RESUMEN

Apical periodontitis (AP) is featured by a persistent inflammatory response and alveolar bone resorption initiated by microorganisms, posing risks to both dental and systemic health. Nonsurgical endodontic treatment is the recommended treatment plan for AP with a high success rate, but in some cases, periapical lesions may persist despite standard endodontic treatment. Better comprehension of the AP inflammatory microenvironment can help develop adjunct therapies to improve the outcome of endodontic treatment. This review presents an overview of the immune landscape in AP, elucidating how microbial invasion triggers host immune activation and shapes the inflammatory microenvironment, ultimately impacting bone homeostasis. The destructive effect of excessive immune activation on periapical tissues is emphasized. This review aimed to systematically discuss the immunological basis of AP, the inflammatory bone resorption and the immune cell network in AP, thereby providing insights into potential immunotherapeutic strategies such as targeted therapy, antioxidant therapy, adoptive cell therapy and cytokine therapy to mitigate AP-associated tissue destruction.

RESUMEN

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is generally diagnosed using advanced imaging, but recent research suggests early screening using biomarkers in peripheral blood is feasible; among them, plasma tau proteins phosphorylated at threonine 231, threonine 181, and threonine 217 (p-tau217) are potential targets. A recent study indicates that the p-tau217 protein is the most efficacious biomarker. However, a clinical study found a pg/ml threshold for AD screening beyond standard detection methods. A biosensor with high sensitivity and specificity p-tau217 detection has not yet been reported. In this study, we developed a label-free solution-gated field effect transistor (SGFET)-based biosensor featuring a graphene oxide/graphene (GO/G) layered composite. The top layer of bilayer graphene grown using chemical vapor deposition was functionalized with oxidative groups serving as active sites for forming covalent bonds with the biorecognition element (antibodies); the bottom G could act as a transducer to respond to the attachment of the target analytes onto the top GO conjugated with the biorecognition element via π-π interactions between the GO and G layers. With this unique atomically layered G composite, we obtained a good linear electrical response in the Dirac point shift to p-tau217 protein concentrations in the range of 10 fg/ml to 100 pg/ml. The biosensor exhibited a high sensitivity of 18.6 mV/decade with a high linearity of 0.991 in phosphate-buffered saline (PBS); in human serum albumin, it showed approximately 90% of the sensitivity (16.7 mV/decade) in PBS, demonstrating high specificity. High stability of the biosensor was also displayed in this study.

Asunto(s)

Enfermedad de Alzheimer , Técnicas Biosensibles , Grafito , Humanos , Enfermedad de Alzheimer/diagnóstico , Proteínas tau , Técnicas Biosensibles/métodos , Grafito/química , Biomarcadores

RESUMEN

Yttrium fluoride (YF3) films were grown on sapphire substrate by a radio frequency magnetron using a commercial ceramic target in a vacuum chamber. The structure, composition, and plasma etching behavior of the films were systematically investigated. The YF3 film was deposited at a working pressure of 5 mTorr and an RF power of 150 W. The substrate-heating temperature was increased from 400 to 700 °C in increments of 100 °C. High-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM) and X-ray diffraction results confirmed an orthorhombic YF3 structure was obtained at a substrate temperature of 700 °C for 2 h. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy revealed a strongly fluorinated bond (Y⁻F bond) on the etched surface of the YF3 films. HRTEM analysis also revealed that the YF3 films became yttrium-oxyfluorinated after exposure to fluorocarbon plasma. The etching depth was three times lower on YF3 film than on Al2O3 plate. These results showed that the YF3 films have excellent erosion resistance properties compared to Al2O3 plates.