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The spin precession frequency of muons stored in the (g-2) storage ring has been analyzed for evidence of Lorentz and CPT violation. Two Lorentz and CPT violation signatures were searched for a nonzero delta omega a(=omega a mu+ - omega a mu-) and a sidereal variation of omega a mu+/-). No significant effect is found, and the following limits on the standard-model extension parameters are obtained: bZ = -(1.0+/-1.1) x 10(-23) GeV; (m mu dZ0 + HXY)=(1.8+/-6.0) x 10(-23) GeV; and the 95% confidence level limits b perpendicular mu+ <1.4 x 10(-24) GeV and b perpendicular mu- <2.6 x 10(-24) GeV.

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A new highly sensitive method of looking for electric dipole moments of charged particles in storage rings is described. The major systematic errors inherent in the method are addressed and ways to minimize them are suggested. It seems possible to measure the muon EDM to levels that test speculative theories beyond the standard model.

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The anomalous magnetic moment of the negative muon has been measured to a precision of 0.7 ppm (ppm) at the Brookhaven Alternating Gradient Synchrotron. This result is based on data collected in 2001, and is over an order of magnitude more precise than the previous measurement for the negative muon. The result a(mu(-))=11 659 214(8)(3) x 10(-10) (0.7 ppm), where the first uncertainty is statistical and the second is systematic, is consistent with previous measurements of the anomaly for the positive and the negative muon. The average of the measurements of the muon anomaly is a(mu)(exp)=11 659 208(6) x 10(-10) (0.5 ppm).

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A higher precision measurement of the anomalous g value, a(mu)=(g-2)/2, for the positive muon has been made at the Brookhaven Alternating Gradient Synchrotron, based on data collected in the year 2000. The result a(mu(+))=11 659 204(7)(5)x10(-10) (0.7 ppm) is in good agreement with previous measurements and has an error about one-half that of the combined previous data. The present world average experimental value is a(mu)(expt)=11 659 203(8)x10(-10) (0.7 ppm).

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A precise measurement of the anomalous g value, a(mu) = (g-2)/2, for the positive muon has been made at the Brookhaven Alternating Gradient Synchrotron. The result a(mu+) = 11 659 202(14) (6) x 10(-10) (1.3 ppm) is in good agreement with previous measurements and has an error one third that of the combined previous data. The current theoretical value from the standard model is a(mu)(SM) = 11 659 159.6(6.7) x 10(-10) (0.57 ppm) and a(mu)(exp) - a(mu)(SM) = 43(16) x 10(-10) in which a(mu)(exp) is the world average experimental value.

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The Src-family tyrosine kinases p59fyn and pp60c-src are localized on axons of the mouse olfactory nerve during the initial stages of axonal growth, but their functional roles remain to be defined. To study the role of these kinases, we analyzed the trajectory of the olfactory nerve in E11.5 homozygous null mutant mice lacking single src or fyn gens and double mutants lacking both genes. Primary olfactory axons of single and double mutants exited the olfactory epithelium and projected toward the telencephalon, but displayed differences in fasciculation. The fyn-minus olfactory nerve had significantly more fascicles than than src-minus nerve. Most strikingly, the primary olfactory nerve of src/fyn double mutants showed the greatest degree of defasciculation. These defects, identified by NCAM labeling, were not due to apparent changes in the size of the olfactory epithelium. With the exception of the src-minus mice, which had fever fascicles than the wild type, no obvious differences were observed in coalescence of vomeronasal axons from mutant mice. The mesenchyme of the double and single mutants exhibited only subtle changes in laminin and fibronectin staining, indicating that the adhesive environment of the mesenchyme may contribute in part to defects in fasciculation. The results suggest that signaling pathways mediated by p59fyn and pp60c-src contribute to the appropriate fasciculation of axons in the nascent olfactory system, and comprise partially compensatory mechanisms for axonal adhesion and guidance.

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The purpose of this qualitative study was to develop and test the usefulness of a process model to identify guidelines for selecting essential content in undergraduate nursing curricula from nursing and related disciplines. The study was designed to test the usefulness of the model. Usefulness was determined by evaluating the operationalization of the model and the product resulting from operationalization of the model. The criteria of practicality, purposiveness, realism, and judiciousness were used. The model consists of four steps. In Step 1, the content area is delineated. Step 2 consists of a review of the literature of both disciplines. Analysis and synthesis of this information results in guidelines, stated in conceptual terms and accompanied by brief rationale, for essential content. In Step 3, educators and clinicians are interviewed to determine reliability and validity of the guidelines. In Step 4, guidelines are revised based on comments obtained in Step 3. Operationalization of the model using nutrition content resulted in five content and three process guidelines. Both the process described by the model and the guidelines which resulted from that process were evaluated as useful. Suggestions for future research using the model are made.

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Student nurses are often intimidated by the research process. They also frequently have negative attitudes about working with the elderly, especially in long-term care settings. This article describes a clinical project designed to help students improve their attitudes, knowledge, and skills toward research and care of the elderly by connecting the research process and the nursing process. Students implement research-based clinical practice in a long-term care setting. Student evaluations indicate that project goals are achieved. Nursing staff evaluation data indicate that they find student projects interesting and useful in updating resident care plans.

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Respiratory and behavioral effects of the mu selective opioids levorphanol (0.01-3.0 mg/kg), methadone (0.03-5.6 mg/kg) and codeine (0.3-30.0 mg/kg) and the mixed-action opioids buprenorphine (0.003-10.0 mg/kg), butorphanol (0.003-0.3 mg/ kg) and nalbuphine (0.03-30.0 mg/kg) were studied in rhesus monkeys. In respiratory experiments, awake, seated monkeys wore plastic masks through which they breathed air or differing concentrations of CO2 mixed in air. Exposure to CO2 in air stimulated ventilation in a concentration-dependent manner. All opioids produced dose-dependent decreases in ventilation that were more pronounced as the concentration of CO2 increased. The highest doses of levorphanol, methadone, and butorphanol reduced the ventilatory stimulant effects of 5% CO2 in air by 85 to 90%, whereas the highest doses of nalbuphine, buprenorphine and codeine reduced the effects of 5% CO2 in air by only 50 to 75%. After presession butorphanol (0.01-0.1 mg/kg) or nalbuphine (1.0-3.0 mg/kg), levorphanol further reduced the ventilatory stimulant effects of 5% CO2 mixed in air, with some evidence of dose-effect flattening. However, pretreatment with buprenorphine (1.0-10.0 mg/kg) and the highest dose of nalbuphine (10.0 mg/kg) attenuated the effects of 10.0 mg/kg levorphanol, indicative of antagonism. In behavioral experiments, all drugs produced dose-related decreases in responding under a 30-response fixed-ratio schedule. The highest doses of levorphanol, methadone, codeine, and butorphanol nearly abolished responding in all subjects, whereas buprenorphine and nalbuphine most often reduced response rates by no more than 50%. Except for codeine, rank orders of potency were the same in behavioral and respiratory experiments. The lesser effects of nalbuphine and buprenorphine on ventilation, in conjunction with their levorphanol-antagonist effects, suggest their limited mu agonist efficacy at sites mediating the respiratory-depressant effects of opioids.

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Nerve growth cone guidance is a highly complex feat, involving coordination of cell adhesion molecules, trophic factor gradients, and extracellular matrix proteins. While navigating through the developing nervous system, the growth cone must integrate diverse environmental signals into a singular response. The repertoire of growth cone responses to these extracellular cues includes axonal growth, fasciculation, and synaptic stabilization, which are achieved through dynamic changes in the cytoskeleton and modulation of gene expression. It has become evident that interactions between cell adhesion molecules can activate intracellular signaling pathways in neurons. Such signaling pathways are just beginning to be defined for the axonal growth promoting molecules L1 and NCAM which are members of the immunoglobulin (Ig) superfamily. Recent findings have revealed that L1 and NCAM induce neurite outgrowth by activating intracellular signaling pathways in the growth cone mediated by two different members of the src family of nonreceptor protein tyrosine kinases (PTKs), pp60(c-src) and p59(fyn5,6). Growth cones display diverse morphologies and variable motility on these different cell adhesion molecules, which are likely to be generated by src kinases. In this review we will address novel features of nonreceptor PTKs of the src family which dictate their distinctive molecular interactions with cell adhesion molecules and signaling components.

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This feature article provides a basic discussion of how pacemakers function and how physiologic ECG monitors detect pacemaker rhythms. The most common environmental conditions that can adversely affect pacemaker detection are described, along with clinical techniques that can be used to ensure optimum pacemaker detection.

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The relationship between basic research with nonhumans and applied behavior analysis is illustrated by our work on activity anorexia. When rats are fed one meal a day and allowed to run on an activity wheel, they run excessively, stop eating, and die of starvation. Convergent evidence, from several different research areas, indicates that the behavior of these animals and humans who self-starve is functionally similar. A biobehavioral theory of activity anorexia is presented that details the cultural contingencies, behavioral processes, and physiology of anorexia. Diagnostic criteria and a three-stage treatment program for activity-based anorexia are outlined. The animal model permits basic research on anorexia that for practical and ethical reasons cannot be conducted with humans. Thus, basic research can have applied importance.

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In summary, nursing and nutrition have matured as scholarly professional disciplines. Both have bodies of knowledge and professional practice arenas that are unique, yet interrelated. Professional maturity and social necessity are resulting in increased collaboration and cooperation between nurses and dietitians after a time of separation and lack of communication. The status of nutrition education for nurses at this time is complex. There is consensus that nurses have a role in the nutritional care of clients and that nutrition content is essential. But what that content should be has not been generally accepted. Consequently, questions related to what content should be emphasized, its proper placement in the curriculum, and the best way to teach nutrition have not been answered. The eight guidelines developed by Morse offer a basis for the development, implementation and evaluation of essential nutrition content in undergraduate nursing curricula. The SNE content used in conjunction with these guidelines can help direct the selection of specific content. The professional background of the educator who teaches nutrition in nursing curricula influences content. We believe that both nurses and dietitians must be actively involved in the nutrition education of nurses. Both professions have as part of their perspective the health of people. The focus of nursing has been described as "the study of caring in the human health experience." The focus of dietetics has been described as the study of the impact of food and nutrients on the health of people.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

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The respiratory and behavioral effects of the benzodiazepine receptor (BZR) inverse agonist ethyl-beta-carboline-3-carboxylate (beta-CCE) were determined alone and in combination with buspirone, lorazepam, flumazenil, and SR 95195 in rhesus monkeys. For the respiratory studies, one group of monkeys inhaled either air or 5% CO2 mixed in air according to a fixed alternating schedule; respiratory frequency and minute volume were monitored. For the behavioral studies, another group of monkeys responded under a fixed-ratio (FR 30) schedule of food presentation. The respiratory stimulant effects of beta-CCE in both air and 5% CO2 were enhanced by prior treatment with the 5-hydroxytryptamine1A (5-HT1A) partial agonist buspirone (0.03 and 0.3 mg/kg) and a weak BZR inverse agonist, SR 95195 (10.0 mg/kg). Coadministration of buspirone (0.1 and 0.3 mg/kg) also potentiated the rate-decreasing effects of beta-CCE under the FR schedule. The BZR agonist lorazepam (3.0 mg/kg) and BZR antagonist flumazenil (1.0 mg/kg) attenuated the effects of beta-CCE on respiratory frequency and minute volume particularly under the 5% CO2 condition, and lorazepam (0.1 and 0.3 mg/kg) and flumazenil (0.1 and 0.3 mg/kg) attenuated the effects of beta-CCE on FR responding. These latter results show that the respiratory and behavioral effects of beta-CCE in rhesus monkeys are at least in part due to effects at BZRs. Moreover, the findings suggest either that coactivation of benzodiazepine and 5-HT1A sites lead to a greater than additive effect or that beta-CCE and buspirone share a common mechanism of action that is unrelated to the receptor at which BZR inverse agonists act.

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Studies investigating a possible relationship between sexual abuse and eating disorders have reported highly discrepant results. Some variability can be accounted for by methodological issues including diagnostic criteria, study design, and assessment techniques. The heterogeneity of an eating disordered population, especially regarding the comorbidity of eating pathology and personality disorder, is also a factor. Overall results suggest that around 30% of eating disordered patients have been sexually abused in childhood, a figure that is relatively comparable to rates found in normal populations. For some patients there may be a direct link between sexual trauma and eating pathology, but in general sexual abuse is best considered a risk factor in a biopsychosocial etiological model of eating disorders. Complex associations between trauma, self-regulatory deficits, and psychopathology require further research.

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Current recommendations to improve undergraduate education range from increasing the proportion of general education credits to removing professional preparation from undergraduate education. The authors argue for the necessity of integrating general education and professional preparation throughout all levels of higher education. A conceptual framework to study professional preparation developed by Stark et al. is presented. Methods to integrate both general education and professional preparation are analyzed, and specific implications for nursing are discussed.

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