RESUMEN
Background: Sex steroid hormones and their receptors are important in female sexual function. The aim of this study was to investigate the expression and distribution of estrogen receptor (ER)α, ERß, G-protein-coupled ER-1 (GPER), androgen receptor (AR), progesterone receptor (PR)A, PRB and connective tissue growth factor (CTGF) in the vaginal wall among women who had been treated for cervical cancer with radiotherapy. Material and methods: We included cervical cancer survivors treated with radiotherapy and premenopausal control women of the same age scheduled for benign gynecological surgery. We analyzed the expression and distribution of sex steroid hormone receptors and CTGF in biopsies from the vaginal wall, by real-time PCR and immunohistochemistry (IHC). Serum samples were analyzed for hormone levels and radiation dose at biopsy site were calculated and correlated to levels of the sex steroid hormone receptors. Results: In the cervical cancer survivors (n = 34), we found a lower expression of ERα at both mRNA and protein levels, compared to the control women (n = 37). In the survivors with high radiation dose at biopsy site, the immunostaining of ERα and AR was lower in the epithelium and the stroma, compared to survivors with minimal radiation dose. The later group showed expression of ERα comparable to the control women. The cancer survivors were sufficiently substituted with systemic estradiol with no difference in the serum estradiol levels compared to control women. Conclusions: We found that external radiation reduces the ERα and AR protein expression in the vaginal mucosa, indicating that the vaginal changes in irradiated cervical cancer survivors and the lack of response to hormonal treatment could be due to the decreases in sex steroid hormone receptor expression.
Asunto(s)
Receptor alfa de Estrógeno/metabolismo , Receptores Androgénicos/metabolismo , Neoplasias del Cuello Uterino/terapia , Vagina/patología , Enfermedades Vaginales/patología , Adulto , Biopsia , Supervivientes de Cáncer/estadística & datos numéricos , Quimioradioterapia/efectos adversos , Quimioradioterapia/métodos , Factor de Crecimiento del Tejido Conjuntivo/metabolismo , Relación Dosis-Respuesta en la Radiación , Resistencia a Medicamentos , Estradiol/farmacología , Estradiol/uso terapéutico , Terapia de Reemplazo de Estrógeno/métodos , Femenino , Humanos , Histerectomía , Terapia Neoadyuvante/efectos adversos , Terapia Neoadyuvante/métodos , Progestinas/farmacología , Progestinas/uso terapéutico , Dosificación Radioterapéutica , Resultado del Tratamiento , Vagina/efectos de la radiación , Enfermedades Vaginales/etiología , Enfermedades Vaginales/terapiaRESUMEN
BACKGROUND: Progesterone and androgens are important for normal development and tumorigenesis of the breast. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Breast tissue samples from 49 premenopausal women were obtained. The progesterone receptors (PRA, PRB, PGRMC1 and PGRMC2) and the androgen receptor (AR) were determined in malignant and benign breast tumors and control tissues. RESULTS: The PRB and AR mRNA levels were highest in tumors. PGRMC1 and PGRMC2 mRNA levels were higher in malignant tumors compared to their paired normal tissues. PRA protein showed most immunostaining in benign tumors. PRB immunostaining varied according to menstrual phase. AR immunostaining was highest in the glands of malignant tumors. CONCLUSION: Progesterone and androgen receptors are differently regulated in tumors compared to normal breast tissues. A malignant breast tumor could appear PR-negative if collected in the luteal phase, but positive in the follicular phase. This finding may have clinical implications.
Asunto(s)
Regulación Neoplásica de la Expresión Génica , Premenopausia/genética , Receptores Androgénicos/genética , Receptores de Progesterona/genética , Adulto , Femenino , Fase Folicular/genética , Fase Folicular/metabolismo , Humanos , Inmunohistoquímica , Fase Luteínica/genética , Fase Luteínica/metabolismo , Proteínas de la Membrana/genética , Proteínas de la Membrana/metabolismo , Persona de Mediana Edad , Premenopausia/metabolismo , Receptores Androgénicos/metabolismo , Receptores de Progesterona/metabolismo , Reacción en Cadena de la Polimerasa de Transcriptasa InversaRESUMEN
BACKGROUND: Estrogen hormones have a large impact on both normal development and tumorigenesis of the breast. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Breast tissue samples from 49 women undergoing surgery were included. The estrogen receptors (ERα and ERß), ERα36 and G-coupled estrogen receptor-1 (GPER) were determined in benign and malignant breast tissue. RESULTS: The ERα36 and ERα mRNA levels were highest in malignant tumors. Stromal ERß immunostaining in benign tumors was higher than in the paired normal tissue. GPER expression was lowest in benign tumors. In the malignant tumors, the Nottingham Prognostic Index (NPI) correlated positively with stromal GPER and the serum testosterone level. The serum insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) level correlated negatively with GPER mRNA and glandular ERα. CONCLUSION: The expression of ERα36 is stronger in malignant breast tissue. The strong positive correlation between NPI and GPER in malignant breast stroma indicates an important role for GPER in breast cancer prognosis.
Asunto(s)
Neoplasias de la Mama/química , Mama/química , Receptores de Estrógenos/análisis , Testosterona/sangre , Adulto , Femenino , Humanos , Inmunohistoquímica , Persona de Mediana Edad , ARN Mensajero/análisis , Receptores de Estrógenos/genética , Receptores de Estrógenos/fisiología , Receptores Acoplados a Proteínas G/genética , Receptores Acoplados a Proteínas G/fisiologíaRESUMEN
OBJECTIVE: To investigate expression and localization of prostaglandin receptors EP1-4 and FP and localization of stromal factors CTGF (connective tissue growth factor), furin, calgranulin B and ALOX15 (arachidonate 15-lipooxygenase) in human cervical tissue from post-term women with failed or successful labor induction after prostaglandin priming. DESIGN: Experimental prospective clinical study. SETTING: Tertiary obstetric care center. POPULATION: Twenty-six women giving birth post-term, with failed or successful labor induction, and a control group consisting of 19 women with spontaneous onset of labor and delivery at term. METHODS: Biopsies were obtained from post-term women with successful (responders; R) and failed (non-responders; NR) labor induction. Women with spontaneous delivery at term were included as controls (C). mRNA expression was determined with real time PCR, protein expression and localization with immunohistochemistry. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Comparisons of mRNA and protein expressions between post-term pregnancies with failed and successful labor induction as well as term controls. RESULTS: EP4 mRNA expression was down-regulated concomitant with an up-regulation of EP3 mRNA expression in cervix from the NR group as compared with the R group. In stroma, immunoreactivity of the EP4 protein was increased in the NR group as compared with R and C groups. CONCLUSIONS: Failure of cervical ripening, after local application of prostaglandins for labor induction, may be caused by the increased expression of EP3 and concomitant decrease in EP4 expression.
Asunto(s)
Maduración Cervical/metabolismo , Cuello del Útero/metabolismo , Trabajo de Parto Inducido , Embarazo Prolongado/metabolismo , Subtipo EP3 de Receptores de Prostaglandina E/metabolismo , Subtipo EP4 de Receptores de Prostaglandina E/metabolismo , Adulto , Análisis de Varianza , Araquidonato 15-Lipooxigenasa/metabolismo , Calgranulina B/metabolismo , Estudios de Casos y Controles , Factor de Crecimiento del Tejido Conjuntivo/metabolismo , Femenino , Furina/metabolismo , Expresión Génica , Humanos , Inmunohistoquímica , Embarazo , Estudios Prospectivos , ARN Mensajero/metabolismo , Receptores de Prostaglandina/metabolismo , Reacción en Cadena de la Polimerasa de Transcriptasa InversaRESUMEN
BACKGROUND: Prostaglandins are important for female reproduction. Prostaglandin-E2 acts via four different receptor subtypes, EP1, EP2, EP3 and EP4 whereas prostaglandin-F2alpha acts through FP. The functions of prostaglandins depend on the expression of their receptors in different uterine cell types. Our aim was to investigate the expression of EPs and FP in rat uterus and to identify the regulation by estradiol, progesterone and estrogen receptor (ER) selective agonists. METHODS: We performed four different rat experiments involving treatments with estradiol, progesterone and ER agonists. Real-time PCR and immunohistochemistry were employed to evaluate receptor expression. RESULTS: Our results showed that all mRNAs and proteins of EPs and FP are expressed in the rat uterus. The expression pattern and intensity of immunostaining vary between different cell types and treatments. The mRNA expression of all EPs and FP are downregulated by estradiol and the ERalpha specific agonist PPT, whereas the ERbeta specific agonist DPN downregulates only EP2 and EP4. The protein expression however, showed an increase in EP2 and EP3 after estradiol treatment. When treated with estradiol and progesterone in combination, the expressions of EP1 and EP3 are upregulated. CONCLUSIONS: Regulation of EPs and FP expression by estradiol appears to be mainly modulated via ERalpha for EP1, EP3 and FP, while EP2 and EP4 also are affected by the ERbeta selective ligand. Our immunohistochemical data shows a cell specific regulation of prostaglandin receptors under the influence of ovarian steroids, where EP2 is estrogen regulated in all uterine tissues examined. EP1 and EP3 are upregulated by the combination of estradiol and progesterone. Thus, our observations indicate that estradiol and progesterone regulate the mRNA and protein expression of EPs and FP in a receptor and tissue specific way.
Asunto(s)
Estradiol/farmacología , Progesterona/farmacología , Receptores de Prostaglandina E/biosíntesis , Receptores de Prostaglandina/biosíntesis , Animales , Regulación hacia Abajo , Estradiol/administración & dosificación , Receptor alfa de Estrógeno/agonistas , Receptor beta de Estrógeno/agonistas , Femenino , Nitrilos/farmacología , Ovariectomía , Fenoles/farmacología , Pirazoles/farmacología , ARN Mensajero/efectos de los fármacos , ARN Mensajero/metabolismo , Ratas , Ratas Sprague-Dawley , Receptores de Prostaglandina/efectos de los fármacos , Receptores de Prostaglandina/genética , Receptores de Prostaglandina E/efectos de los fármacos , Receptores de Prostaglandina E/genética , Útero/metabolismoRESUMEN
CONCLUSION: ERalpha and ERbeta are present in the inner ear and are up- and down-regulated depending on the stage of maturation, development and pregnancy, suggesting that estrogen may have an effect on the cochlea during various stages of life. No estrogen receptors (ERs) were found in the cochlea of the developing fetus, which suggests that estrogen does not have an effect on the cochlea during gestation. OBJECTIVE: To investigate the distribution of ERs in the cochlea during pregnancy, maturation and development in a female rat model. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The cochleas of 24 rats in 4 groups in different time periods of maturation (21 and 56 days old) and pregnancy (day 8 and 18 of pregnancy) and 16 fetuses at gestational ages of 8 and 18 days were collected. All specimens were stained for ERs using standard immunohistochemical techniques. RESULTS: ERs are present in the cochlea of the rat and vary during maturation and pregnancy. No ERs were found in the fetal cochleas. Of the non-fetal time points measured, the expression levels of ERs in the rat cochlea were highest at the postnatal age of 21 days and were lowest during late pregnancy (day 18).
Asunto(s)
Cóclea/anatomía & histología , Edad Gestacional , Preñez/fisiología , Receptores de Estradiol/análisis , Maduración Sexual/fisiología , Factores de Edad , Animales , Cóclea/embriología , Femenino , Técnicas para Inmunoenzimas , Masculino , Embarazo , Ratas , Ratas Sprague-Dawley , Valores de Referencia , Factores SexualesRESUMEN
BACKGROUND: Prolonged pregnancies are associated with increased rate of maternal and fetal complications. Post term women could be divided into at least two subgroups, one where parturition is possible to induce by prostaglandins and one where it is not. Our aim was to study parameters in cervical biopsies in women with spontaneous delivery at term (controls) and compare to those that are successfully induced post term (responders), and those that are not induced (non-responders), by local prostaglandin treatment. METHODS: Stromal parameters examined in this study were the accumulation of leukocytes (CD45, CD68), mRNAs and/or proteins for the extracellular matrix degrading enzymes (matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-2, MMP-8 and MMP-9), their inhibitors (tissue inhibitor of MMP (TIMP)-1 and TIMP-2), interleukin-8 (IL-8), the platelet activating factor-receptor (PAF-R), syndecan-1 and estrogen binding receptors (estrogen receptor (ER)alpha, ERbeta and G-coupled protein receptor (GPR) 30) as well as the proliferation marker Ki-67. RESULTS: The influx of leukocytes as assessed by CD45 was strongest in the responders, thereafter in the controls and significantly lower in the non-responders. IL-8, PAF-R and MMP-9, all predominantly expressed in leukocytes, showed significantly reduced immunostaining in the group of non-responders, while ERalpha and GPR30 were more abundant in the non-responders, as compared to the controls. CONCLUSION: The impaired leukocyte influx, as reflected by the reduced number of CD45 positive cells as well as decreased immunostaining of IL-8, PAF-R and MMP-9 in the non-responders, could be one explanation of the failed ripening of the cervix in post term women. If the decreased leukocyte influx is a primary explanation to absent ripening or secondary, as a result of other factors, is yet to be established.
Asunto(s)
Maduración Cervical/fisiología , Cuello del Útero/citología , Dinoprostona/uso terapéutico , Leucocitos/fisiología , Embarazo Prolongado/fisiopatología , Adulto , Cuello del Útero/metabolismo , Femenino , Humanos , Trabajo de Parto Inducido , Antígenos Comunes de Leucocito/metabolismo , Metaloproteinasa 8 de la Matriz/metabolismo , Glicoproteínas de Membrana Plaquetaria/metabolismo , Embarazo , Receptores de Estrógenos/metabolismo , Receptores Acoplados a Proteínas G/metabolismo , Sindecano-1/metabolismoRESUMEN
OBJECTIVE: This study was undertaken to survey the steroid receptor expression and morphology in the vulvar vestibular mucosa in women with provoked vestibulodynia. STUDY DESIGN: Fourteen patients and 25 controls without oral contraceptives were included. Vestibular biopsy specimens were obtained and analyzed by using immunohistochemistry, followed by computerized image analysis of estrogen receptors alpha and beta, progesterone receptors A and B, glucocorticoid receptor, androgen receptor, and the proliferation marker Ki67. The morphology was estimated by measuring 4 parameters in the epithelium. RESULTS: There was a significantly higher expression of estrogen receptor alpha in both the epithelium (P = .04) and the stroma (P = .02) in the patient specimens compared with the controls. There were no significant differences in the other analyses performed. CONCLUSION: There is an increased expression of estrogen receptor alpha in the vestibular mucosa but the epithelial morphology seems unaffected in women with provoked vestibulodynia. Further studies regarding plausible associations to neurogenic inflammation are needed.
Asunto(s)
Dispareunia/metabolismo , Dispareunia/patología , Receptores de Esteroides/biosíntesis , Vulva/metabolismo , Vulva/patología , Adulto , Femenino , Humanos , Membrana Mucosa/metabolismoRESUMEN
OBJECTIVE: Our aim was to investigate the effects of the addition of testosterone to estrogen compared with those of estrogen alone on the expression and distribution of sex hormone receptors in glands and stroma of the endometrium of postmenopausal women. DESIGN: An open, randomized clinical study with parallel group comparison was performed in the Women's Health Research Unit at a university hospital. Thirty-one postmenopausal women were given oral estradiol valerate (2 mg daily) or estradiol valerate in combination with testosterone undecanoate (40 mg every 2 days) for 3 months. Before and at the end of treatment, endometrial biopsy samples were obtained, and expressions of estrogen receptor (ER)-alpha, ER-beta, progesterone receptor isoforms A and B, and androgen receptor (AR) were evaluated by immunohistochemical analysis. RESULTS: At baseline, expressions of ER-alpha and progesterone receptors were stronger in glands than in stroma, whereas the immunostaining of AR was stronger in stroma than in glands. After treatment, expressions of ER-alpha and progesterone receptors were up-regulated in both glands and stroma by both treatments, but to a lesser extent in glands by combined treatment. The expression of ER-beta in glands was significantly higher with combined treatment than with estrogen alone. Moreover, AR immunostaining was significantly higher after combined treatment than after treatment with estrogen alone. CONCLUSIONS: Expressions of AR and ER-beta were stronger in glands of the endometrium of postmenopausal women after treatment with testosterone added to estrogen than after estrogen alone. In contrast, expressions of ER-alpha and progesterone receptors were up-regulated in the endometrium with estrogen-alone treatment, whereas these expressions were less increased in glands after combined treatment. These data indicate that testosterone is involved in the regulation of sex hormone receptor expression in the postmenopausal endometrium and may therefore influence endometrial proliferation and differentiation.
Asunto(s)
Endometrio/efectos de los fármacos , Estradiol/análogos & derivados , Receptor alfa de Estrógeno/efectos de los fármacos , Receptor beta de Estrógeno/efectos de los fármacos , Posmenopausia/efectos de los fármacos , Receptores Androgénicos/efectos de los fármacos , Testosterona/análogos & derivados , Adulto , Combinación de Medicamentos , Endometrio/metabolismo , Estradiol/farmacología , Receptor alfa de Estrógeno/metabolismo , Receptor beta de Estrógeno/metabolismo , Femenino , Humanos , Inmunohistoquímica , Persona de Mediana Edad , Posmenopausia/fisiología , Receptores Androgénicos/metabolismo , Testosterona/farmacologíaRESUMEN
BACKGROUND: Hormonal influence on stress urinary incontinence (SUI) is under debate. Sex steroid hormonal activity is mediated by nuclear receptor proteins. The aim of this study is to identify receptor isoforms and their genetic expression in the pelvic floor extra cellular matrix (ECM), and to compare women with and without SUI before and after menopause. METHODS: Sub-mucosal para-urethral biopsies from 4 pre-menopausal and 8 postmenopausal patients with SUI were analysed immunohistochemically regarding estrogen receptors (ER) alpha and beta, the progesterone receptor (PR) (A+B) and B, and the androgen receptor (AR). Six pre-menopausal and 5 postmenopausal women served as controls. All receptors were scored manually. Additionally, ER-alpha and ER-beta were quantified by image analysis. Biopsies from 7 pre-menopausal and 7 postmenopausal women suffering from SUI were studied by real-time RT-PCR for expression of ER-alpha, ER-beta, PR and AR. The control group consisted of 5 pre-menopausal and 5 postmenopausal women. RESULTS: Immunohistochemistry revealed receptor-positive cells for all isoforms in all groups. Higher ER-beta scores were seen in the pre-menopausal SUI group compared to controls. Lower PR-B scores were found after menopause in both groups. The image analysis confirmed that ER-beta was significantly increased in the pre-menopausal SUI group compared to controls (p=0.02). By real-time RT-PCR, no difference of mRNA expression regarding any receptor was detected between any SUI and control group. ER-beta mRNA levels were low or undetectable. There was a significant down-regulation of PR among postmenopausal women (p=0.001). CONCLUSIONS: The para-urethral ECM is a target for sex steroid hormones mediated by the respective receptor. The significant higher expression of ER-beta protein in the pre-menopausal SUI-group was not reflected by a corresponding up-regulation of mRNA which was poorly expressed in all groups.
Asunto(s)
Matriz Extracelular/metabolismo , Diafragma Pélvico/fisiología , Posmenopausia/metabolismo , Premenopausia/metabolismo , Receptores de Esteroides/metabolismo , Incontinencia Urinaria de Esfuerzo/metabolismo , Adulto , Factores de Edad , Anciano , Estudios de Casos y Controles , Femenino , Humanos , Persona de Mediana Edad , ARN Mensajero/metabolismo , Receptores de Esteroides/genética , UretraRESUMEN
BACKGROUND: The objective was to evaluate the influence of combined oral contraceptives (COC) and of the menstrual cycle on the steroid receptor expression in the vulvar vestibular mucosa of healthy women. STUDY DESIGN: Forty-five healthy women (20 with COC and 25 without) were included. Vestibular biopsies were obtained during the menstrual cycle. Estrogen receptors (ER) alpha and beta, progesterone receptors (PR) A and B, glucocorticoid receptor and androgen receptor as well as the proliferation marker Ki67 were analyzed using immunohistochemistry followed by computerized image analysis. RESULTS: The vestibular stromal tissue of women using COC expressed more ERbeta (p=.024) than that of women without COC. In the follicular phase, PRB was more abundant in the stromal tissue than in the luteal phase (p=.01). CONCLUSIONS: ERbeta is more abundant in the vulvar vestibular mucosa of women using COC than in that of women without COC. There is a cyclic variation in PRB in the vestibular mucosa in healthy women without COC.
Asunto(s)
Anticonceptivos Orales Combinados/farmacología , Receptor beta de Estrógeno/metabolismo , Fase Folicular/metabolismo , Membrana Mucosa/metabolismo , Receptores de Progesterona/metabolismo , Vulva/metabolismo , Adolescente , Adulto , Estudios de Casos y Controles , Receptor alfa de Estrógeno/metabolismo , Femenino , HumanosRESUMEN
Major reproductive events such as menstruation, ovulation, implantation, and cervical ripening are characterized by an increased number of invading leukocytes in the tissues. Sex steroid hormones, particularly estrogens, play an important role in these dynamic changes in the female reproductive tract. Estrogens have also been implicated in the pathogenesis of many common pathological conditions associated with leukocyte infiltration and immunological dysfunction, such as auto-immune diseases and atherosclerosis. Although the two estrogen receptor (ER) subtypes, ERalpha and ERbeta, have been found in different leukocyte populations in tissues and in peripheral blood, there is still very little known about functional activity and importance of ERs in blood cells. To elucidate the different roles for ERalpha and ERbeta in peripheral blood leukocytes, we used microarray gene expression profiling of rat peripheral blood leukocytes subjected to in vivo treatment with estradiol (E2), the selective ERalpha agonist 4,4',4''-(4-propyl-[1H]-pyrazole-1,3,5-triyl)trisphenol (PPT), and the selective ERbeta agonist 2,3-bis(4-hydroxyphenyl)-propionitrile (DPN). We report the identification of genes that were commonly regulated by E2, PPT, and DPN, and genes that were regulated either by the ERalpha or ERbeta agonist. Further confirmatory analyses of the selected regulated genes 12-lipoxygenase, fibulin-1, furin, and calgranulin B are also presented. These results were then compared with those from the uterine tissue of the same animals. Our study demonstrates that peripheral blood leukocytes are responsive to estrogens. E2 and selective ERalpha and ERbeta agonists regulate a number of genes that may contribute to inflammation and remodeling of the extracellular matrix.
Asunto(s)
Estradiol/farmacología , Receptor alfa de Estrógeno/metabolismo , Receptor beta de Estrógeno/metabolismo , Regulación de la Expresión Génica/efectos de los fármacos , Leucocitos/metabolismo , Animales , Araquidonato 12-Lipooxigenasa/genética , Secuencia de Bases , Proteínas de Unión al Calcio/genética , Calgranulina B/genética , Femenino , Furina/genética , Perfilación de la Expresión Génica , Datos de Secuencia Molecular , NAD/farmacología , Análisis de Secuencia por Matrices de Oligonucleótidos , Fenoles , Pirazoles/farmacología , Ratas , Ratas Sprague-Dawley , Reacción en Cadena de la Polimerasa de Transcriptasa Inversa/métodos , Útero/metabolismoRESUMEN
CONTEXT: Available data concerning effects of testosterone on endometrium of postmenopausal women are seriously limited. OBJECTIVE: Our aim was to compare the influence of treatment with testosterone and/or estrogen on endometrial proliferation in healthy postmenopausal women. DESIGN: This was an open, randomized clinical study with parallel comparison of the groups. SETTING: The study was conducted at a women's health clinical research unit and a research laboratory at a university hospital. PARTICIPANTS: Sixty-three women who had experienced natural menopause participated in this study. INTERVENTIONS: After random assignment, the participants were administered orally testosterone undecanoate (40 mg every second day), estradiol valerate (2 mg daily), or both for 3 months. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Endometrial thickness was measured, and endometrial proliferation evaluated on the basis of histopathology and expression of Ki-67, a proliferation marker. RESULTS: Endometrial thickness was significantly increased by treatment with estrogen alone or in combination with testosterone but was unaltered by testosterone alone. Among the women receiving estrogen alone, the proportion exhibiting histopathology indicative of proliferation increased significantly to 50% (P < 0.05), there was a nonsignificant increase to 28% with the combined treatment, whereas testosterone alone had no effect at all. Expression of Ki-67 was up-regulated significantly in both glands and stroma (P < 0.05, respectively) in both estrogen treatment groups. However, the expression was significantly higher in stroma by estrogen treatment alone than after combined treatment (P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: The short-term treatment with testosterone of postmenopausal women does not stimulate endometrial proliferation. In addition, testosterone appears to counteract endometrial proliferation induced by estrogen to a certain extent.
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Andrógenos/administración & dosificación , Endometrio/efectos de los fármacos , Estradiol/análogos & derivados , Terapia de Reemplazo de Estrógeno/métodos , Testosterona/análogos & derivados , Adulto , División Celular/efectos de los fármacos , Interacciones Farmacológicas , Quimioterapia Combinada , Endometrio/metabolismo , Endometrio/patología , Estradiol/administración & dosificación , Femenino , Humanos , Antígeno Ki-67/metabolismo , Persona de Mediana Edad , Posmenopausia , Testosterona/administración & dosificaciónRESUMEN
BACKGROUND: Estradiol (E2) and progesterone (P) are well known regulators of progesterone receptor (PR) expression in the rat uterus. However, it is not known which receptor subtypes are involved. Little knowledge exist about possible differences in PR regulation through ERalpha or ERbeta, and whether the PR subtypes are differently regulated depending on ER type bound. Thus, in the present study PR immunostaining has been examined in uteri of ovariectomized (ovx) rats after different treatments of estrogen and P, in comparison with that in immature, cycling, and pregnant animals. METHODS: The uteri were collected from 1) ovx rats treated with E2 and/or P; 2) immature rats, intact cycling rats and animals pregnant day 8 and 18; 3) ovx rats treated with E2 or an estrogen receptor (ER)alpha agonist or an ERbeta agonist. Two antibodies were used, one detecting PRA+B and another one specific for PRB. Real-time PCR was used to determine mRNA levels for PRAB and PRB in experiment 3. RESULTS: In stroma and myometrium faint staining was detected in ovx controls (OvxC), whereas E2 treatment resulted in strong staining. In contrast to this, in luminal epithelium (LE) the staining was strong in the OvxC group, whereas E2 treatment during the last 24 hrs before sacrifice caused a decrease. Similar to OvxC the LE of the immature animals was strongly stained. In the pregnant rats LE was negative, well in agreement with the results seen after E2 treatment. In the pregnant animals the stroma and decidua was strongly stained for PRAB, but only faint for PRB, indicating that PRA is the most expressed isoform in this state. The increase in stromal and myometrial immunostaining after E2 treatment was also found after treatment with the ERalpha agonist PPT. The ERbeta agonist DPN caused a decrease of the PR mRNA levels, which was also found for PRAB and PRB immunostaining in the GE. CONCLUSION: Stromal and myometrial PRAB levels are increased via ERalpha, as shown by treatment with E2 and the ERalpha agonist PPT, while the levels in LE are decreased. The uterine stroma of pregnant rats strongly expressed PRAB, but very little PRB, which is different to E2 treated ovx animals where both PRAB and PRB are strongly expressed. The ERbeta agonist DPN decreased the mRNA levels of PRAB and PRB, as well as the PRAB protein level in GE. These results suggest that ERbeta signals mainly down-regulate PR levels in the epithelial cells. ERalpha, on the other hand, up-regulates PR levels in the stroma and myometrium while it decreased them in LE. Thus, the effects from E2 and PPT on the mRNA levels, as determined by PCR, could be annihilated since they are increased and decreased depending on cell type. The distribution and amount of PR isoforms strongly depend on the hormonal milieu and cell type within the rat uterus.
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Estradiol/farmacología , Progesterona/farmacología , Receptores de Progesterona/análisis , Útero/química , Animales , Receptor alfa de Estrógeno/agonistas , Receptor alfa de Estrógeno/metabolismo , Receptor beta de Estrógeno/agonistas , Receptor beta de Estrógeno/metabolismo , Femenino , Inmunohistoquímica , Embarazo , Isoformas de Proteínas/análisis , Isoformas de Proteínas/metabolismo , ARN Mensajero/metabolismo , Ratas , Ratas Sprague-Dawley , Receptores de Progesterona/clasificación , Receptores de Progesterona/metabolismo , Útero/efectos de los fármacos , Útero/metabolismoRESUMEN
BACKGROUND/PURPOSE: The mortality and morbidity in congenital diaphragmatic hernia are mainly caused by pulmonary hypoplasia. To improve clinical results, further methods inducing lung growth may have to be used. The aim of this report was to evaluate the expression of insulinlike growth factor I (IGF-I), estrogen receptor alpha, estrogen receptor beta, growth hormone receptor, and thioredoxin in a rat model of hypoplastic, hyperplastic, and normal fetal lungs to improve understanding of lung growth. METHODS: Hypoplastic diaphragmatic hernia lungs were created by giving nitrofen by gavage to pregnant rats on day 9.5. Hyperplastic lungs were achieved by intrauterine tracheal ligation of rat fetuses on day 19. All lungs were harvested on gestational day 21. Total nucleic acids were extracted by proteinase K digestion and extraction in phenol/chloroform. The total nucleic acids mixture was hybridized with radioactively labeled RNA probes, and the radioactivity of the hybrids was compared with the respective standard curve of known amounts of in vitro synthesized mRNA. Immunohistochemistry staining was performed for IGF-I. RESULTS: The IGF-I mRNA was significantly (P < .01) higher in hyperplastic lungs compared with control and hypoplastic lungs. The latter 2 did not differ. No difference was found between the other mRNA levels in the study groups. CONCLUSIONS: IGF-I is involved in the accelerated lung growth seen after intrauterine tracheal ligation.
Asunto(s)
Proteínas Fetales/biosíntesis , Regulación del Desarrollo de la Expresión Génica , Hernia Diafragmática/embriología , Factor I del Crecimiento Similar a la Insulina/biosíntesis , Pulmón/embriología , Tráquea/embriología , Anomalías Inducidas por Medicamentos/genética , Anomalías Inducidas por Medicamentos/metabolismo , Anomalías Inducidas por Medicamentos/patología , Animales , Modelos Animales de Enfermedad , Receptor alfa de Estrógeno/biosíntesis , Receptor alfa de Estrógeno/genética , Receptor beta de Estrógeno/biosíntesis , Receptor beta de Estrógeno/genética , Femenino , Proteínas Fetales/genética , Edad Gestacional , Hernia Diafragmática/genética , Hernia Diafragmática/metabolismo , Hiperplasia , Factor I del Crecimiento Similar a la Insulina/genética , Ligadura , Pulmón/anomalías , Pulmón/metabolismo , Pulmón/patología , Éteres Fenílicos/toxicidad , Embarazo , ARN Mensajero/biosíntesis , ARN Mensajero/genética , Ratas , Ratas Sprague-Dawley , Receptores de Somatotropina/biosíntesis , Receptores de Somatotropina/genética , Tiorredoxinas/biosíntesis , Tiorredoxinas/genética , Tráquea/cirugíaRESUMEN
BACKGROUND: Cervical ripening is an inflammatory reaction. The glucocorticoid receptor (GR) mediates glucocorticoid anti-inflammatory reactions, whereas nuclear factor (NF)kappaB is a key pro-inflammatory transcription factor. Prostaglandins as well as platelet activating factor (PAF) are inflammatory mediators. Inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) regulates the level of nitric oxide (NO) in response to various inflammatory stimuli. We hypothesize that a changed biological response to glucocorticoids could be a mechanism regulating the inflammatory events resulting in cervical ripening. METHODS: We monitored GR and NFkappaB, prostaglandin synthases cyclooxygenase (COX)-1 and -2, iNOS, as well as the PAF-receptor (PAF-R) in the uterine cervix from term pregnant women (with unripe cervices) before the onset of labor (TP), immediately after parturition (PP), as compared to non-pregnant (NP), using immunohistochemistry and RT-PCR. RESULTS: The GR protein was detected by immunohistochemistry in the nuclei of stroma and squamous epithelium (SQ). Stromal GR staining was increased in TP as compared to the NP group and decreased again after parturition. GR staining in SQ was decreased after parturition as compared to term. NFkappaB was present in SQ and glandular epithelium (GE), stroma and vascular endothelium. Increased nuclear NFkappaB staining was observed postpartum as compared to term pregnancy in stroma and GE. Stromal immunostaining for COX-1 as well as COX-2 was increased in the TP and PP groups as compared to the NP, and GE displayed an intensely increased COX-2 immunostaining at term and postpartum. Stromal PAF-R immunostaining was highest at term, while it was greatly increased in GE postpartum. No difference in the immunostaining for iNOS was found between the groups. RT-PCR showed a predominance of GRalpha to GRbeta mRNA in cervical tissue. The COX-2 mRNA level was increased in the PP group as compared to the TP group. CONCLUSIONS: There is a decrease in GR levels in human cervix at parturition. Concomitantly there is an increase of factors such as NFkappaB, PAF-R, COX-1 and COX-2, suggesting that they may participate in the sequence of events leading to the final cervical ripening.
Asunto(s)
Maduración Cervical/metabolismo , Adulto , Cuello del Útero/química , Cuello del Útero/enzimología , Cuello del Útero/metabolismo , Ciclooxigenasa 1 , Ciclooxigenasa 2 , Femenino , Glucocorticoides/metabolismo , Humanos , Inmunohistoquímica/métodos , Inflamación/metabolismo , Proteínas de la Membrana , Persona de Mediana Edad , FN-kappa B/inmunología , FN-kappa B/metabolismo , Óxido Nítrico Sintasa/metabolismo , Óxido Nítrico Sintasa de Tipo II , Paridad , Glicoproteínas de Membrana Plaquetaria/inmunología , Glicoproteínas de Membrana Plaquetaria/metabolismo , Embarazo , Prostaglandina-Endoperóxido Sintasas/genética , Prostaglandina-Endoperóxido Sintasas/inmunología , Prostaglandina-Endoperóxido Sintasas/metabolismo , ARN Mensajero/genética , ARN Mensajero/metabolismo , Receptores Acoplados a Proteínas G/inmunología , Receptores Acoplados a Proteínas G/metabolismo , Receptores de Glucocorticoides/inmunología , Receptores de Glucocorticoides/metabolismoRESUMEN
In the bovine reproductive tract, the uterine tube is the critical site for a series of events required for fertilization and early embryonic development. In previous studies, a defined category of subfertile heifers, repeat-breeder heifers (RBH), has presented peri-oestrual disturbances (deviating hormone patterns and follicular dynamics) and uterine maternal-embryonic asynchrony. The present study aimed to investigate if tubal function was also affected, by determination of differences in the morphology of the tubal lining epithelium of RBH (n = 4) in comparison to controls (n = 6) during standing oestrus, studied by light and electron microscopy (SEM/TEM), and relate this to steroid hormone concentrations and receptor distribution in the target tissues. Tissue distribution of oestrogen receptor alpha (ERalpha) and progesterone receptor B (PRB) was quantified using immunohistochemistry. In particular, secretory cells differed in appearance between RBH and controls. The cells were less lumen protruding, microvilli were fewer and smaller and secretory granules in the apical cytoplasm were more numerous in RBH. Furthermore, the tubal epithelium was conspicuously coated with amorphous material. Morphological differences between categories were not explained hormonally or by steroid receptor distribution, except in two heifers from which uterine tubes were obtained after the luteinizing hormone (LH) surge. The isthmic PRB : ERalpha ratio was twice as high in the RBH than in the control. The deviating ultrastructure found in RBH, before and after the LH surge, might influence the tubal microenvironment with effects on gamete transport and final maturation and early embryonic development. The present study confirms that previously recorded perturbations in reproductive physiology in RBH are also manifested in the uterine tube, mainly by a deviating ultrastructure of the lining epithelium.