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For ulcerative colitis (UC), the variability in inflammatory activity along the colon poses a challenge in management. The focus on achieving endoscopic healing in UC is evident, where the UC Endoscopic Index of Severity and Mayo Endoscopic Subscore are commonly used for evaluation. However, these indices primarily consider the most severely affected region. Liu et al recent study validates the Toronto Inflammatory Bowel Disease Global Endoscopic Reporting (TIGER) score offering a comprehensive assessment of inflammatory activity across diverse segments of the colon and rectum and a reliable index correlating strongly with UC Endoscopic Index of Severity and moderately with Mayo Endoscopic Subscore (MES). Despite recommendation, certain aspects warrant further investigation. Fecal calprotectin, an intermediate target, correlates with TIGER and should be explored. Determining TIGER scores defining endoscopic remission and response, evaluating agreement with histological activity, and assessing inter-endoscopist agreement for TIGER require scrutiny. Exploring the correlation between TIGER and intestinal ultrasound, akin to MES, adds value.

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BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Vein of Galen malformation is a rare congenital cerebrovascular malformation. In affected patients, increased cerebral venous pressure constitutes an important etiologic factor for the development of brain parenchymal damage. The aim of this study was to investigate the potential of serial cerebral venous Doppler measurements to detect and monitor increased cerebral venous pressure. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This was a retrospective monocentric analysis of ultrasound examinations within the first 9 months of life in patients with vein of Galen malformation admitted at <28 days of life. Categorization of perfusion waveforms in the superficial cerebral sinus and veins into 6 patterns was based on antero- and retrograde flow components. We performed an analysis of flow profiles across time and correlation with disease severity, clinical interventions, and congestion damage on cerebral MR imaging. RESULTS: The study included 44 Doppler ultrasound examinations of the superior sagittal sinus and 36 examinations of the cortical veins from 7 patients. Doppler flow profiles before interventional therapy correlated with disease severity determined by the Bicêtre Neonatal Evaluation Score (Spearman ρ = -0.97, P = < .001). At this time, 4 of 7 patients (57.1%) showed a retrograde flow component in the superior sagittal sinus, whereas after embolization, none of the 6 treated patients presented with a retrograde flow component. Only patients with a high retrograde flow component (equal or more than one-third retrograde flow, n = 2) showed severe venous congestion damage on cerebral MR imaging. CONCLUSIONS: Flow profiles in the superficial cerebral sinus and veins appear to be a useful tool to noninvasively detect and monitor cerebral venous congestion in vein of Galen malformation.

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In coastal wetlands the hydrological dynamics and in particular the groundwater flows play a critical role in the establishment of wetlands and in the transport of salts and nutrients. The aim of the work is to analyze the role that groundwater discharge has in the dynamics of the dissolved nutrients of the wetland associated with the coastal lagoon and marshes of the Punta Rasa Natural Reserve, which is located on the coastal sector of the southern end of the Río de la Plata estuary. A monitoring network in the form of transects was generated in order to define groundwater flows and take samples of dissolved species of N and P. The presence of sandy sediments with similar granulometric profiles in all geomorphological environments determines that the underground flow occurs in a homogeneous aquifer. From the dunes and beach ridges the fresh to brackish groundwater flows with a very low hydraulic gradient towards the marsh and coastal lagoon. The contributions of N and P would derive from the degradation of the organic matter of the environment, in the case of the marsh and coastal lagoon also from the tidal flow and discharge of groundwater, and possibly from atmospheric sources in the case of N. Since in all environments oxidizing conditions dominate, nitrification is the main process which is why the most abundant species of N is the NO3-. Under oxidizing conditions, P has a greater affinity for the sediments in which it is mostly retained, registering it in low concentrations in water. The discharge of groundwater from the dunes and beach ridges provides dissolved nutrients to the marsh and coastal lagoon. However, the low hydraulic gradient and the dominant oxidizing conditions determine that the flow is scarce and that it only acquires relevance in the contribution of NO3-.

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The purpose of this study was to compare the fascicle length, angle pennation and mechanical properties of the biceps femoris long head (BFlh) in dominant and non-dominant limbs in previously injured and uninjured professional football players. Fifteen professional football players were recruited to participate in this study. Seven players had suffered a BFlh injury during the previous season. Myotonometry mechanical properties were measured in the proximal, common tendon and distal BFlh using MyotonPRO, and angle pennation and fascicle length were also measured. We observed significantly higher distal BFlh frequency, stiffness, decrement, relaxation and creep than in the common tendon and proximal BFlh. The previously injured players showed significantly higher frequency and stiffness, and lower relaxation and creep in the dominant BFlh than did uninjured players. There were no significant differences between the fascicle length and angle pennation in previously injured and uninjured BFlh. Myotonometric measurement provides a quick and inexpensive way to check the properties of the BFlh in professional football players. Professional football players with previous BFlh injury showed higher intrinsic tension and a poorer capacity to deform than did players with no injury to the BFlh.

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The prevalence of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) continues to rise around the globe. Although the percentage of pediatric IBD patients seems to be increasing, rates are surprisingly heterogeneous among different populations. Although the pathogenesis of IBD is believed to be multifactorial, a genetic predisposition may be especially relevant in pediatric-onset IBD. Phenotypic characteristics can also be significantly different when comparing pediatric and adult-onset IBD. Patients that develop the disease at a younger age usually present with more extensive and more aggressive disease and develop complications faster when compared to those that develop it during adulthood. Children with IBD are found to have frequent mood disorders and have a higher risk of developing socio-economic hardship, failing to meet development milestones. Therefore, IBD management should always involve a multidisciplinary team that is not limited to medical providers. Most institutions do not have an established transition protocol and lack the resources and training for transition care. Although there is no consensus on an optimal timing to transition the patient's care to an adult team, it is usually accepted they should be eligible for adult care when most of the key transition points have been met. Management strategies should be tailored to each patient's developmental level and environment. A successful transition can improve the long-term outcomes such as sustained remission, medication adherence, mental health and social and academic performance, while decreasing healthcare utilization. Every institution that manages pediatric IBD patients should have a well-established transition protocol in order to make sure to maintain continuity of care.

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The presence of inter-limb asymmetries can influence strength performance and represent an injury risk factor for team sport athletes. The present study aimed to investigate the effects of changes in resistance loads using different assessment modalities on the magnitude and the direction of inter-limb asymmetry within the same leg. Fifteen young elite soccer players from the same professional academy performed rear-foot-elevated-split-squat-test at different loading conditions (body mass with no overload, 25% of body mass, 50% of body mass 50%), isokinetic knee flexor (concentric 30°·s-1, concentric 60°·s-1, eccentric 90°·s-1) and extensor (concentric 60°·s-1, eccentric 60°·s-1). The outcomes from the agreement analyses suggested moderate level agreement between body mass vs body mass 25% (Kappa = 0.46), with no agreement or fair agreement for the other between-assessment comparison. Our results demonstrated that the magnitude and direction of within-limb strength imbalances were inconsistent when compared within the same assessment under different resistance load conditions.

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Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), encompassing Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis, is a chronic immune-mediated inflammatory disease that primarily affects the gastrointestinal tract and is characterized by periods of activity and remission. The inflammatory activity of the disease involving the colon and rectum increases the risk of colorectal cancer (CRC) over the years. Although prevention strategies are evolving, regular surveillance for early detection of neoplasia as a secondary prevention strategy is paramount in the care of IBD patients. In this review article, we discuss the current evidence of the risks of developing CRC and evaluate the best available strategies for screening and surveillance, as well as future opportunities for cancer prevention.

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Inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD) are associated with various hepatobiliary disorders. They can occur at any moment in the course of the disease or associated with the treatment. The prevalence of liver dysfunction can reach up to 50% in different studies. Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease is considered the most common hepatobiliary complication in IBD, while primary sclerosing cholangitis is the most specific. Management of hepatic manifestations in IBD involves a multidisciplinary approach that includes a high index of suspicion and joint management with hepatologists. The medical confrontation with abnormal liver tests must include an exhaustive study to determine if these patterns can be related to IBD, associated diseases or to the therapies used.

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Fecal microbiota transplant (FMT) is currently recommended for recurrent Clostridioidesdifficile infection. However, it is interesting to acknowledge the potential therapeutic role in other diseases associated with dysbiosis. This review will focus on the current and potential indications of FMT in gastrointestinal diseases, evaluating the available evidence and also exposing the necessary requirements to carry it out.(AU)

El trasplante de microbiota fecal (TMF) está actualmente recomendado en la infección por Clostridioides difficile recurrente; sin embargo, es interesante conocer el potencial rol terapéutico en otras enfermedades asociadas a disbiosis. Esta revisión se enfocará en las indicaciones actuales y potenciales en enfermedades gastrointestinales de TMF, evaluando la evidencia disponible y además exponiendo los requerimientos necesarios para llevarlo a cabo.(AU)

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Therapeutic options for the management of inflammatory bowel disease [IBD] have been expanding in recent decades. New biological and small molecule therapies have been incorporated into the pharmacological arsenal, allowing a more personalized management, and seeking increasingly strict remission goals. However, the fear of developing adverse events represents one of the most important limitations in deciding its use by patients and by a multidisciplinary team. Despite the risk of hepatotoxicity of thiopurines and methotrexate, these drugs are still used either as monotherapy or as combined therapy with anti-tumour necrosis factor [anti-TNF] biological agents. Although drug-induced liver injury [DILI] appears to be less frequent with anti-TNF agents, newer biologics and small molecules, liver tests should be considered in the follow-up of these patients, especially regarding future combined therapy of biologics or of these drugs with small molecules. The objective of this review is to show data on the risk of developing DILI in patients with IBD who are undergoing treatment with traditional therapy or new drugs, whether biological or small molecules.

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Fecal microbiota transplant (FMT) is currently recommended for recurrent Clostridioidesdifficile infection. However, it is interesting to acknowledge the potential therapeutic role in other diseases associated with dysbiosis. This review will focus on the current and potential indications of FMT in gastrointestinal diseases, evaluating the available evidence and also exposing the necessary requirements to carry it out.

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Molecular dispersions are a highly effective method of increasing bioavailability for a poorly soluble active pharmaceutical ingredient (API) and can be prepared on a large scale by hot melt extrusion (HME). Processing thermally labile active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs) via HME is generally more difficult, with operating temperatures limited to below that of the API melting point. API melting is considered essential to facilitate the formation of a fully homogeneous amorphous system. Processing below the melting point renders the system much more susceptible to residual crystalline content; hence, HME is not suitable for APIs which degrade upon melting. In the following work, meloxicam (MEL) was used as a model API, possessing properties of high melting temperature and thermal lability. In this proof of concept work, a modified HME method, termed solvent-assisted HME, was used to overcome this issue and prepare an amorphous solid dispersion using HME, wherein a solvent was incorporated in the formulation blend during extrusion and removed post-processing. Formulations containing 10%wt meloxicam (MEL) and 90%wt polyvinylpyrrolidone vinyl acetate (PVPVA) copolymer were extruded using a twin-screw extruder at temperatures below the melting point of MEL. Dimethylformamide (DMF) solvent was added directly into the extruder barrel through a liquid addition port, resulting in extrudate products having a higher conversion of API to the amorphous form. The incorporation of solvent allowed a significant reduction in processing temperatures due to its increased mobility, while also driving the conversion of the API to its amorphous form. The solvent was successfully reduced through a secondary drying step using a vacuum oven. This advancement has demonstrated the potential for thermally labile APIs to be processed via HME expanding the applications of this technology.

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Background: Cervicocranial arterial dissection (CIAD) is an important cause of stroke. Aim: To describe the clinical and imaging characteristics of patients with CIAD. Material and Methods: An anonymous registry was made including all patients admitted to a private hospital with a diagnosis of CIAD. Patients were subdivided as having an anterior or posterior circulation dissection (ACD or PCD, respectively). Results: Fifty-seven patients aged 40 ± 8 years (60% women) were included in the study, 39 with PCD and 18 with ACD. Cervical pain was the most common symptom. CIAD was diagnosed with no clinical or imaging signs of stroke in 49% of patients. Fifty one percent of patients had focal neurological deficits and 72% had a NIH stroke score below five. No significant differences between patients with ACD or PCD were found. Fifty patients received antiplatelet therapy (simple or dual), seven patients were anticoagulated and 13 were subjected to stenting due to progression of stenosis with hemodynamic involvement or bilateral dissection with scarce collaterals. The lesion was located in V3 segment in 27 patients and cervical segment of the internal carotid in 16 cases. A favorable Modified Rankin Scale (0-2) was achieved in 85.9%, with a trend towards achieving better functional prognosis in PCD. Conclusions: Due to the greater availability of non-invasive imaging methods, 50% of these patients with CIAD did not have a stroke. Thus, an earlier and more timely management is feasible.

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Inflammatory bowel disease, encompassing Crohn's disease (CD) and ulcerative colitis, are chronic immune-mediated inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD) that primarily affect the gastrointestinal tract with periods of activity and remission. Large body of evidence exist to strengthen the prognostic role of endoscopic evaluation for both disease activity and severity and it remains the gold standard for the assessment of mucosal healing. Mucosal healing has been associated with improved clinical outcomes with prolonged remission, decreased hospitalization, IBD-related surgeries and colorectal cancer risk. Therefore, endoscopic objectives in IBD have been incorporated as part of standard care. With the known increased risk of colorectal cancer in IBD, although prevention strategies continue to develop, regular surveillance for early detection of neoplasia continue to be paramount in IBD patients' care. It is thanks to evolving technology and visualization techniques that surveillance strategies are continuously advancing. Therapeutic endoscopic options in IBD have also been expanding, from surgery sparing therapies such as balloon dilation of fibrostenotic strictures in CD to endoscopic mucosal resection of neoplastic lesions. In this review article, we discuss the current evidence on the use of endoscopy as part of standard of care of IBD, its role in surveillance of neoplasia, and the role of interventional endoscopic therapies.

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Introducción: El uso de infliximab (IFX) en enfermedad inflamatoria intestinal (EII) se ha asociado con un riesgo de 1-6% de reacciones a la infusión. La utilidad de premedicación con corticoides, paracetamol y/o antihistamínicos es controvertido. Objetivo: Evaluar si en pacientes con EII que utilizan IFX hay diferencias en las reacciones secundarias a infusión entre aquellos que utilizan o no premedicación. Métodos: Estudio descriptivo, observacional, retrospectivo en pacientes con EII, que han utilizado IFX entre enero 2009 y julio 2019. Se definieron como reacciones agudas aquellas ocurridas en las primeras 24 hrs.postinfusión y tardías después de ese período, clasificándose en leves, moderadas y severas. Se usó estadística descriptiva y de asociación (χ2; p < 0,05). Resultados: Se incluyeron 1.263 infusiones en un total de 64 pacientes, 52% hombres. Mediana de infusiones por paciente 22 (2-66). El 100% de las infusiones en inducción fueron con premedicación y en mantenimiento el 57%. La premedicación fue realizada con hidrocortisona, clorfenamina y paracetamol. La mayoría de las reacciones fueron agudas, de gravedad leve a moderada y ningún paciente necesitó descontinuar IFX. En mantenimiento hubo 9/718 (1,2%) reacciones a la infusión con premedicación y 4/358 (1,1%) sin ésta, sin diferencias significativas (p = 0,606). En inducción hubo 8/187 (4,3%) reacciones a la infusión, significativamente mayor al compararlas con ambos grupos de mantenimiento. Conclusión: En esta cohorte de pacientes, el no usar premedicación en fase de mantenimiento de IFX no aumentó el número de eventos adversos a este fármaco. Estos resultados sugieren que su indicación no sería necesaria.(AU)

Background: The use of infliximab (IFX) in inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) has been associated with a 1-6% risk of infusion reactions. The usefulness of premedication with corticosteroids, paracetamol and /or antihistamines is controversial. Aim: The aim of this study is to assess, in IBD patients on IFX, whether there are differences in secondary reactions to the infusion between those who use premedication or not. Methods: A retrospective cohort study was performed identifying patients with a diagnosis of IBD who received IFX at our institution between January 2009 and July 2019. Acute reactions were defined as those that occurred in the first 24 hours postinfusion and late reactions for more than 24 hours. Infusion reactions were classified as mild, moderate and severe. Descriptive and association statistics were used (χ2; p < 0.05). Results: Sixty-four patients were included with 1,263 infusions in total, 52% men. Median infusions per patient was 22 (2-66). All induction infusions were administered with premedication, and in maintenance in 57% of them. Premedication was given with hydrocortisone, chlorphenamine and paracetamol. Most of reactions were acute, mild or moderate in severity and no patient needed to discontinue IFX. In the maintenance group, there were 9/718 (1.2%) infusion reactions with premedication and 4/358 (1.1%) without it (p = 0.606). In the induction group, there were 8/187 (4.3%) infusion reactions, significantly higher when compared with both maintenance groups. Conclusions: In this group, premedication use during maintenance was not effective at reducing the rate of infusion reactions. These results suggest that premedication would not be necessary.(AU)

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