RESUMEN
To assist hypertension control programs and specifically the development of training and education programs on hypertension for healthcare professionals, the World Hypertension League has developed a resource to assess knowledge, attitudes, and practices on hypertension management. The resource assesses: (1) the importance of hypertension as a clinical and public health risk; (2) education in national or international hypertension recommendations; (3) lifestyle causes of hypertension; (4) measurement of blood pressure, screening, and diagnosis of hypertension; (5) lifestyle therapy counseling; (6) cardiovascular risk assessment; (7) antihypertensive drug therapy; and (8) adherence to therapy. In addition, the resource assesses the attitudes and practices of healthcare professionals for task sharing/shifting, use of care algorithms, and use of registries with performance reporting functions. The resource is designed to help support the Global Hearts Alliance to provide standardized and enhanced hypertension control globally.
Asunto(s)
Manejo de la Enfermedad , Medicina Basada en la Evidencia/educación , Hipertensión/tratamiento farmacológico , Agencias Internacionales/organización & administración , Antihipertensivos/uso terapéutico , Actitud del Personal de Salud , Presión Sanguínea/fisiología , Determinación de la Presión Sanguínea/normas , Enfermedades Cardiovasculares/prevención & control , Competencia Clínica , Consejo , Humanos , Hipertensión/epidemiología , Estilo de Vida , Cumplimiento de la Medicación , Medición de Riesgo , Factores de RiesgoAsunto(s)
Determinación de la Presión Sanguínea/instrumentación , Monitores de Presión Sanguínea/normas , Hipertensión/epidemiología , Agencias Internacionales/organización & administración , Mercadotecnía/legislación & jurisprudencia , Presión Sanguínea/fisiología , Monitores de Presión Sanguínea/tendencias , Regulación Gubernamental , Humanos , OrganizacionesAsunto(s)
Implementación de Plan de Salud/métodos , Hipertensión/prevención & control , Atención Primaria de Salud/métodos , Organización Mundial de la Salud/organización & administración , Análisis Costo-Beneficio , Estudios de Factibilidad , Implementación de Plan de Salud/economía , Recursos en Salud , Humanos , Hipertensión/economía , Hipertensión/epidemiología , Mortalidad Prematura , Guías de Práctica Clínica como AsuntoAsunto(s)
Sistemas Prepagos de Salud/organización & administración , Hipertensión/prevención & control , Sociedades Médicas/organización & administración , África del Sur del Sahara/epidemiología , Estudios Transversales , Epidemias , Accesibilidad a los Servicios de Salud , Humanos , Hipertensión/epidemiología , Hipertensión/mortalidad , Evaluación de Necesidades , Factores de RiesgoRESUMEN
High dietary salt is a leading risk for death and disability largely by causing increased blood pressure. Other associated health risks include gastric and renal cell cancers, osteoporosis, renal stones, and increased disease activity in multiple sclerosis, headache, increased body fat and Meniere's disease. The World Hypertension League (WHL) has prioritized advocacy for salt reduction. WHL resources and actions include a non-governmental organization policy statement, dietary salt fact sheet, development of standardized nomenclature, call for quality research, collaboration in a weekly salt science update, development of a process to set recommended dietary salt research standards and regular literature reviews, development of adoptable power point slide sets to support WHL positions and resources, and critic of weak research studies on dietary salt. The WHL plans to continue to work with multiple governmental and non-governmental organizations to promote dietary salt reduction towards the World Health Organization (WHO) recommendations.
RESUMEN
The Global Burden of Disease Study and related studies report unhealthy diet is the leading risk for death and disability globally. Given the evidence associating diet and non-communicable diseases (NCDs), international and national health bodies including the World Health Organization and United Nations have called for population health interventions to improve diet as a means to target NCDs. One of the proposed interventions is to ensure healthy foods/beverages are more accessible to purchasers and unhealthy ones less accessible via fiscal policy, namely taxation and subsidies. The objective of this systematic review was to evaluate the evidence base to assess the effect of healthy food/beverage subsidies and unhealthy food/beverage taxation. A comprehensive review was conducted by searching PubMed, Medline, and Google Scholar for peer-reviewed publications and seventy-eight studies were identified for inclusion in this review. This review was performed in keeping with Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses guidance. Although moderate in quality, there was consistent evidence that taxation and subsidy intervention influenced dietary behaviors. The quality, level and strength of evidence along with identified gaps in research support the need for further policies and ongoing evaluation of population-wide food/beverage subsidies and taxation. To maximize success and effect, this review suggests that food taxes and subsidies should be a minimum of 10 to 15% and preferably used in tandem. Implementation of population-wide polices for taxation and subsides with ongoing evaluation of intended and unintended effects are supported by this review.
Asunto(s)
Dieta/economía , Conducta Alimentaria , Asistencia Alimentaria , Abastecimiento de Alimentos/economía , Promoción de la Salud , Política Nutricional , Impuestos , Dieta/normas , Salud , HumanosAsunto(s)
Determinación de la Presión Sanguínea/métodos , Hipertensión/diagnóstico , Determinación de la Presión Sanguínea/economía , Política de Salud , Humanos , Hipertensión/economía , Cooperación Internacional , Tamizaje Masivo/economía , Tamizaje Masivo/métodos , Guías de Práctica Clínica como AsuntoRESUMEN
Increased blood pressure and high dietary salt are leading risks for death and disability globally. Reducing the burden of both health risks are United Nations' targets for reducing noncommunicable disease. Nongovernmental organizations and individuals can assist by ensuring widespread dissemination of the best available facts and recommended interventions for both health risks. Simple but impactful fact sheets can be useful for informing the public, healthcare professionals, and policy makers. The World Hypertension League has developed fact sheets on dietary salt and hypertension but in many circumstances the greatest impact would be obtained from national-level fact sheets. This manuscript provides instructions and a template for developing fact sheets based on the Global Burden of Disease study and national survey data.