain ionotropic glutamate receptors that can modulate hormone secretion. The purpose of this study was to determine whether islets express functional group III metabotropic glutamate (mGlu) receptors. RT-PCR analysis showed that rat islets express the mGlu8 receptor subtype. mGlu8 receptor immunoreactivity was primarily displayed by glucagon-secreting alpha-cells and intrapancreatic neurons. By demonstrating the immunoreactivities of both glutamate and the vesicular glutamate transporter 2 (VGLUT2) in these cells, we established that alpha-cells express a glutamatergic phenotype. VGLUT2 was concentrated in the secretory granules of islet cells, suggesting that glutamate might play a role in the regulation of glucagon processing. The expression of mGlu8 by glutamatergic cells also suggests that mGlu8 may function as an autoreceptor to regulate glutamate release. Pancreatic group III mGlu receptors are functional because mGlu8 receptor agonists inhibited glucagon release and forskolin-induced accumulation of cAMP in isolated islets, and (R,S)-cyclopropyl-4-phosphonophenylglycine, a group III mGlu receptor antagonist, reduced these effects. Because excess glucagon secretion causes postprandial hyperglycemia in patients with type 2 diabetes, group III mGlu receptor agonists could be of value in the treatment of these patients.
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Glicina/análogos & derivados , Islotes Pancreáticos/química , Islotes Pancreáticos/fisiología , Receptores de Glutamato Metabotrópico/análisis , Receptores de Glutamato Metabotrópico/fisiología , Animales , Benzoatos/farmacología , Membrana Celular/química , Colforsina/farmacología , AMP Cíclico/metabolismo , Gránulos Citoplasmáticos/química , Cartilla de ADN , Antagonistas de Aminoácidos Excitadores/farmacología , Femenino , Expresión Génica , Glucagón/metabolismo , Ácido Glutámico/análisis , Glicina/farmacología , Microscopía Inmunoelectrónica , Ratas , Ratas Sprague-Dawley , Receptores de Glutamato Metabotrópico/genética , Reacción en Cadena de la Polimerasa de Transcriptasa Inversa , Sinaptofisina/análisis , Distribución TisularRESUMEN
The present study aimed at characterizing in vitro and in vivo the effects of BM 208 (N-[4-(5-chloro-2-methoxybenzamidoethyl)benzenesulfonyl]-N'-cyano-N"-cyclohexylguanidine) and BM 225 (1-[4-(5-chloro-2-methoxybenzamidoethyl)benzene sulfonamido]-1-cyclohexylamino-2-nitroethylene); two new isosteres of the hypoglycemic sulfonylurea glibenclamide. In rat pancreatic islets perifused at close to normal (8.3mM) D-glucose concentration, both BM 208 and BM 225 (10 and 25 microM) increased 45Ca outflow and insulin release. The compounds did not affect the 45Ca outflow rate from islets exposed to Ca(2+)-free media. In single pancreatic islet cells loaded with the fluorescent Ca(2+) indicator fura-2 and incubated in the presence of 8.3mM glucose, BM 208 and BM 225 raised the [Ca(2+)](i). All these findings indicate that, in islet cells exposed to a physiological concentration of D-glucose, the secretory capacity of the new glibenclamide isosteres is related to a facilitation of Ca(2+) entry. The potency and duration of action of BM 225 was, however, more pronounced than that of BM 208. Successive additions of BM 208 provoked repeated increments in 45Ca outflow and insulin release, without evidence of tachyphylaxis. Lastly, intraperitoneal injection of BM 208 and BM 225 to fed rats lowered plasma glucose concentration in a dose-dependent manner. BM 225 was more potent and acting faster than BM 208. Our results indicate that appropriate structural modification can generate isosteres of glibenclamide with different features and activity profiles.
Asunto(s)
Gliburida/análogos & derivados , Gliburida/farmacología , Hipoglucemiantes/farmacología , Insulina/metabolismo , Islotes Pancreáticos/efectos de los fármacos , Animales , Glucemia/efectos de los fármacos , Calcio/metabolismo , Radioisótopos de Calcio , Glucosa/metabolismo , Técnicas In Vitro , Islotes Pancreáticos/metabolismo , Ratas , Ratas WistarRESUMEN
A series of 2-alkyl-3-alkylamino-2H-benzo- and 2-alkyl-3-alkylamino-2H-pyrido[4,3-e]-1,2,4-thiadiazine 1,1-dioxides, structurally related to BPDZ 44 and BPDZ 73, two potent pancreatic B-cells K+ATP channel openers, were synthesized and tested on rat pancreatic islets (endocrine tissue) as well as on rat aorta rings (vascular smooth muscle tissue). Alkylation of the 2-position led to double bond tautomerization and formation of compounds with a 2H-conformation. In contrast to the previously described pyridothiadiazine dioxides, such as BPDZ 44, and 7-chlorobenzothiadiazine dioxides, such as BPDZ 73, the 2-alkyl-substituted analogs were found to be poorly active on the insulin releasing process although most drugs exhibited a vasorelaxant activity. As a result, the new 2-alkyl-substituted pyridinic compounds expressed a selectivity profile (vascular smooth muscle tissue vs pancreatic tissue) opposite to that of their non-alkyl-substituted counterparts, i.e. BPDZ 44. Additional investigations revealed that, in contrast to their non 2-alkyl-substituted analogs, the most interesting 2-methyl-substituted derivatives did not express the pharmacological profile of classical K+ATP channel openers. The pharmacological results rather suggest that alkylation of the 2-position of the thiadiazine ring led to drugs that could act as Ca2+ channel blockers rather than as potassium channel openers.