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Background: Hypertension is a common complication in patients with osteoarthritis (OA). There is increasing interest in the relationship between hypertension and OA. However, hypertension has been reported to negatively affect symptoms and quality of life in patients with OA. Therefore, treating hypertension is crucial for patients with OA. However, there is a lack of real-world studies on the effects of medications for treating hypertension on OA. Methods: Data from the FAERS database from January 2004 to December 2023 were extracted for disproportionality analyses, and proportional reporting ratios (PRRs) were used to assess the association between medications for hypertension and all types of arthritis. Adverse event signals were identified and determined using reporting odds ratios (RORs) Adverse event signals were considered to have occurred if a drug-induced adverse event was recorded more than or equal to 3 and the lower limit of the ROR confidence interval was more than 1. We selected five classes of drugs including, calcium channel blockers (CCBs), angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors (ACEIs), angiotensin receptor blockers (ARBs), thiazide diuretics and ß-blockers and representative drugs were analysed for osteoarthritis-related adverse reactions, and age and gender subgroups were analysed for drugs of significance. We also analysed the occurrence of AEs in relation to time using the Weibull distribution. Results: In terms of overall data, we found significant OA adverse reaction signals only for ARBs among the five drug classes.ARB AEs for spinal osteoarthritis (ROR 4.64, 95% CI 3.62-5.94), osteoarthritis (ROR 3.24 95% CI 2.82-3.72) and gouty arthritis (ROR 3.27 95% CI 1.22-8.75) were the three adverse reactions with the loudest signals. Next, we found that valsartan had strong osteoarthritis adverse reaction signals among the three ARBs, namely, irbesartan, cloxartan, and valsartan. We also analysed age and gender subgroups and found that osteoarthritis signals were strongest in the 18-65 and 65+ population, while females seem to be more prone to valsartan-related OA AEs. Conclusion: ARBs, especially valsartan, have significant positive signals for OA AEs. Therefore, ARB drugs, especially valsartan, should be used with caution when treating patients with OA combined with hypertension.

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Osteoarthritis (OA) is a degenerative joint disease characterised by inflammation and cartilage degeneration. Ellagic acid (EA) might have therapeutic potential in OA, but its molecular mechanisms of action remain unclear. In this study, we aimed to identify the docking protein of EA in M1 macrophage-related pro-inflammation in OA. Bioinformatics analysis was performed to identify ellagic acid's potential targets among OA-related dysregulated genes. THP-1 cells were induced into M0 and polarised into M1 macrophages for in vitro studies. Mice knee models of OA were generated for in vivo studies. Results showed that PTGS2 (also known as COX-2) is a potential target of ellagic acid among OA-related dysregulated genes. EA has multiple low-energy binding sites on PTGS2, including sites containing amino acid residues critical for the enzyme's catalytic activity. Surface plasmon resonance (SPR) assays confirmed the physical interaction between ellagic acid and recombinant PTGS2 protein, with a dissociation constant (KD) of 5.03 ± 0.84 µM. EA treatment suppressed PTGS2 expression and prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) production in M1 macrophages. Besides, ellagic acid can directly inhibit PTGS2 enzyme activity, with an IC50 around 50 µM. Importantly, in a mouse model of OA, ellagic acid administration alleviated disease severity, reduced collagen II degradation and MMP13 generation, and decreased serum PGE2 levels. Collectively, these results suggest that PTGS2 is a key target of ellagic acid's anti-inflammatory and chondroprotective effects in OA.

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Oxidative stress has been identified as a major factor in the development and progression of pain and psychiatric disorders, but the underlying biomarkers and molecular signaling pathways remain unclear. This study aims to identify oxidative stress-related biomarkers and signaling pathways in pain-depression comorbidity. Integrated bioinformatics analyses were applied to identify key genes by comparing pain-depression comorbidity-related genes and oxidative stress-related genes. A total of 580 differentially expressed genes and 35 differentially expressed oxidative stress-related genes (DEOSGs) were identified. By using a weighted gene co-expression network analysis and a protein-protein interaction network, 43 key genes and 5 hub genes were screened out, respectively. DEOSGs were enriched in biological processes and signaling pathways related to oxidative stress and inflammation. The five hub genes, RNF24, MGAM, FOS, and TKT, were deemed potential diagnostic and prognostic markers for patients with pain-depression comorbidity. These genes may serve as valuable targets for further research and may aid in the development of early diagnosis, prevention strategies, and pharmacotherapy tools for this particular patient population.

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With the general improvement in living standards in recent years, people's living habits, including their dietary habits, have changed. More people around the world do not follow a healthy diet, leading to an increase in morbidity and even mortality due to digestive system diseases, which shows an increasing trend every year. The advantage of traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) in treating digestive system diseases is evident. Consequently, the mechanisms of action of single Chinese herbs and compound Chinese medicines have become the focus of research. The research method of the network pharmacology system was highly consistent with the holistic concept of TCM, and provided a new perspective and theoretical basis for basic research on digestive system diseases. This article summarizes the common databases currently used in research on TCM. It also briefly introduces the basic methods and technologies of network pharmacology studies. It also summarizes the advancements of network pharmacology technology through a comprehensive literature search on PubMed. Based on this analysis, we further explored the role of TCM in treating digestive system diseases, including chronic gastritis, gastric cancer, ulcerative colitis, and liver cirrhosis. This study provides new ideas and references for treating digestive system diseases with TCM in the future and serves as a reference for relevant researchers.

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Tendinopathy leads to low-grade tissue inflammation and chronic damage, which progresses due to pathological imbalance in angiogenesis. Reducing early pathological vascularization may be a new approach in helping to regenerate tendon tissue. Conventional stem cell therapy and tissue engineering scaffolds have not been highly effective at treating tendinopathy. In this study, tissue engineered stem cells (TSCs) generated using human umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cells (hUC-MSCs) were combined with microcarrier scaffolds to limit excessive vascularization in tendinopathy. By preventing VEGF receptor activation through their paracrine function, TSCs reduced in vitro angiogenesis and the proliferation of vascular endothelial cells. TSCs also decreased the inflammatory expression of tenocytes while promoting their anabolic and tenogenic characteristics. Furthermore, local injection of TSCs into rats with collagenase-induced tendinopathy substantially reduced early inflammation and vascularization. Mechanistically, transcriptome sequencing revealed that TSCs could reduce the progression of pathological angiogenesis in tendon tissue, attributed to Rap1-mediated vascular inhibition. TSCs may serve as a novel and practical approach for suppressing tendon vascularization, and provide a promising therapeutic agent for early-stage clinical tendinopathy.

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Liver cirrhosis arises from liver fibrosis and necroinflammation caused by various mechanisms of hepatic injury. It is a prevalent condition in clinical practice characterized by hepatocellular dysfunction, portal hypertension, and associated complications. Despite its common occurrence, the etiology and pathogenesis of liver cirrhosis remain incompletely understood, posing a significant health threat. Effective prevention of its onset and progression is paramount in medical research. Symptoms often include discomfort in the liver area, while complications such as sarcopenia, hepatic encephalopathy, ascites, upper gastrointestinal bleeding, and infection can arise. While the efficacy of Western medicine in treating liver cirrhosis is uncertain, Chinese medicine offers distinct advantages. This review explores advancements in liver cirrhosis treatment encompassing non-pharmacological and pharmacological modalities. Chinese medicine interventions, including Chinese medicine decoctions, Chinese patent medicines, and acupuncture, exhibit notable efficacy in cirrhosis reversal and offer improved prognoses. Nowadays, the combination of Chinese and Western medicine in the treatment of liver cirrhosis also has considerable advantages, which is worthy of further research and clinical promotion. Standardized treatment protocols based on these findings hold significant clinical implications.

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Transition metal oxides (TMOs) are promising cathode materials for aqueous zinc ion batteries (ZIBs), however, their performance is hindered by a substantial Hubbard gap, which limits electron transfer and battery cyclability. Addressing this, we introduce a heteroatom coordination approach, using triethanolamine to induce axial N coordination on Mn centers in MnO2, yielding N-coordinated MnO2 (TEAMO). This approach leverages the change of electronegativity disparity between Mn and ligands (O and N) to disrupt spin symmetry and augment spin polarization. This enhancement leads to the closure of the Hubbard gap, primarily driven by the intensified occupancy of the Mn eg orbitals. The resultant TEAMO exhibit a significant increase in storage capacity, reaching 351 mAh g-1 at 0.1 A g-1. Our findings suggest a viable strategy for optimizing the electronic structure of TMO cathodes, enhancing the potential of ZIBs in energy storage technology.

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Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is a clinicopathological syndrome characterized by abnormalities in hepatic fat deposition, the incidence of which has been increasing year by year in recent years. It has become the largest chronic liver disease globally and one of the important causes of cirrhosis and even primary liver cancer formation. The pathogenesis of NAFLD has not yet been fully clarified. Modern medicine lacks targeted clinical treatment protocols for NAFLD, and most drugs lack efficacy and have high side effects. In contrast, Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) has significant advantages in the treatment and prevention of NAFLD, which have been widely recognized by scholars around the world. In recent years, through the establishment of a "medicine-disease-target-pathway" network relationship, network pharmacology can explore the molecular basis of the role of medicines in disease prevention and treatment from various perspectives, predicting the pharmacological mechanism of the corresponding medicines. This approach is compatible with the holistic view and treatment based on pattern differentiation of TCM and has been widely used in TCM research. In this paper, by searching relevant databases such as PubMed, Web of Science, and Embase, we reviewed and analyzed the relevant signaling pathways and specific mechanisms of action of single Chinese medicine, Chinese medicine combinations, and Chinese patent medicine for the treatment of NAFLD in recent years. These related studies fully demonstrated the therapeutic characteristics of TCM with multi-components, multi-targets, and multi-pathways, which provided strong support for the exact efficacy of TCM exerted in the clinic. In conclusion, we believe that network pharmacology is more in line with the TCM mindset of treating diseases, but with some limitations. In the future, we should eliminate the potential risks of false positives and false negatives, clarify the interconnectivity between components, targets, and diseases, and conduct deeper clinical or experimental studies.

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The scarcity of fresh water necessitates sustainable and efficient water desalination strategies. Solar-driven steam generation (SSG), which employs solar energy for water evaporation, has emerged as a promising approach. Graphene oxide (GO)-based membranes possess advantages like capillary action and Marangoni effect, but their stacking defects and dead zones of flexible flakes hinders efficient water transportation, thus the evaporation rate lag behind unobstructed-porous 3D evaporators. Therefore, fundamental mass-transfer approach for optimizing SSG evaporators offers new horizons. Herein, a universal multi-force-fields-based method is presented to regularize membrane channels, which can mechanically eliminate inherent interlayer stackings and defects. Both characterization and simulation demonstrate the effectiveness of this approach across different scales and explain the intrinsic mechanism of mass-transfer enhancement. When combined with a structurally optimized substrate, the 4Laponite@GO-1 achieves evaporation rate of 2.782 kg m-2 h-1 with 94.48% evaporation efficiency, which is comparable with most 3D evaporators. Moreover, the optimized membrane exhibits excellent cycling stability (10 days) and tolerance to extreme conditions (pH 1-14, salinity 1%-15%), verifies the robust structural stability of regularized channels. This optimization strategy provides simple but efficient way to enhance the SSG performance of GO-based membranes, facilitating their extensive application in sustainable water purification technologies.

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Purpose: Immunogenic cell death (ICD) is a type of regulated cell death that modifies the immune response by releasing DAMPs or danger signals. Herein, we aimed to develop an ICD-related predictive model for patients with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) and investigate its applicability for predicting prognostic outcomes and immunotherapeutic responses. Methods: Differentially expressed genes of ICD were identified in the HCC and normal liver samples. A prognostic risk model and a nomogram containing clinicopathological features were created. To validate the effectiveness of the model, an external dataset was used. Clinical characteristics, prognosis, tumor mutation burden, immune microenvironments, biological function and chemotherapeutic drug sensitivity were evaluated for different genetic subtypes and risk groups. Results: A total of 35 ICD-related genes (ICDRGs) were identified between HCC and normal samples, 11 of which were significantly associated with overall survival (OS) in HCC patients. Four different genetic subtypes were formed and eight ICDRGs were selected to develop a risk prognostic model. The risk scores were shown to be an independent prognostic factor for HCC and positively correlated with pathological severity. Patients in the high-risk group had a higher frequency of TP53 mutations, increased expression of immune checkpoints and human leukocyte antigen genes. The inhibitory concentrations of chemotherapeutic drugs differed in different populations. Conclusion: In this study, we developed an ICDRG risk model and demonstrated its applicability in predicting survival outcomes, immune and chemotherapeutic responses in HCC patients. ICDRGs are expected to be used as novel biomarkers in the medical decision-making of HCC.

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The stability of platinum-based alloy catalysts is crucial for the future development of proton exchange membrane fuel cells, considering the potential dissolution of transition metals under complex operating conditions. Here, we report on a Rh-doped Pt3Co alloy that exhibits strong interatomic interactions, thereby enhancing the durability of fuel cells. The Rh-Pt3Co/C catalyst demonstrates exceptional catalytic activity for oxygen reduction reactions (ORR) (1.31 A mgPt -1 at 0.9 V vs. the reversible hydrogen electrode (RHE) and maintaining 92 % of its mass activity after 170,000 potential cycles). Long-term testing has shown direct inhibition of Co dissolution in Rh-Pt3Co/C. Furthermore, tests on proton exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFC) have shown excellent performance and long-term durability with low Pt loading. After 50,000 cycles, there was no voltage loss at 0.8 A cm-2 for Rh-Pt3Co/C, while Pt3Co/C experienced a loss of 200 mV. Theoretical calculations suggest that introducing transition metal atoms through doping creates a stronger compressive strain, which in turn leads to increased catalytic activity. Additionally, Rh doping increases the energy barrier for Co diffusion in the bulk phase, while also raising the vacancy formation energy of the surface Pt. This ensures the long-term stability of the alloy over the course of the cycle.

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Regenerative healing of spinal cord injury (SCI) poses an ongoing medical challenge by causing persistent neurological impairment and a significant socioeconomic burden. The complexity of spinal cord tissue presents hurdles to successful regeneration following injury, due to the difficulty of forming a biomimetic structure that faithfully replicates native tissue using conventional tissue engineering scaffolds. 3D bioprinting is a rapidly evolving technology with unmatched potential to create 3D biological tissues with complicated and hierarchical structure and composition. With the addition of biological additives such as cells and biomolecules, 3D bioprinting can fabricate preclinical implants, tissue or organ-like constructs, andin vitromodels through precise control over the deposition of biomaterials and other building blocks. This review highlights the characteristics and advantages of 3D bioprinting for scaffold fabrication to enable SCI repair, including bottom-up manufacturing, mechanical customization, and spatial heterogeneity. This review also critically discusses the impact of various fabrication parameters on the efficacy of spinal cord repair using 3D bioprinted scaffolds, including the choice of printing method, scaffold shape, biomaterials, and biological supplements such as cells and growth factors. High-quality preclinical studies are required to accelerate the translation of 3D bioprinting into clinical practice for spinal cord repair. Meanwhile, other technological advances will continue to improve the regenerative capability of bioprinted scaffolds, such as the incorporation of nanoscale biological particles and the development of 4D printing.

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A growing number of studies have revealed an association between proteasome activator complex subunit 2 (PSME2) and the progression of various forms of cancer. However, the effect of PSME2 on osteosarcoma progression is unknown. Pan-cancer analyses focused on the immunological activity and prognostic relevance of PSME2 have yet to be conducted. The Cancer Genome Atlas and Genome-Tissue Expression databases were leveraged to evaluate PSME2 expression and activity across 33 cancer types. Significant PSME2 dysregulation was noted in a wide range of cancer types and this gene was found to offer significant diagnostic and prognostic utility in most analyzed cancers. From a mechanistic perspective, PSME2 expression levels were correlated with DNA methylation, DNA repair, genomic instability, and TME scores in multiple cancer types. PSME2 was subsequently established as a pan-cancer biomarker of M1 macrophage infiltration based on a combination of bulk, single-cell, and spatial transcriptomic data and confirmatory fluorescent staining results. In osteosarcoma cells, overexpressing PSME2 significantly suppressed tumor proliferative, migratory, and invasive activity. Screening efforts also successfully identified the PSME2-activating drug irinotecan, which can synergistically promote the death of osteosarcoma cells when combined with the chemotherapeutic drug paclitaxel. As a biomarker of M1 macrophage infiltration, PSME2 expression levels may offer insight into tumor development and progression for a wide range of cancers including osteosarcoma, emphasizing its potential utility as a prognostic and therapeutic target worthy of further study.

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Number connection test A (NCT-A) and digit symbol test (DST), the preferential neuropsychological tests to detect minimal hepatic encephalopathy (MHE) in China, haven't been standardized in Chinese population. We aimed to establish the norms based on a multi-center cross-sectional study and to detect MHE in cirrhotic patients. NCT-A and DST were administered to 648 healthy controls and 1665 cirrhotic patients. The regression-based procedure was applied to develop demographically adjusted norms for NCT-A and DST based on healthy controls. Age, gender, education, and age by education interaction were all predictors of DST, while age, gender, and education by gender interaction were predictors of log10 NCT-A. The predictive equations for expected scores of NCT-A and DST were established, and Z-scores were calculated. The norm for NCT-A was set as Z ≤ 1.64, while the norm for DST was set as Z ≥ - 1.64. Cirrhotic patients with concurrent abnormal NCT-A and DST results were diagnosed with MHE. The prevalence of MHE was 8.89% in cirrhotic patients, and only worse Child-Pugh classification (P = 0.002, OR = 2.389) was demonstrated to be the risk factor for MHE. The regression-based normative data of NCT-A and DST have been developed to detect MHE in China. A significant proportion of Chinese cirrhotic patients suffered from MHE, especially those with worse Child-Pugh classification.

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Background: Osteoarthritis (OA) is a common chronic degenerative joint disease. Due to the limited understanding of its complex pathological mechanism, there is currently no effective treatment that can alleviate or even reverse cartilage damage associated with OA. With improvement in public databases, researchers have successfully identified the key factors involved in the occurrence and development of OA through bioinformatics analysis. The aim of this study was to screen for the differentially expressed genes (DEGs) between the normal and OA cartilage through bioinformatics, and validate the function of the TGF-ß1/Smad2/3 pathway-related neuron regeneration related protein (NREP) in the articular cartilage. Methods: The DEGs between the cartilage tissues of OA patients and healthy controls were screened by bioinformatics, and functionally annotated by Gene Ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway analyses. The expression levels of the DEG in human and murine OA cartilage was verified by reverse transcription-quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR), Western blotting and immunohistochemistry (IHC). RT-qPCR, Western-blotting, Cell Counting Kit-8(CCK8) and EdU assays were used to evaluate the effects of knocking down NREP in normal chondrocytes, and the molecular mechanisms were investigated by RT-qPCR, Western blotting and IHC. Results: In this study, we identified NREP as a DEG in OA through bioinformatics analysis, and found that NREP was downregulated in the damaged articular cartilage of OA patients and mouse model with surgically-induced OA. In addition, knockdown of NREP in normal chondrocytes reduced their proliferative capacity, which is the pathological basis of OA. At the molecular level, knock-down of NREP inactivated the TGF-ß1/Smad2/3 pathway, resulting in the downregulation of the anabolic markers Col2a1 and Sox9, and an increase in the expression of the catabolic markers MMP3 and MMP13. Conclusion: NREP plays a key role in the progression of OA by regulating the TGF-ß1/Smad2/3 pathway in chondrocytes, and warrants further study as a potential therapeutic target.

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To ensure a limited washout loss rate and the self-compaction of underwater concrete, the mix proportion design of underwater non-dispersible concrete is a key technology that has not been completely mastered. In view of this aspect, an orthogonal test study was carried out in this paper on the workability, washout resistance, and compressive strength of underwater non-dispersible concrete. Six factors with five levels were considered, which included the water/binder ratio, the sand ratio, the maximum particle size of the coarse aggregate, the content of the dispersion resistance agent, the content of superplasticizer, and the dosage of fly ash. Using a range and variance analysis, the sensitivity and significance of these factors were analyzed on the slump and slump-flow, the flow time, the washout loss rate, the pH value, and the compressive strength at the curing ages of 7 days and 28 days. The results indicated that the water/binder ratio and the content of the dispersion resistance agent were strong in terms of their sensitivity and significance on the workability and washout resistance, and the water/binder ratio and the dosage of fly ash were strong in terms of their sensitivity and significance on the compressive strength. With the joint fitness of the test results, formulas for predicting the slump-flow, washout loss rate, and compressive strength of underwater non-dispersible concrete were proposed considering the main impact factors.

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Solar-driven interfacial evaporation (SIE) technology has great advantages in seawater desalination. However, during the long-term operation of a solar evaporator, salts can be deposited on the solar absorbing surface, which, in turn, hinders the evaporation process. Therefore, there is an urgent need to propose new antisalt strategies to solve this problem. Here, we present a novel cogeneration system leveraging a salt-tolerant, heterogeneous Janus-structured evaporator (FHJE) for simultaneous solar desalination and thermoelectric generation. The top evaporation layer is composed of a graphene-based photothermal membrane pre-embedded with Fe3+ cations, which enhanced solar absorption and energy conversion abilities. Meanwhile, the Fe3+ cations further contribute to the Donnan effect, effectively repelling salt ions in saltwater. The bottom layer comprises a hydrogel composed of hydrophilic phytic acid (PA) and poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA), fostering facilitation of water transport. The FHJE was demonstrated to exhibit evaporation rate and efficiency as high as 3.655 kg m-2 h-1 and 94.7% in 10 wt% saltwater, respectively, and superior salt resistance ability without salt accumulation after 8 h of continuous evaporation (15 wt%). Furthermore, a hydropower cogeneration evaporator device was constructed, and it possesses an open-circuit voltage (VOC) and a maximum output power density of up to 143 mV and 1.33 W m-2 under 1 sun, respectively. This study is expected to provide new ideas for comprehensive utilization of solar energy.

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BACKGROUND: In China, Niuxi-Mugua formula (NMF) has been widely used to prevent and treat coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). However, the mechanism of NMF for treating COVID-19 is not yet fully understood. OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to explore the potential mechanism of NMF for treating COVID-19 by network pharmacology, computational biology, and surface plasmon resonance (SPR) verification. METHODS: The NMF-compound-target network was constructed to screen the key compounds, and the Molecular Complex Detection (MCODE) tool was used to screen the preliminary key genes. The overlapped genes (OGEs) and the preliminary key genes were further analyzed by enrichment analysis. Then, the correlation analysis of immune signatures and the preliminary key genes was performed. Molecular docking and molecular dynamic (MD) simulation assays were applied to clarify the interactions between key compounds and key genes. Moreover, the SPR interaction experiment was used for further affinity kinetic verification. RESULTS: Lipid and atherosclerosis, TNF, IL-17, and NF-kappa B signaling pathways were the main pathways of NMF in the treatment of COVID-19. There was a positive correlation between almost the majority of immune signatures and all preliminary key genes. The key compounds and the key genes were screened out, and they were involved in the main pathways of NMF for treating COVID-19. Moreover, the binding affinities of most key compounds binding to key genes were good, and IL1B-Quercetin had the best binding stability. SPR analysis further demonstrated that IL1B-Quercetin showed good binding affinity. CONCLUSION: Our findings provided theoretical grounds for NMF in the treatment of COVID19.

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The detailed crosstalk between the neuroendocrine and immune systems in Oreochromis niloticus, an economically important fish, in response to pathogenic infections, remains unclear. This study revealed the head kidney transcriptional profiles of O. niloticus upon infections with Streptococcus agalactiae, a prevalent pathogen known to cause severe meningitis. Twelve cDNA libraries of O. niloticus head kidney, representing four treatment time points (0, 6, 24, and 48 h), were constructed and a total of 2,528 differentially expressed genes were identified based on pairwise comparisons. KEGG pathway analysis revealed a significant enrichment of the 'neuroactive ligand-receptor interaction' pathway (ko04080), with 13 genes exhibiting differential expression during S. agalactiae infection. Among these, six neuroactive receptor genes (lepr, nr3c1, ptger4, thrb, tspo, and ß2-ar) were selected, cloned, and characterized. Although these genes are ubiquitously expressed, and in head kidney leukocytes, their expression was mainly observed in T cells, Mo/Mφ, and NCCs, which are characterized by antimicrobial responses. Furthermore, we examined the response patterns of these six neuroactive receptor genes to gram-positive (S. agalactiae) and gram-negative (Aeromonas hydrophila) bacteria in four different tissues. Notably, lepr, ptger4, tspo, and ß2-ar were upregulated in all selected tissues in response to S. agalactiae and A. hydrophila infections. However, nr3c1 and thrb were downregulated in response to S. agalactiae infection in the head kidney and spleen, whereas nr3c1 was upregulated, and thrb was unresponsive to A. hydrophila infection. Our findings provide a theoretical foundation for understanding new links between the neuroendocrine and immune systems during bacterial infection in teleost fish.

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The evolution and formation process of two-dimensional metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) primarily arise from the anisotropic growth of crystals, leading to variations in photocatalytic performance. It is crucial to achieve a synergistic combination of anisotropic electron transfer direction and dimension reduction strategies. In this study, a novel approach that effectively blocks crystal growth accretion through the coordination of solvent molecules is presented, achieving the successful synthesis of impurity-free two-dimensional nanosheet Zn-PTC with exceptional hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) performance (15.4 mmol g-1  h-1 ). The structural and photophysical characterizations validate the successful prevention of crystal accretion, while establishing correlation between structural anisotropy and intrinsic charge transfer mode through transient spectroscopy. These findings unequivocally demonstrate that electron transfer along the [001] direction plays a pivotal role in the redox performance of nano-Zn-PTC. Subsequently, by coupling the photocatalytic performance and density functional theory (DFT) simulation calculations, the carrier diffusion kinetics is explored, revealing that effective dimension reduction along the ligand-to-metal charge transfer (LMCT) direction is the key to achieving superior photocatalytic performance.