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A trachea is a tubular structure composed of smooth muscle that is reinforced with cartilage rings. Some diseases can cause sagging in smooth muscle and cartilaginous tissue. The end result is reduction (narrowing) of the trachea diameter. A solution to this problem is the use of tracheal stents, which are small tubular devices made of silicone. One is inserted into the trachea to prevent or correct its constriction. The purpose of tracheal stent use is to maintain cartilage support that would otherwise be lost in the airway. Current tracheal stent models present limitations in terms of shape and characteristics of the silicone used in their production. One of the most important is the large thickness of the wall, which makes its placement difficult; this mainly applies to pediatric patients. The wall thickness of the stent is closely related to the mechanical properties of the material. This study aims to test the reinforcement of silicone with three kinds of fibers, and then stents that were produced using fiber with the best compressive strength characteristics. Silicone samples were reinforced with polypropylene (PP), polyamide (PA), and carbon fiber (CF) at concentrations of 2% and 4% (vol%), which then underwent tensile strength and Shore A hardness testing. Samples with fiber showed good characteristics; surface analyses were carried out and they were used to produce stents with an internal diameter of 11 or 13mm and a length of 50mm. Stents underwent compression tests for qualitative evaluation. Samples with 2% and 4% CF blends showed the best mechanical performance, and they were used to produce stents. These samples presented similar compressive strengths at low deformation, but stents with a 4% CF blend exhibited improved compressive strength at deformations greater than 30-50% of their diameter (P ≤ 0.05). The addition of 2% and 4% CF blends conferred greater mechanical strength and resistance to the silicone matrix. This is particularly true at low deformation, which is the condition where the stent is used when implanted. In the finite element compression strength tests, the stent composite showed greater compression strength with the addition of fiber, and the results were in accordance with mechanical compression tests performed on the stents. In vivo tests showed that, after 30 days of post-implantation in sheep trachea, an inflammatory process occurred in the region of the trachea in contact with the stent composite and with the stent without fiber (WF). This response is a common process during the first few days of implantation.

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OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the behavior of oxygen saturation curves throughout the six-minute walk test (6MWT) in patients with COPD. METHODS: We included 85 patients, all of whom underwent spirometry and were classified as having moderate COPD (modCOPD, n = 30) or severe COPD (sevCOPD, n = 55). All of the patients performed a 6MWT, in a 27-m corridor with continuous SpO2 and HR monitoring by telemetry. We studied the SpO2 curves in order to determine the time to a 4% decrease in SpO2, the time to the minimum SpO2 (Tmin), and the post-6MWT time to return to the initial SpO2, the last designated recovery time (RT). For each of those curves, we calculated the slope. RESULTS: The mean age in the modCOPD and sevCOPD groups was 66 ± 10 years and 62 ± 11 years, respectively. At baseline, SpO2 was > 94% in all of the patients; none received supplemental oxygen during the 6MWT; and none of the tests were interrupted. The six-minute walk distance did not differ significantly between the groups. The SpO2 values were lowest in the sevCOPD group. There was no difference between the groups regarding RT. In 71% and 63% of the sevCOPD and modCOPD group patients, respectively, a ≥ 4% decrease in SpO2 occurred within the first minute. We found that FEV1% correlated significantly with the ΔSpO2 (r = -0.398; p < 0.001), Tmin (r = -0.449; p < 0.001), and minimum SpO2 (r = 0.356; p < 0.005). CONCLUSIONS: In the sevCOPD group, in comparison with the modCOPD group, SpO2 was lower and the Tmin was greater, suggesting a worse prognosis in the former.

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Objective: To evaluate the behavior of oxygen saturation curves throughout the six-minute walk test (6MWT) in patients with COPD. Methods: We included 85 patients, all of whom underwent spirometry and were classified as having moderate COPD (modCOPD, n = 30) or severe COPD (sevCOPD, n = 55). All of the patients performed a 6MWT, in a 27-m corridor with continuous SpO2 and HR monitoring by telemetry. We studied the SpO2 curves in order to determine the time to a 4% decrease in SpO2, the time to the minimum SpO2 (Tmin), and the post-6MWT time to return to the initial SpO2, the last designated recovery time (RT). For each of those curves, we calculated the slope. Results: The mean age in the modCOPD and sevCOPD groups was 66 ± 10 years and 62 ± 11 years, respectively. At baseline, SpO2 was > 94% in all of the patients; none received supplemental oxygen during the 6MWT; and none of the tests were interrupted. The six-minute walk distance did not differ significantly between the groups. The SpO2 values were lowest in the sevCOPD group. There was no difference between the groups regarding RT. In 71% and 63% of the sevCOPD and modCOPD group patients, respectively, a ≥ 4% decrease in SpO2 occurred within the first minute. We found that FEV1% correlated significantly with the ΔSpO2 (r = −0.398; p < 0.001), Tmin (r = −0.449; p < 0.001), and minimum SpO2 (r = 0.356; p < 0.005). Conclusions: In the sevCOPD group, in comparison with the modCOPD group, SpO2 was lower and the Tmin was greater, suggesting a worse prognosis in the former. .

Objetivo: Avaliar o comportamento da curva de saturação de oxigênio durante o teste de caminhada de seis minutos (TC6) em pacientes com DPOC. Métodos: Incluímos 85 pacientes e todos realizaram espirometria, sendo classificados como portadores de DPOC moderada (DPOCm, n = 30) ou grave (DPOCg, n = 55). Todos os pacientes realizaram TC6 em um corredor de 27 m com monitoramento contínuo da SpO2 e FC por telemetria. A partir das curvas de SpO2, foram analisados os tempos para atingir a queda de 4% da SpO2, para atingir a SpO2 mínima (Tmin) e para a recuperação da SpO2 após o TC6 (TR). Foram calculadas as inclinações dessas curvas. Resultados: A média de idade nos grupos DPOCm e DPOCg foi de 62 ± 11 anos e 66 ± 10 anos, respectivamente. Todos os pacientes iniciaram o teste com SpO2 > 94%, nenhum recebeu suplementação de oxigênio durante o TC6, e não houve interrupções. A distância percorrida no TC6 não apresentou diferença significativa entre os grupos. Os menores valores da SpO2 ocorreram no grupo DPOCg. Não houve diferença no TR entre os grupos, e 71% e 63% dos pacientes nos grupos DPOCg e DPOCm, respectivamente, apresentaram queda de SpO2 ≥ 4% até o primeiro minuto. O VEF1% apresentou correlações significativas com ΔSpO2 (r = −0,398; p < 0,001), Tmin (r = −0,449; p < 0,001) e SpO2 mínima (r = 0,356; p < 0,005). Conclusões: As curvas dos pacientes do grupo DPOCg em relação às do grupo DPOCm apresentaram valores menores de SpO2 e maior Tmin, sugerindo um pior prognóstico nos primeiros. .

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Introdução: Diversas técnicas foram propostas para avaliação da musculatura do assoalho pélvico, porém, nenhum método mostrou-se capaz de medir as duas funções desses músculos: elevação e força de compressão. Na rotina de avaliação clínica é comumente empregada a palpação vaginal e, especialmente, o escore de Oxford modificado; entretanto, alguns trabalhos questionam a sensibilidade da escala de Oxford e sua correlação com medidas objetivas de força de contração muscular. Objetivo: neste estudo, propõe-se correlacionar as variáveis medidas na perineometria com o escore de Oxford modificado. Métodos: foram incluídas no estudo 45 pacientes com incontinência urinária que procuraram o ambulatório de Uroginecologia do Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre. As pacientes foram submetidas à palpação vaginal, realizada por uma fisioterapeuta treinada na escala de Oxford, e a medição da força de compressão da musculatura pélvica por meio de balonete conectado a transdutor de pressão. As duas avaliações foram realizadas no mesmo dia. Resultados: encontrou-se correlação significativa (P <0,001) entre o escore de Oxford e as variáveis pressão máxima de contração e tempo de ativação muscular com coeficientes de Pearson de 0,69 e -0,532, respectivamente. Contudo, observa-se uma superposição entre as medidas perineométricas e do escore de Oxford entre categorias adjacentes. Conclusões: Os resultados mostram que apesar de estar incorporada a rotina clínica de avaliação, deve haver restrições quanto ao uso do escala de Oxford com propósitos científicos.

Background: Several techniques have been proposed for the assessment of pelvic floor muscles; however, none of them were able to measure the two main functions of these muscles: lifting and compressive force. Vaginal palpation and especially the Modified Oxford Scale (MOS) are frequently used during routine clinical evaluation, but some studies have questioned the sensitivity of the MOS and its correlation with objective measurements of muscle contraction force. Aim: the objective of this study is to correlate perineometry measurements with the MOS.Methods: Forty-five patients with urinary incontinence treated at the Urogynecology Outpatient Clinic of Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre were included. The patients were submitted to vaginal palpation performed by a physical therapist trained in the MOS. The compression force of their pelvic muscles was measured by means of an air-filled ballonet connected to a pressure transducer. Both tests were carried out on the same day. Results: we found significant correlation (P < 0.001) between the MOS and the variables maximum contraction pressure andmuscular activation time with Pearson's coefficients of 0.69 and -0.532, respectively. However, we found overlapping results between the perineomtry measurements and the MOS scores in neighboring categories. Conclusions: these findings show that, although incorporated into routine clinical evaluation, there should be restrictions to the use of the MOS for scientific purposes.

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The pelvic-floor muscles (PFM) play an important role in urinary and fecal continence. Several investigators have studied the PFM using intra-vaginal pressure measurements, but their methods have not been validated. We describe the characteristics of a probe transducer developed to measure PFM strength according to its dynamic response and the effects of temperature variation. This probe transducer was used to evaluate changes in the contraction strength of pelvic muscles in a group of patients who participated in a PFM training program. Experiments allowed the identification of the probe's characteristics at different temperatures, definition of a calibration equation, and measurements of the dynamic response to pressure pulse. Evaluation of patients before and after the PFM training program showed significant differences in the peak pressure achieved during the contraction (p<0.001) and in pressure-rise time (p<0.01). The tests performed with the probe allowed the characterization of the proposed transducer, and the intra-vaginal pressure measurements in volunteers undergoing a PFM training program allowed a quantitative evaluation of the PFM strength.

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