RESUMEN
The Unified Biosocial Theory of Personality developed by Cloninger has been applied in different cultures. Distribution by age and sex of the Temperament and Character Inventory (TCI) dimensions were assessed cross-culturally for samples in Spain and the USA. Three non-clinical samples were included: i) 404 participants from Asturias (Spain); ii) 240 participants from Burgos (Spain); and iii) 300 adults from St. Louis (USA). Each participant was assessed by means of the TCI. A significant negative correlation between NS and both HA (r=-0.329; P<0.01) and P (r=-0.217; P<0.01) was found in the study sample, as well as significant effects of age in NS, HA, RD, and C for women and in NS and HA for men, and also of sex in HA and RD. Personality dimensions for the two Spanish samples appear to be similar (differences in HA4 and RD) compared to those for the US sample (differences in NS, HA, RD and P). Findings support Cloninger's theory about differences between men and women, but not regarding the intercorrelations between temperament dimensions.
Asunto(s)
Envejecimiento/psicología , Comparación Transcultural , Caracteres Sexuales , Temperamento , Adulto , Femenino , Humanos , Masculino , Persona de Mediana Edad , Inventario de Personalidad , España/epidemiología , Estados Unidos/epidemiología , Adulto JovenRESUMEN
This article explores family burden in relation to relatives' coping strategies and social networks, as well as in relation to the patients' severity of positive and negative symptoms. Data on the severity of symptoms (Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale for Schizophrenia [PANSS]), social functioning (Social Functioning Scale [SFS]), caregivers burden (Interview on Objective and Subjective Family Burden or Entrevista de Carga Familiar Objetiva y Subjetiva [ECFOS]), coping skills (Family Coping Questionnaire [FCQ]), and social support (Social Network Questionnaire [SNQ]) were gathered from a randomized sample of 101 Chilean outpatients and their primary caregivers, mostly mothers. Low levels of burden were typically found, with the exception of moderate levels on general concerns for the ill relative. A hierarchical regression analysis with four blocks showed that clinical characteristics, such as higher frequency of relapses, more positive symptoms and lower independence-performance, together with lower self-control attributed to the patient, decrease in social interests, and less affective support, predict burden. The results support the relevance of psychoeducational interventions where families' needs are addressed.
Asunto(s)
Adaptación Psicológica , Atención Ambulatoria , Cuidadores/psicología , Esquizofrenia/terapia , Psicología del Esquizofrénico , Estrés Psicológico/psicología , Adulto , Distribución por Edad , Anciano , Actitud Frente a la Salud , Terapia Cognitivo-Conductual , Emoción Expresada , Salud de la Familia , Femenino , Humanos , Entrevista Psicológica , Masculino , Persona de Mediana Edad , Madres/psicología , Probabilidad , Calidad de Vida , Recurrencia , Análisis de Regresión , Esquizofrenia/diagnóstico , Autoeficacia , Índice de Severidad de la Enfermedad , Ajuste Social , Apoyo Social , Estrés Psicológico/diagnóstico , Encuestas y CuestionariosRESUMEN
The aim of the study was to provide a standardization of self-reported competences and emotional/behavioural problems in Spanish adolescents, using the Achenbachs Youth Self-Report (YSR), and to compare our results to those from other countries. The YSR was completed by 2822 adolescents aged 11-18 years, recruited from secondary schools in two regions of Spain. There were significant differences in Total behaviour problems and in most problem scales in boys and girls, scoring boys higher on externalizing syndromes, whereas girls score higher on internalizing syndromes . Males mean scores were higher than females scores for social competence. Age effects also showed significant differences with respect to internalizing problems, thought problems, social problems and depression. Cut-off points based on the 90th and 98th percentile developed from this sample are presented for the competences and the problem scales. To test the overall range of variations across cultures, comparisons were made between broad band and narrow band measures of the YSR in Spanish adolescents and those from other countries. Gender differences in the YSR were similar to those found across different cultures; there is a consistent trend to increase behavioural problems with age; and social competence seem to be a relevant protective factor against behavioural problems
El objeto del estudio consistió en estandarizar las competencias y los problemas emocionales/comportamentales autoinformados mediante el Youth Self-Report (YSR) de Achenbach, en una muestra de 2.822 adolescentes de 11-18 años de dos regiones españolas, y comparar nuestros resultados con los observados en otros países. Se han encontrado diferencias significativas entre varones y mujeres en la puntuación total de problemas de conducta y en la mayor parte de las escalas, puntuando los varones más alto en los síndromes externalizantes y las mujeres en los síndromes internalizantes. Los varones obtuvieron puntuaciones medias más altas que las mujeres en competencia social. Se han observado también diferencias significativas en problemas internalizantes, problemas del pensamiento, problemas sociales y depresión, comparando grupos de edad. Se presentan puntos de corte basados en los percentiles 90 y 98 para las escalas de competencias y de conductas problema. Se presentan, además, comparaciones de las medidas de la psicopatología de banda ancha y banda estrecha del YSR entre los adolescentes españoles y los de otros países. Las diferencias intersexos en el YSR fueron similares a las encontradas en diferentes culturas; se ha observado una clara tendencia a aumentar los problemas de conducta con la edad; y la competencia social parece ser una protección importante frente a los problemas de conducta
Asunto(s)
Masculino , Femenino , Niño , Adolescente , Humanos , Conducta del Adolescente/psicología , Trastornos Mentales/psicología , Síntomas Afectivos/psicología , Pensamiento , Problemas Sociales , Depresión/psicología , Factores SexualesRESUMEN
The aim of the study was to provide a standardization of self-reported competences and emotional/behavioural problems in Spanish adolescents, using the Achenbach's Youth Self-Report (YSR), and to compare our results to those from other countries. The YSR was completed by 2822 adolescents aged 11-18 years, recruited from secondary schools in two regions of Spain. There were significant differences in Total behaviour problems and in most problem scales in boys and girls, scoring boys higher on externalizing syndromes, whereas girls score higher on internalizing syndromes . Males' mean scores were higher than females' scores for social competence. Age effects also showed significant differences with respect to internalizing problems, thought problems, social problems and depression. Cut-off points based on the 90th and 98th percentile developed from this sample are presented for the competences and the problem scales. To test the overall range of variations across cultures, comparisons were made between broad band and narrow band measures of the YSR in Spanish adolescents and those from other countries. Gender differences in the YSR were similar to those found across different cultures; there is a consistent trend to increase behavioural problems with age; and social competence seem to be a relevant protective factor against behavioural problems.