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Despite promising advancements in leishmaniasis treatment, existing therapies often face limitations and significant side effects, stimulating the search for novel therapeutic alternatives. In this context, lectins, such as DVL extracted from Dioclea violacea seeds, have emerged as potential candidates due to their diverse biological activities. This study represents the first investigation of the leishmanicidal potential of DVL in vitro against Leishmania infantum. Our results demonstrate that DVL exhibits a leishmanicidal effect (IC50/24 h = 49.37 µg/mL or 2 µM), binding to glycans on L. infantum. Fluorescence assays revealed that DVL can induce the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and cause damage to the parasite's membrane. DVL demonstrated a modulating effect when combined with amphotericin B and glucantime, enhancing the activity of these drugs by 40 % and 80 %, respectively. It also showed no cytotoxicity in Raw 264.7 cells and was able to override the toxic effect of amphotericin B on cells and reduce the survival rate of macrophages infected with amastigote forms, as well as their percentage of infection by 31 %. Therefore, DVL shows promise as a treatment for visceral leishmaniasis caused by L. infantum. Our findings provide valuable insights for future therapeutic development targeting leishmania glycans.

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Oil spills in aquatic ecosystems cause irreparable damage to marine life and the coastal populations of affected areas. In recent years, chemical dispersants have been extensively used to remedy these impacted ecosystems, although these agents have been increasingly restricted due to their toxic potential. In this context, biosurfactants are emerging as a promising alternative to chemical dispersants, which have some advantages including low toxicity, high biodegradability and good ecological acceptability. Thus, this study aimed to the production of biosurfactant by the bacteria Serratia marcescens UCP 1549 for application as biodispersant. The experiment was carried out using wheat bran as substrate in solid-state fermentation (SSF) as low-cost technology. Biosurfactant production was verified by the reduction of surface tension (28.4 mN/m) and interfacial tension (4.1 mN/m) with n-hexadecane. Also, promising result of emulsification (94%) with burned motor oil was obtained. Acid precipitation yielded 52.0 g/kg dry substrate of biosurfactant, that was identified as an anionic compound of a lipopeptide nature by the Zeta potential and FTIR spectrum, respectively. The biomolecule showed stability under extreme conditions of temperature, pH and salinity, as well as low toxicity against the microcrustacean Artemia salina. In addition, the biosurfactant demonstrated excellent properties to dispersing burned motor oil in water (ODA = 50.24 cm2) and to washing of marine stones (100% removal of burned motor oil). Therefore, these results confirm SSF as a sustainable technology for the production of biodispersant by S. marcescens UCP 1549, promising in the bioremediation of marine ecosystems impacted by petroderivatives.

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OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to evaluate the presence of human papillomavirus (HPV) and Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) and the expression of p53, p16, E-cadherin, COX-2, MLH1, and MYC in oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC). MATERIALS AND METHODS: One hundred OSCC specimens were submitted to in situ hybridization for HPV and EBV, and immunohistochemistry for detection of the human proteins. RESULTS: Thirty-one cases showed HPV in tumor tissue. EBV was not detected in any case investigated. The HPV(+) group demonstrated an increase of staining scores for nuclear p16 (p = .047), cytoplasmic MYC (p = .002), while a decrease for nuclear MLH1 (p = .048), suggesting that HPV may upregulate the expression of the first two proteins and down-regulate the latter. CONCLUSION: Our findings reinforce the hypothesis of the HPV-related oral carcinogenesis involving the expression of p16 and MYC, and MLH1 suppression. Exclusively cytoplasmic stainings for p16, MLH1, and MYC were also associated with more advanced tumors. Finally, in view of the lack of studies correlating the HPV or EBV infection to the expression of oncoproteins, more researches assessing a broader panel of markers and employing different approaches are still necessary in order to understand the role of these viruses as well as the molecular mechanisms involved in the development and progression of oral carcinomas.

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Over the past few decades, several publications have investigated the role of Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) in head and neck squamous cell carcinomas, and an increasing number of them have shown its presence in laryngeal tumors. The purpose of this meta-analysis was to evaluate the association of EBV with laryngeal carcinoma. The search was carried out in two databases, Scopus and PubMed, using the following terms: "Epstein-Barr virus" and "laryngeal carcinoma". A total of 187 records were found, of which 31 were selected for meeting the inclusion and exclusion criteria. The meta-analysis yielded an overall pooled prevalence of 43.72% (95% confidence interval (CI): 34.35-53.08). Studies carried out in Europe and Eurasia had slightly higher pooled prevalence than other subgroups, while the prevalence of studies performed in developed countries was higher than in developing countries (46.37% vs. 34.02%). Furthermore, laryngeal carcinoma occurred almost three times as often among EBV-infected individuals compared to those without EBV infection (odds ratio = 2.86 (95% CI: 1.18-6.90); Begg's test, p = 0.843 and Egger's test, p = 0.866). Our findings support the idea that EBV is related to laryngeal carcinoma. However, further studies are needed before recognizing a definitive etiological role of EBV in the development and/or progression of laryngeal carcinomas.

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This work aimed to investigate the production of prodigiosin by S. marcescens UCP 1549 in solid-state fermentation (SSF), as a sustainable alternative for reducing the production costs and environmental impact. Thus, different agro-industrial substrates were used in the formulation of the prodigiosin production medium, obtaining the maximum yield of pigment (119.8 g/kg dry substrate) in medium consisting of 5 g wheat bran, 5% waste soybean oil and saline solution. The pigment was confirmed as prodigiosin by the maximum absorbance peak at 535 nm, Rf 0.9 in TLC, and the functional groups by infrared spectrum (FTIR). Prodigiosin demonstrated stability at different values of temperature, pH and NaCl concentrations and antimicrobial properties, as well as not show any toxicity. These results confirm the applicability of SSF as a sustainable and promising technology and wheat bran as potential agrosubstrate to produce prodigiosin, making the bioprocess economic and competitive for industrial purposes.

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Despite the recent announcement of the new pathogenic coronavirus to man, SARS-CoV2, a large number of publications are presented to the scientific community. An organized and systematic review of the epidemiological, etiological, and pathogenic factors of COVID-19 is presented. This is a systematic review using the databases MEDLINE, EMBASE, Web of Science, SCIELO; the descriptors coronavirus, SARS-CoV-2, etiology, epidemiology, pathophysiology, pathogenesis, COVID-19, with publications from December 2019 to January 2021, resulting in more than 800 publications and 210 selected. The data suggest that COVID-19 is associated with SAR-CoV-2 infection, with the transmission of contagion by fomites, salivary droplets, and other forms, such as vertical and fecal-oral. The bat and other vertebrates appear to be reservoirs and part of the transmission chain. The virus uses cell receptors to infect human cells, especially ACE2, like other coronaviruses. Heat shock proteins have different roles in the infection, sometimes facilitating it, sometimes participating in more severe conditions, when not serving as a therapeutic target. The available data allow us to conclude that COVID-19 is a pandemic viral disease, behaving as a challenge for public health worldwide, determining aggressive conditions with a high mortality rate in patients with risk factors, without treatment, but with the recent availability of the first vaccines.

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Leishmaniases are a complex of sand fly-borne diseases that are considered a public health issue in several countries. Brazil presents high leishmaniases rates. The South of Ceará State, known as Cariri region, shows worrying statistics mainly on American tegumentary leishmaniasis. In Barbalha, which is one of the municipalities in this region, there is still a lack of studies regarding the local phlebotomine (Diptera: Psychodidae) fauna in order to help clarify the high rates. This study aimed to characterize such fauna by capturing sand flies with light traps during a four-year period. A total of 3730 sand flies were captured, of which 37.8% were females. Fourteen species were found: 13 of the Lutzomyia genus and one of the Brumptomyia genus. Of the Lutzomyia species, four were proven and five had potential involvement in leishmaniasis transmission. Lutzomyia longipalpis was the most common species (66.97%). This predominance, especially in the urban area, indicates its epidemiological importance and adaptation to environmental conditions modified by human activity. In fact, further studies are still required to accurately determine the behavioral features of these vectors in order to guide public health measurements towards its control and prevention.

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This study aimed to verify the action of edible chitosan-citric acid (CHI-CA) coating to control Colletotrichum gloeosporioides and maintain quality parameters of fresh-cut guava. Chitosan was obtained from Litopenaeus vannamei shells using high temperature and short exposure times. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum fungicidal concentration (MFC) of CHI-CA against C. gloeosporioides were determined by macrodilutions at 28 °C/120 h in the absence/presence of CHI-CA (0-10 mg/mL). Scanning electron microscopy was used to evaluate morphological changes in the fungus. Guava slices were coated with CHI-CA (MIC) or 5 mg/mL glycerol (control). Rot incidence and physicochemical, physical, and microbiological factors were determined at 0, 3, 7, and 14 days at 24 °C and 4 °C. Chitosan presented typical structural characterization, 64% deacetylation, and a molecular weight of 1.6 × 104 g/mol. CHI-CA exhibited MIC and MFC values of 5 mg/mL and 10 mg/mL, respectively, and promoted changes in the morphology and cell surface of fungal spores. The fresh-cut guava coated with CHI-CA maintained quality parameters during storage and preserved their sensorial characteristics. Therefore, the use of CHI-CA as a coating is a promising strategy for improving postharvest quality of fresh-cut fruits.

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We investigated the influence of corn steep liquor (CSL) and cassava waste water (CWW) as carbon and nitrogen sources on the morphology and production of biomass and chitosan by Mucor subtilissimus UCP 1262 and Lichtheimia hyalospora UCP 1266. The highest biomass yields of 4.832 g/L (M. subtilissimus UCP 1262) and 6.345 g/L (L. hyalospora UCP 1266) were produced in assay 2 (6% CSL and 4% CWW), factorial design 22, and also favored higher chitosan production (32.471 mg/g) for M. subtilissimus. The highest chitosan production (44.91 mg/g) by L. hyalospora (UCP 1266) was obtained at the central point (4% of CWW and 6% of CSL). The statistical analysis, the higher concentration of CSL, and lower concentration of CWW significantly contributed to the growth of the strains. The FTIR bands confirmed the deacetylation degree of 80.29% and 83.61% of the chitosan produced by M. subtilissimus (UCP 1262) and L. hyalospora (UCP 1266), respectively. M. subtilissimus (UCP 1262) showed dimorphism in assay 4-6% CSL and 8% CWW and central point. L. hyalospora (UCP 1266) was optimized using a central composite rotational design, and the highest yield of chitosan (63.18 mg/g) was obtained in medium containing 8.82% CSL and 7% CWW. The experimental data suggest that the use of CSL and CWW is a promising association to chitosan production.

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Chitosan is a cationic polymer obtained by deacetylation of chitin, found abundantly in crustacean, insect, arthropod exoskeletons, and molluscs. The process of obtaining chitin by the chemical extraction method comprises the steps of deproteinization, demineralization, and discoloration. To obtain chitosan, the deacetylation of chitin is necessary. These polymers can also be extracted through the biological extraction method involving the use of microorganisms. Chitosan has biodegradable and biocompatible properties, being applied in the pharmaceutical, cosmetic, food, biomedical, chemical, and textile industries. Chitosan and its derivatives may be used in the form of gels, beads, membranes, films, and sponges, depending on their application. Polymer blending can also be performed to improve the mechanical properties of the bioproduct. This review aims to provide the latest information on existing methods for chitin and chitosan recovery from marine waste as well as their applications.

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The purpose of this meta-analysis is to evaluate the association of Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) with oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC). We searched the electronic scientific databases of PubMed and Scopus and included a total of 53 studies that were published from 1990 to 2019. The analysis yielded a 45.37% (95% confidence interval [CI]: 38.90-51.84; p < 0.001) overall pooled prevalence of EBV. Studies that used the applied methods of in situ hybridization, polymerase chain reaction, immunology, or RNA microarray showed the following pooled prevalence: 46.08%, 40.32, 54.97%, and 74.89%, respectively. EBV-infected individuals have a 2.5 higher risk for developing OSCC (odds ratio: 2.57; 95% CI: 1.23% to 5.36%; p < 0.001). The present meta-analysis supports the hypothesis of EBV association with OSCC, pointing to this virus as a risk factor for neoplasia. Our findings also suggest that EBV latent transcripts (latent membrane protein 1, EBV nuclear antigen 1 and 2, and EBV-encoded small RNAs) have an important role in this process. Furthermore, novel advancements could arise from large and standardized studies that are constructed to probe for other latent gene expression, eliminate confounding factors (tobacco, alcohol, and high-risk human papillomavirus infection), and define the relationship between EBV and oral carcinomas.

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Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) and human papillomavirus (HPV) have been implicated in 38% of all virus-related cancers. Over the past three decades, both have been detected in anogenital and head-and-neck squamous cell carcinomas (HNSCC), with evidence of involvement in tumor genesis and progression. Very little has been published on HPV/EBV coinfection. In this chapter, we review the literature on the role of these viruses in oral carcinoma and draw parallels with other HNSCCs and anogenital carcinomas, with emphasis on their interplay and potential signaling pathways. EBV infection seems to create an environment that favors HPV latency, supporting the claim that EBV is a cofactor in HPV-related carcinomas. In turn, under certain circumstances, HPV appears to be able to induce EBV to switch to the latent or replicative state. The main viral oncogenes expressed in these malignancies are EBNA1, EBNA2, LMP1, EBERs, and the high-risk HPV oncogenes E6 and E7. The most well-documented human proteins involved are p53, pRb, p16INK4a, p19ARF, Myc, E-cadherin, ß-catenin, EGFR, MLH1, and COX-2. These proteins are directly associated not only with viral products but also with one another in the development of malignancy. Knowledge of the molecular machinery behind carcinomas coinfected with HPV and EBV may help understand how these viruses trigger carcinogenesis and subsidize the development of new biomarkers of tumor aggressiveness and prognosis, alternative surrogate virus markers, and possible therapeutic targets.

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INTRODUCTION: This study characterized the clinico-epidemiological profile of American cutaneous leishmaniasis (ACL) cases in Barbalha, Ceará State, Brazil. METHODS: Medical records of 363 patients visiting Federal University of Cariri between 2009 and 2014 were analyzed. RESULTS: ACL was more prevalent in men with low education level from rural zones. The main presentation was a single ulcer, mainly in the lower limbs, and 49.8% also presented lymphadenomegaly. The annual incidence ranged from 2.83 to 22.60 per 10,000 inhabitants. CONCLUSIONS: The rates observed in this study indicate the importance of additional research to contribute to the control of this endemic disease.

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Abstract INTRODUCTION This study characterized the clinico-epidemiological profile of American cutaneous leishmaniasis (ACL) cases in Barbalha, Ceará State, Brazil. METHODS Medical records of 363 patients visiting Federal University of Cariri between 2009 and 2014 were analyzed. RESULTS ACL was more prevalent in men with low education level from rural zones. The main presentation was a single ulcer, mainly in the lower limbs, and 49.8% also presented lymphadenomegaly. The annual incidence ranged from 2.83 to 22.60 per 10,000 inhabitants. CONCLUSIONS: The rates observed in this study indicate the importance of additional research to contribute to the control of this endemic disease.

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Cutaneous Leishmaniasis (CL) is endemic in 88 countries, showing relevant prevalences. The aim of this study was to perform a systematic review on atypical lesions of CL around the world, addressing clinico-epidemiological, immunological and therapeutic aspects. A search of the literature was conducted via electronic databases Scopus and PubMed for articles published between 2010 and 2015. The search terms browsed were "cutaneous leishmaniasis", "atypical" and "unusual". Based on the eligibility criteria, 34 out of 122 articles were included in the final sample. Atypical lesions may include the following forms: erythematous volcanic ulcer, lupoid, eczematous, erysipeloid, verrucous, dry, zosteriform, paronychial, sporotrichoid, chancriform and annular. In any cases, they seem to be another disease like subcutaneous and deep mycosis, cutaneous lymphoma, pseudolymphoma, basal and squamous cell carcinoma. The lesions have been reported in the face, cheeks, ears, nose, eyelid, limbs, trunk, buttocks, as well as in palmoplantar and genital regions; sometimes occurring in more than one area. The reason for clinical cutaneous leishmaniasis pleomorphism is unclear but immunosuppression seems to play an important role in some cases. There are no established guidelines for the treatment of atypical cutaneous leishmaniasis. However, pentavalent antimonials remain as first line treatment for all forms of leishmaniasis even for HIV-infected patients and atpical forms. Finally, to diagnose an atypical lesion properly, the focus has to be on the medical history and the origin of the patient, comparing them to the natural history of leishmaniasis and always reminding of possible atypical presentations, to then start searching for the best diagnostic method and treatment, reducing the misdiagnosis rate and, subsequently, controlling the disease progression. Thereby, contributing for breaking the transmission chain of the parasite, due to early correct diagnosis which, in turn, contributes to reduce the prevalence.

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Objetivou-se avaliar os efeitos da inclusão de virginiamicina (VM) em dois níveis, ao suplemento proteico-energético para bovinos de corte em crescimento com dieta a base de gramínea tropical no período seco do ano. Foram constituídos três tratamentos: tratamento controle, apenas Suplemento Mineral COMIGO - Produção - F.10 proteico-energético (SPE); tratamento virginiamicina 100 (VM 100), SPE + 108 mg de (Phigrow®) VM/animal/dia e tratamento virginiamicina 200 (VM 200), SPE + 216 mg de (Phigrow®) VM/animal/dia. As variáveis analisadas foram o consumo de suplemento (CSPE), ganho médio diário (GMD), medidas biométricas e escore de condição corporal (ECC) no experimento 1 e o consumo médio diário de suplemento (CSM), pH ruminal, nitrogênio amoniacal, degradabilidade ruminal in situ da matéria seca (MS), da fibra em detergente acido (FDN) e da fibra em detergente neutro (FDA) no experimento 2. Não houve diferença estatística para GMD, CSPE e para medidas biométricas (P>0,05), GMD para VM 200 de 0,431; VM 100 de 0,391 e controle de 0,398 kg/animal/dia. Não houve diferença significativa (P>0,05) do pH ruminal, da concentração de nitrogênio amoniacal e das variáveis analisadas na degradabilidade ruminal in situ da MS, da FDN e da FDA. A virginiamicina veiculada no SPE para bovinos de corte sob pastejo pode promover a variação de consumo, não promoveu efeitos significativos nos valores do pH ruminal e do nitrogênio amoniacal e não demonstram efeitos significativos sobre a degradabilidade da MS, FDN e FDA.

This study aimed to evaluate the effects of including virginiamycin (VM) in two levels, the proteinenergy supplement for growing beef cattle diet with the tropical grass base in the dry season. Three treatments were evaluated: control treatment, only Mineral Supplement ME - Production - F.10 proteinenergy (SPE); 100 virginiamycin treatment (VM 100) + SPE 108 mg (Phigrow®) VM / animal / day and treatment virginiamycin 200 (200 MV) + SPE 216 mg (Phigrow®) VM / animal / day. The variables analyzed were the supplement intake (SI), average daily gain (ADG), biometric measurements and body condition score (BCS) in experiment 1 and the average daily supplement intake (ADSI), ruminal pH, ammonia nitrogen, in situ ruminal degradability of dry matter (DM), acid detergent fiber (ADF) and neutral detergent fiber (NDF) in experiment 2. There was no statistical difference for ADG, SI and biometric measurements (P>0.05), ADG for VM 200 of 0,431; VM 100 of 0.391 and control 0.398 kg/animal/day. There was no significant difference (P>0.05) for ruminal pH, the ammonia concentration and the variables at the in situ degradability of DM, NDF and ADF. The virginiamycin conveyed in SPE for beef cattle grazing can promote changes in consumption did not cause significant effects on the values of ruminal pH and ammonia nitrogen and do not show significant effects on the degradability of DM, NDF an and ADF. The virginiamycin conveyed in SPE for beef cattle grazing can promote changes in consumption did not cause significant effects on the values of ruminal pH and ammonia nitrogen and do not show significant effects on the degradability of DM, NDF and ADF.

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Objetivou-se avaliar os efeitos da inclusão de virginiamicina (VM) em dois níveis, ao suplemento proteico-energético para bovinos de corte em crescimento com dieta a base de gramínea tropical no período seco do ano. Foram constituídos três tratamentos: tratamento controle, apenas Suplemento Mineral COMIGO - Produção - F.10 proteico-energético (SPE); tratamento virginiamicina 100 (VM 100), SPE + 108 mg de (Phigrow®) VM/animal/dia e tratamento virginiamicina 200 (VM 200), SPE + 216 mg de (Phigrow®) VM/animal/dia. As variáveis analisadas foram o consumo de suplemento (CSPE), ganho médio diário (GMD), medidas biométricas e escore de condição corporal (ECC) no experimento 1 e o consumo médio diário de suplemento (CSM), pH ruminal, nitrogênio amoniacal, degradabilidade ruminal in situ da matéria seca (MS), da fibra em detergente acido (FDN) e da fibra em detergente neutro (FDA) no experimento 2. Não houve diferença estatística para GMD, CSPE e para medidas biométricas (P>0,05), GMD para VM 200 de 0,431; VM 100 de 0,391 e controle de 0,398 kg/animal/dia. Não houve diferença significativa (P>0,05) do pH ruminal, da concentração de nitrogênio amoniacal e das variáveis analisadas na degradabilidade ruminal in situ da MS, da FDN e da FDA. A virginiamicina veiculada no SPE para bovinos de corte sob pastejo pode promover a variação de consumo, não promoveu efeitos significativos nos valores do pH ruminal e do nitrogênio amoniacal e não demonstram efeitos significativos sobre a degradabilidade da MS, FDN e FDA.(AU)

This study aimed to evaluate the effects of including virginiamycin (VM) in two levels, the proteinenergy supplement for growing beef cattle diet with the tropical grass base in the dry season. Three treatments were evaluated: control treatment, only Mineral Supplement ME - Production - F.10 proteinenergy (SPE); 100 virginiamycin treatment (VM 100) + SPE 108 mg (Phigrow®) VM / animal / day and treatment virginiamycin 200 (200 MV) + SPE 216 mg (Phigrow®) VM / animal / day. The variables analyzed were the supplement intake (SI), average daily gain (ADG), biometric measurements and body condition score (BCS) in experiment 1 and the average daily supplement intake (ADSI), ruminal pH, ammonia nitrogen, in situ ruminal degradability of dry matter (DM), acid detergent fiber (ADF) and neutral detergent fiber (NDF) in experiment 2. There was no statistical difference for ADG, SI and biometric measurements (P>0.05), ADG for VM 200 of 0,431; VM 100 of 0.391 and control 0.398 kg/animal/day. There was no significant difference (P>0.05) for ruminal pH, the ammonia concentration and the variables at the in situ degradability of DM, NDF and ADF. The virginiamycin conveyed in SPE for beef cattle grazing can promote changes in consumption did not cause significant effects on the values of ruminal pH and ammonia nitrogen and do not show significant effects on the degradability of DM, NDF an and ADF. The virginiamycin conveyed in SPE for beef cattle grazing can promote changes in consumption did not cause significant effects on the values of ruminal pH and ammonia nitrogen and do not show significant effects on the degradability of DM, NDF and ADF.(AU)

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BACKGROUND: Genetic factors may encourage or even cause the occurrence of mood disorders such as anxiety and/or depression. However, despite the significant amount of work and sophisticated technology is not fully elucidated which genes or regions of nuclear or mitochondrial DNA, or which types of genetic changes, alone or in combination, can represent reliable genetic markers of anxiety and/or depression. OBJECTIVE: To identify whether there are genetic changes that can cause depression or anxiety and if there are genetic markers that can be used to detect these changes. METHODS: A systematic review of 01.01.2004 to 03.28.2014 was held by VHL (Virtual Health Library). The search was performed with the descriptors ׳׳anxiety׳׳, ׳׳depression׳׳, "mutation" and "genetic markers׳׳. The selected articles were indexed in MEDLINE. The information pertinent to the study was selected, categorized and analyzed. Of the 374 articles found, 29 met the eligibility criteria. RESULTS: FMR1 gene polymorphisms, dopaminergic (DAT, DRD, COMT), serotonin (5-HTTLPR, HTR1A, HTR2A), interleukins, MCR1, HCN (potassium channel), neurorregulinas, GABAergic (GABA, GAD, DBI) DBI, GABA (Gabra) receptors and GAD genes (GAD1, GAD2) appear to contribute to generate condition of depression or anxiety like. Mutations in mitochondrial DNA in 124pb allele of D2S2944 in ofil 1 and 2 loci of chromosomes 4 and 7, respectively, and the chromosomes 8p, 17p and 15q appear to be associated with the origin of depression or anxiety. CONCLUSION: Some studies show only associations with one of the disorders, mainly anxiety. Few have shown association with both simultaneously. Other studies showed specific association of gender, or even specific ethnic groups. It was noticed, controversies over certain markers. Interesting results were observed in combination of changes, especially in cases of SNPs, indicating that perhaps this is the most appropriate way to find reliable markers.

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The human papillomavirus (HPV) is an epitheliotropic agent whose high-risk genotypes have a well-established link with the development of cervical cancer. Although the relation of HPV to the oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) has been studied since the beginning of the 1980s, its role in the oral carcinogenesis and the probable underlying molecular mechanisms are still not fully elucidated. We performed a systematic review of the worldwide scientific literature, published until the preparation of the present paper, concerning the association of HPV with OSCC, scrutinizing the samples, prevalence levels, the techniques utilized and relevant findings of the studies. The results showed that HPV is associated with approximately one quarter of OSCCs. Another interesting feature is the distinct pattern of infection in these oral tumors, including the participation of genotypes that are uncommon in cervical malignant lesions, such as HPV-38, 44, 53 and 70. Equally interesting is the possibility of carcinogenic action without the occurrence of viral integration, verified by the high expression of messenger ribonucleic acid (mRNA) of E6 and E7 from high-risk genotypes in cases whose virus remain in the episomal form. These findings support the assumption of HPV involvement in the genesis of OSCC, whereas warn about the possibility of unexpected viral behaviors that sometimes are not perceived or understood due to the technological limitations of the time and to the shortage of studies with the adequate approaches...

O papilomavírus humano (HPV) é um agente epiteliotrópico cujos genótipos de alto risco têm uma ligação já bem estabelecida com o desenvolvimento de cânceres cervicais. Embora a relação do HPV com o carcinoma de células escamosas oral (CCEO) venha sendo estudada desde o início da década de 1980, seu papel na carcinogênese oral e os prováveis mecanismos moleculares subjacentes ainda não estão completamente elucidados. Realizou-se uma revisão sistemática dos trabalhos existentes na literatura científica internacional até o momento da elaboração deste manuscrito concernente à associação do HPV com o CCEO, esquadrinhando as características das amostras, das prevalências verificadas, das técnicas utilizadas e os achados relevantes dos estudos. Os resultados demonstram que o HPV está associado a cerca de um quarto dos CCEO. Outro aspecto interessante refere-se ao padrão distinto das infecções nesses tumores orais, incluindo a participação de genótipos incomuns em lesões malignas cervicais, tais como HPV-38, 44, 53 e 70. Igualmente interessante é a possibilidade de atuação carcinogênica sem a ocorrência de integração viral, constatada pela elevada expressão de ácido ribonucleico mensageiro (RNAm) de E6 e E7, de genótipos de alto risco, em casos cujo vírus encontrava-se em estado epissomal. Essas evidências reforçam a tese do envolvimento do HPV na gênese dos CCEO, ao mesmo tempo em que alertam para a possibilidade de comportamentos virais inesperados que, por vezes, não são percebidos ou compreendidos devido à limitação tecnológica da época e à carência de estudos com abordagem apropriada...

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Introdução: O Papilomavírus Humano (HPV) é um agente epiteliotrópico que apresenta mais de 100 genótipos.Destes, alguns são considerados de alto risco devido ao potencial para induzir o surgimento de lesões malignas, comoo carcinoma cervical, cujo percentual de associação com o referido vírus é de aproximadamente 90%. Nas célulasinfectadas, duas proteínas virais desempenham papel fundamental na tumorigênese. Objetivo: Realizar uma revisão dos trabalhos existentes na literatura científica internacional com enfoque no papel das proteínas virais do HPV na carcinogênese. Método: Os artigos utilizados para a realização da presente revisão foram selecionados e obtidos na íntegra nos portais eletrônicos Pubmed e Periódicos Capes. Os descritores utilizados na busca incluíram: Human Papillomavirus, HPV, viral proteins, E5, E6 e E7. Resultados: As proteínas virais E6 e E7 são amplamente conhecidas por promoverem a degradação das proteínas celulares p53 e pRb, respectivamente, efeito que responde por grande parte do potencial oncogênico dos genótipos de alto risco de HPV, sendo funcionalmente equivalentes a mutações dos referidos genes celulares, que são comumente observadas em diversos tumores. Contudo, novos estudos têm demonstrado que essas proteínas virais também estão envolvidas em diversas outras vias tumorais, denotando novamente a relevância das mesmas nesse processo. Ademais, alguns trabalhos apontam a proteína E5 como coadjuvante na carcinogênese. Conclusão: Os diversos efeitos constatados das proteínas precoces virais culminam no favorecimentoda proliferação celular descontrolada, imortalização, regulação da diferenciação celular, suscetibilidade à metástase e escape da vigilância imunológica

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